不同尺度下岩层渗透性与地应力的关系及机理

无论是地应力场宏观控制区域水文地质条件, 还是微观影响含水介质的渗透特性, 都有其深刻的内在发生机制, 生产实例和实验室试验表明: 在宏观地质大尺度下, 岩层以破碎、位移适应地应力场变化并为地下水的富集及运动提供场所, 地下水则以流动和压力传递来调整含水空间、扩张岩石裂隙实现流固宏观耦合, 尽管地质历史时期构造应力场经历多起叠加改造, 但形成区域主要构造骨架时的地应力场与渗流场具有相当的一致性, 主渗透方向与最大水平主应力方向一致; 在宏观地质中尺度下, 应力变化剧烈区、极低地应力区、应力集中区、剪应力集中区等往往与含水介质的主干裂隙相一致, 地应力均匀变化区则与基质的三重含水介质对应; 在微观地质小尺度下, 岩石空隙为三重孔隙介质, 包括基质孔隙、裂缝孔隙和管道状孔隙, 孔隙度和渗透率是有效应力的函数, 孔隙岩块的孔隙度和渗透率随有效应力的变化关系符合指数型数学模型, 裂缝型岩石宜用幂指数型数学模型描述, 毛细管型岩石则用二次抛物线数学模型描述较为恰当. 裂纹有效压缩系数、闭合压力计算揭示了裂缝性岩芯的渗透率和孔隙度损失较孔隙性岩芯损失大的机理, 裂纹有效压缩系数计算还说明同一介质渗透率变化总是大于孔隙度变化; 厚壁筒理论证实, 实验得出的毛细管型岩石孔隙度和渗透率损失与有效应力的二次抛物线关系正确.     

兰州至玛曲地区地应力测量与现今构造应力场特征研究

兰州—玛曲地区是印度板块北东向推挤引起青藏块体强烈变形的前缘区,该区的现今构造应力场研究对研究大陆动力学问题具有重要意义.本文给出了兰州—玛曲地区不同地点的现今地应力实测值的大小和方向.测量方法采用压磁应力解除法,测点分别布置在阿姨山、大水、尕海、玛艾以及清水.为系统研究本区及邻近地区现今构造应力场特征,对已有应力实测数据进行了整理分析.研究结果表明,本区及邻区几十米浅表部应力与其他地区相比,属于中等大小量值;应力随深度增加而加大,但在不同构造单元,应力增加梯度有所不同;最大水平主应力方向总体上为北东向,不同构造单元上方向有所不同,鄂尔多斯地块最大水平主应力方向为近东西向,河西走廊带最大水平主应力方向在北北西—北东方向内变化,祁连山东南端最大水平主应力方向变化较大,西秦岭地块是现今地应力的一个过渡带,最大水平主应力方向由北侧的NE向逐渐转变为中部的EW向和南侧的SEE向.本文给出的结果与由GPS观测给出的该区域应变场分布具有一致性.     

成像测井解释模式在基岩油气藏裂缝性储层的应用研究

基岩油气藏裂缝性储层具有复杂的储集空间和储层非均质性,为了实现对基岩油气藏储层的精细评价,以地层微电阻率扫描成像测井和井周声波成像测井资料为核心,通过岩心资料标定,结合录井、常规测井、试油、地质等实际资料,系统建立了基岩油气藏变质岩储层的成像测井解释模式.根据成像测井模式的识别实现了对基岩油气藏特征的认识、准确的裂缝分析和现今地应力场分析.分析结果表明,研究区基底变质岩地层中基本以基岩内幕油气藏为主;裂缝以中高角度缝、网状裂缝为主,其主要走向与井旁断层走向大致平行,属纵裂缝;裂缝主要发育在东西两侧靠近断层、近源的构造陡坡上;现今最大水平主应力方向主要呈NE-SW和NEE-SWW.成像测井解释结果与地质情况吻合较好.     

纵波方位各向异性正演模拟及叠前裂缝检测应用研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩气区块为例

裂缝作为油气的重要运移通道,同时可以显著改善致密储层的孔渗特性,因此预测裂缝的发育对于寻找天然气聚集的地质甜点及致密储层压裂施工改造的工程甜点具有非常关键的指导作用.基于叠前纵波地震资料的方位各向异性特性进行裂缝预测技术,由于受多种因素影响裂缝方位与纵波反射系数的关系异常复杂,因此需要通过岩石物理正演模拟实验以及成像测井资料来确定二者之间关系.在此基础上针对鄂尔多斯盆地X区块的致密砂岩储层,利用裂缝相对密度半定量化研究技术,成功预测了X区块的致密砂岩储层的裂缝发育的密度.通过电阻率成像测井、钻井岩心资料及后续压裂试采情况验证表明:高角度高导裂缝与叠前裂缝预测成果吻合度较高,预测精度能够满足勘探开发生产需求,证明该技术在X区块具有实际的应用价值.     

某深切峡谷区地应力场的变化特征分析

根据某深切峡谷岸坡中由应力解除法和水压致裂法得到的实测数据，运用工程地质分析原理和统计分析方法对研究区地应力场的总体变化特征以及地应力与高程、水平埋深、垂直埋深、剥蚀厚度的关系进行了分析，说明在近于平行河谷的构造应力场作用下，河谷现今地应力场仅存在应力降低区和应力相对平稳区的特殊变化特，并分析了坡中引起地应力方向变化及量值波动的主要原因是次级地质构造和岩体局部的模量值，同时证实了河谷底部水平应力的变化基本服从布林-哈盖模型。     

鄂尔多斯盆地地质地球物理场特征与地壳结构

根据鄂尔多斯盆地的地质、地球物理场资料,分析了该盆地地质、地球特征场特征,反演计算了地壳深部结构,提供了该盆地油气远景区。     

青藏高原东缘活动构造与现今地应力场三维粘弹性模拟研究

青藏高原东缘地区活动断裂极其发育,强震繁发,特别是2008年5月12日的汶川Ms8.0级地震的发生,使得众多地球科学家认识到有必要更为全面地了解和认识该地区的地应力场背景和地球动力学环境.本论文结合活动构造的性质和分布特征,在考虑重力因素的条件下,利用三维粘弹性有限元模拟分析青藏高原东缘现今地应力场的分布特征和控制因素.模拟结果表明,印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞和稳定华南块体的阻挡控制着青藏高原东缘总体的动力学环境,主要活动断裂和次一级活动断裂的展布对地应力场分布特征具有不同程度的影响,在不同的构造位置具有不同的地应力场特征,同时决定了相应活动断裂的性质.巴颜喀拉块体的水平最大主应力方向总体上为东西向;印度板块向北运动过程中对缅甸块体产生的剪切拉伸的作用和南海伸展性的边界使得水平最大主应力方向在川滇地块发生了偏转,同时造成了围绕喜马拉雅东构造结的旋转变形.青藏高原东缘在近地表区域由于受到地形地貌的影响,地应力随深度发生了不同程度的变化,在地形梯度较大和块体边界地壳结构发生较大变化的区域,如龙门山断裂带附近,地壳浅部的地应力随深度发生较为明显的变化,而地势比较平缓和地壳岩石物性比较稳定的地区,由浅到深的地应力变化较小.     

乌鲁木齐市断层附近地应力特征与断层活动性

为了查明乌鲁木齐西山—碗窑沟断裂带地应力分布特征, 在研究区20 km×20 km的范围内布置12个基岩应力钻孔,采用水压致裂地应力测量技术进行了基岩原地应力测量;共布置了2条观测剖面,第一剖面是沿断层走向布置了7个钻孔,第二剖面在垂直断层走向布置了6个钻孔(与第一剖面共用1个钻孔).根据实测的地应力资料,断层附近最大水平主压应力方向为NE—NEE向,与区域构造应力SN—NNE向主压方向有一些差异,说明受断层活动影响,断层附近的应力状态与区域应力场明显不同.利用地应力实测资料,研究了断层的活动性,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为σ_H＞σ_h＞σ_v,该应力状态有利于逆断层活动,与地质资料反映的以逆断层活动为主基本一致.利用库仑摩擦滑动准则,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0分析,断层附近的现今地应力状态达到或超过产生逆断层摩擦滑动的临界值,表明测区现今构造应力有利于逆断层活动.     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质与勘探

鄂尔多斯盆地油气资源丰富,盆地构造平缓,以岩性、岩性-地层和古地貌油气藏为主,储层厚度薄。本文详细分析了鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质、油气资源的形成与分布,指出了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探方向及地震勘探技术系列在该盆地大油气田的发现中的不可替代的重要作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气成因机制

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气开发在过去近20年的时间,并没有取得实质性进展,确定气体成因和来源对煤层气勘探选区及开发具有指导意义.本文测试了37组煤层气碳同位素数据,讨论了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气成因,并从煤的热成熟度和盆地水动力条件方面讨论了煤层气成因的机制.结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东缘甲烷碳同位素分布在70.5‰～36.19‰,由北向南明显呈偏重趋势,边浅部为次生生物气与热成因混合气,而中深部为热成因气,这一现象的形成主要受控于盆地的煤阶展布规律和地下水动力场.首先,从全国煤的热成熟度与煤层甲烷成因关系得出,鄂尔多斯盆地东缘以中煤阶煤为主,镜质体反射率Rmax分布在0.5%～2.0%,如果具备适当的水动力条件可形成次生生物气与热成因气混合的煤层气藏;与此同时,鄂尔多斯盆地东缘边浅部煤层埋藏浅,露头发育,大气降水及其他地表水携带细菌补给煤层,使煤中有机化合物发生新陈代谢生成甲烷和二氧化碳,在存在圈闭机制的区域,如柳林和韩城,现今含气量比较高.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

---

---

Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

---

Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.