b值的区域异常特征及其震例分析

本文讨论了海城、唐山大震前,辽宁及其邻近地区几个中强震震前b值的异常变化.通过对1972年至1984年十二年地震观测资料的分析和处理,发现在所研究的区域范围内,中强震震前b值的异常变化遵循着开始升高,中期下降,后期继续下降或稍有回升时发震的规律:地震在所研究的区域范围以外,震前b值开始处于低值状态,然后持续上升,到达峰值时发震;而某些Ms=4.5级左右地震,震前小范围内b值低,中期大幅度升高,后期迅速下降发震;大震震源区小范围内的余震序列的b值已不再遵循震前的变化规律.从而可以说明震前b值的表现形态与所选取的区域范围有关,与地震类型有关.     

唐山7.8级地震前后地磁总场异常变化

本文对1976年7月28日唐山Ms7.8级地震震中周围的昌黎、宝坻、青光及白家疃四个地磁台的总强度资料,用最小二乘法原理建立回归改正法,以消除地磁外空场干扰及长期变影响。处理结果,昌黎台总强度在唐山地震前出现一年左右的下降变化,最大变幅达-12.8nT,认为这可能属唐山地震的震磁异常.     

2004年内蒙古Ms5．9地震异常分析

以2004年内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗Ms5．9地震为研究对象,对震中区域的地震活动参量b值进行时间扫描计算,Ms5．9地震前b值表现为高值回落;在选取的时空范围内,计算出震中区域平均波速比和地震空间相关长度,Ms5．9地震前波速比变化过程为下降一持续低值一回升发震,地震空间相关长度在震前趋势性上升,分析认为：可以把波速比的和地震空间相关长度的震前变化规律作为同一区域未来地震的预测依据。     

唐山7.8级地震前咸水层水位的长趋势变化原因

1976年唐山7.8级地震前,天津地区咸水层水位出现长趋势变化,一般认为这种变化是地震的长趋势异常。但是,经过我们调查分析,认为天津地区咸水层水位在唐山地震前的长趋势下降,很可能是大量开采地下水所引起的。     

昌黎台地电阻率的年变化

1976年唐山7.8级地震前,昌黎台地电阻率曾出现短期和临震加速下降异常,震后转折回升(图1)。但1977年至1979年,地电阻率每年都出现与唐山大震前后相似的下降和回升。那么,唐山大震前的地电阻率变化是地震异常吗?     

2020年河北唐山MS5.1地震b值时空变化特征

为了考察b值在2020年唐山MS5.1地震前的时空变化特征,分别从大尺度区域及小尺度区域对2009年1月至地震发生前2个研究范围的b值变化进行时空扫描计算.结果显示:唐山MS5.1地震震中位置b值被小尺度区域很好地表现出来,而大尺度区域b值空间扫描未表现出明显异常;从大尺度区域可以看出,河北怀安—北京、唐山地震余震区东...     

河西走廊地区A(b)值动态演化特征及在地震预测中的应用

采用A(b)值空间扫描方法对1980年以来河西走廊及其临近地区ML 2.3到ML 4.9地震资料进行了研究,统计分析了Ms 4.6以上地震前A(b)值异常情况,结果显示大多数Ms 4.6以上地震发生前的1-3年内,震中周围出现A(b)≥5.0的高值异常区域.R值检验结果为0.458.     

唐山地震前地下水位的加速度变化

唐山地震以后,对京津唐地区的地下水位变化,许多同志曾做过广泛的分析研究,但是对其临震特点分析尚少.为此,我们运用二阶差分法计算了震前京津唐地区地下水位的加速度变化.结果表明,多数井孔水位在1976年唐山7.8级地震前1～10天有同步异常现象.这为分析唐山震前地下水位临震异常提供了一种信息,同时给分析地下水位异常提出一种新的方法.     

1979年介休5.2(Ms)地震前的孕震空区

本文分析了1979年6月介休5.2(Ms)地震前的地震活动图象,发现震前在太原盆地南部存在一个孕震空区.空区内外频度比上升.应变释放加速.而且空区的长轴方向与低b值区的长轴方向大体一致,显示了介休地震前的异常变化.     

云南龙陵邦腊掌温泉水氡映震特征分析

对龙陵邦腊掌温泉测点自1976年观测以来,在100 km范围内发生的Ms≥5级地震和300 km范围内发生的Ms≥6级地震前的温泉水氡含量变化进行了分析,总结其映震特征。研究结果表明,邦腊掌温泉水氡含量变化对发生在龙陵—瑞丽断裂和大盈江断裂及其附近Ms≥5级地震映震效果较好,震前观测到的水氡含量变化具有共性特征。发生在龙陵—瑞丽断裂及其附近Ms≥5级地震前异常表现为水氡含量下降、流量增大、水温升高,且以短期异常为主。2008年以来发生在大盈江断裂及其附近Ms≥5级地震前异常表现为水氡含量上升,流量和水温在均值附近波动。水氡长趋势低值异常出现时则指示周边有Ms≥6级强震发生,强震主要分布于缅甸、孟连—中缅交界、思茅—普洱、永胜—楚雄一带。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.