布容期以来中国黄土沉积地磁极性漂移事件研究进展

黄土高原风尘沉积序列厚度大、地层连续,是高分辨率古地磁研究和古气候研究的理想材料.然而,缺少精确年龄控制点制约了黄土古气候信息的区域对比和海陆对比研究.地磁极性漂移是地球磁场长期变化过程中的基本行为之一,全球同步性使其成为古气候研究可靠的年龄控制点.布容正极性时记录了多次极性漂移事件,为高分辨率黄土古气候学提供的新的途径.通过回顾近年来的研究成果可知,黄土沉积物广泛记录了Laschamp和Blake地磁极性漂移事件,且部分剖面中存在Mono Lake事件的报道.此外尚未明确限定的倾角变负波动不断提出,极大地拓展了黄土沉积物极性漂移事件研究的深度和广度.然而,部分高沉积速率黄土剖面存在极性事件缺失现象对黄土沉积物可以稳定记录地磁极性漂移事件提出了质疑.目前对这一现象的解释有剩磁获得机制、Lock-in效应、沉积间断和气候响应等.然而,热退磁可有效去除化学剩磁(CRM)的影响,与CRM密切相关的剩磁获得机制无法解释相近区域内极性事件记录的差异.黄土沉积物较浅的Lock-in效应否定了其会普遍引起极性事件记录的缺失.黄土高原内部低沉积速率(小于10 cm/Ka)地区千年尺度极性事件和地磁场长期变化的记录否定了黄土沉积存在千年尺度的沉积间断.本文通过分析已有研究成果,认为极性漂移期间地磁场稳定性较差,导致磁性颗粒记录的磁场信息存在差异,可能是极性事件记录缺失的主要原因.     

中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度特征及其对成因的指示意义

对甘肃秦安QA-I中新世黄土剖面进行了系统的粒度分析, 并与第四纪黄土、古土壤及代表性河湖相沉积样品的粒度特征进行了对比. 结果表明, 中新世和第四纪黄土、古土壤样品具有相似的粒度分布特征, 而与河湖相沉积有较大区别. 中新世黄土-古土壤序列与第四纪黄土-古土壤序列一样, 黄土层粒度较粗, 而古土壤层粒度较细, 反映了气候的冷暖、干湿变化. 从长尺度上看, 中新世黄土-古土壤序列的中值粒径与沉积速率的变化大致同步, 与北太平洋深海风尘沉积通量变化也具有较好的一致性. 上述结果不仅进一步证实研究序列的风成成因, 而且说明中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度变化与源区的干旱化程度有密切关系.     

~(10)Be产率-地磁场转换方程的建立及其在黄土研究中的应用

建立了10Be产率-古地磁场强度的便捷转换方程,并以洛川剖面最近80ka的10Be浓度记录结合磁化率等气候代用指标为研究对象,利用全新的LGM分离方法将影响黄土10Be浓度的气候因素和地磁场因素进行了分离,成功示踪了末次冰期阶段拉尚(Laschamp(42ka))、莫诺湖(Mono Lake(32ka))等古地磁漂移事件,进而定量重建了最近80ka地磁场强度变化历史.重建结果与全球典型地磁场强度曲线(SINT-200,NAPIS75等)具有几乎同步的变化特征,从而表明采用LGM方法和新的转换方程在利用黄土10Be记录示踪和重建古地磁场强度研究中的实用意义及应用前景.通过分析表明,季风区降水的不均匀性是导致黄土10Be浓度无法直接示踪古地磁场漂移事件的主要原因,而来自粉尘源区的尘降10Be浓度和尘降磁化率具有"准恒定分布"特征.     

浅议中国黄土磁化率的物理意义

中国的陆相黄土地层连续地记录了第四纪以来的古气候变化。基于中国黄土磁化率曲线与深海氧同位素记录具有可比性这一事实，磁化率作为一种气候替代性指标在黄土研究中得到广泛的应用。但是，磁化率的物理意义仍不清楚。本文作者对陕西榆林蔡家沟剖面末次间冰期以来的风成沉积作了研究，指出黄土、古土壤的磁化率差异不仅与前人提出的碳酸盐淋失、空隙度变化、“就地”新生成磁性矿物等作用有关，而且还可能与有机质有重要关系。有机     

成都平原红土堆积的磁性地层学及古环境记录

对四川双流县胜利和黄甲2两个红土剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究,并且利用沉积学、地球化学及孢粉分析方法探讨了地层的沉积成因及形成环境.磁性地层的研究结果显示出,在2个剖面中,B/M界限均位于网纹红土的上部,并且在剖面的中下部记录了松山负向期的贾拉米洛正向极性亚带,说明成都平原网纹红土的母质形成于第四纪中期.沉积学、地球化学特征的研究表明成都黏土、部分网纹红土的母质与川西黄土一样属于风尘沉积.孢粉分析结果揭示出,网纹红土母质形成的第四纪中期,成都平原的植被为针叶林,气候经历了温凉较湿-寒凉较湿-温和或温凉较湿的变化.第四纪中期成都平原相对寒凉-温凉的气候特征是对全球气候变化的响应,而青藏高原在此时期的快速隆升以及冰冻圈范围的扩张可能是造成该区气温较低的直接原因.     

成都平原红土堆积的磁性地层学

摘要 本文对四川双流县胜利和黄甲两个红土剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究, 并且利用沉积学、地球化学及孢粉分析方法探讨了地层的沉积成因及形成环境. 磁性地层的研究结果显示出, 在两个剖面中, B/M界限均位于网纹红土的上部, 并且在剖面的中下部记录了松山负向期的贾拉米洛正向极性亚带, 说明成都平原网纹红土的母质形成于第四纪中期. 沉积学、地球化学特征的研究表明成都粘土、部分网纹红土的母质与川西黄土一样属于风尘沉积. 孢粉分析结果揭示出, 网纹红土母质形成的第四纪中期, 成都平原的植被为针叶林, 气候经历了温凉较湿-寒凉较湿-温和或温凉较湿的变化. 第四纪中期成都平原相对寒凉-温凉的气候特征是对全球气候变化的响应，而青藏高原在此时期的快速隆升以及冰冻圈范围的扩张可能是造成该区气温较低的直接原因.     

南海西南次海盆深海地磁观测潜标的数据分析

地磁场磁力线切割海水和电磁感应两种方式的共同作用影响着海水介质中变化地磁场的时空特征.虽然近些年的野外实践、数值模拟和理论研究都表明,海面和深海海底的变化磁场存在差异,但极少有实测数据揭示在海水介质不同深度位置地磁场的时空特征.本文主要介绍在南海西南次海盆4366 m深度处布放和回收了一个4000 m长深海地磁观测潜标的科学实验;重点分析垂直方向不同水深位置上地磁场观测记录中总强度的变化幅度及相位的时空特征.并通过建立地磁场太阳静日变化模型,将观测结果与南海周缘的三个地磁台站观测记录进行对比分析.研究结果表明,地磁场总强度在深海水体的不同深度存在着显著差别.在地磁扰动较小或平静期间,深海潜标处的日变形态与同纬度邻近台站的观测结果较为一致;而在地磁扰动期间,由于所处位置处地下电性介质的差异会对感应磁场产生不同的影响,观测到的总强度在幅度和相位变化中也出现相应的不同.本文的分析结果不仅为海水介质不同深度地磁场时空特征的研究提供了科学实验依据,也为海洋磁测中地磁日变观测站的布设提供建议.     

马兰黄土剩磁不存在显著Lock-in效应: 来自Laschamp地磁漂移的证据

中国黄土-古土壤序列的年代框架主要是基于磁性地层所建立的. 然而, 黄土剩磁是否存在显著的lock-in效应, 目前仍存在很大争议. 通过比较黄土高原洛川剖面记录的地磁异常和大西洋Heinrich冰筏事件在马兰黄土地层中的位置, 揭示了Laschamp地磁漂移被记录在两次寒冷事件(距今~39 ka的H4及~48 ka的H5)之间, 估算的Laschamp地磁漂移相应的年代大约为41.7~43.7 ka, 与该地磁事件的年龄(大约40~41 ka)相近. 这说明, 马兰黄土的剩磁不存在显著的Lock-in效应.     

10Be产率-地磁场转换方程的建立及其在黄土研究中的应用

建立了¹⁰Be产率-古地磁场强度的便捷转换方程, 并以洛川剖面最近80 ka的¹⁰Be浓度记录结合磁化率等气候代用指标为研究对象, 利用全新的LGM分离方法将影响黄土¹⁰Be浓度的气候因素和地磁场因素进行了分离, 成功示踪了末次冰期阶段拉尚(Laschamp (42 ka))、莫诺湖(Mono Lake (32 ka))等古地磁漂移事件, 进而定量重建了最近80 ka 地磁场强度变化历史. 重建结果与全球典型地磁场强度曲线(SINT-200, NAPIS75等)具有几乎同步的变化特征, 从而表明采用LGM方法和新的转换方程在利用黄土¹⁰Be记录示踪和重建古地磁场强度研究中的实用意义及应用前景. 通过分析表明, 季风区降水的不均匀性是导致黄土¹⁰Be浓度无法直接示踪古地磁场漂移事件的主要原因, 而来自粉尘源区的尘降¹⁰Be浓度和尘降磁化率具有“准恒定分布”特征.     

20世纪地磁长期变化场分析

利用IAGA（国际地磁与高空物理学协会）编制的IGRF(国际地磁参考场)研究了20世纪地磁场变化规律. 20世纪地磁长期变化场的四极子（n=2的高斯系数所表示）变化最为显著,与主磁场相比长期变化场的球谐级数收敛较慢,利用追踪异常焦点位置随时间的变化的方法,发现地磁非偶极子长期变化场的垂直分量Z的等值图上有五大异常,其漂移情况不太统一,但是基本上是西向漂移.这种西向漂移的不一致性,在某种程度上证明了地磁场模型的正确性. 20世纪地磁场长期变化的能量谱与主磁场的不同,偶极子、 四极子和八极子的变化较明显.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...