层状各向异性地层中含环状天线槽随钻方位电磁波测井几何因子算法

本文基于感应测井中的几何因子与一阶Born近似理论,通过柱坐标系下耦合势Helmholtz方程三维有限体积法研究建立了各向异性地层中含环状天线槽的随钻方位电磁波测井几何因子.首先,通过引入环状电流源与径向磁偶极子源电磁场Green函数,并结合Green第二积分公式,推导出随钻方位电磁波测井仪器中环形电场和横向磁场微小变化与各向异性地层中水平和垂直电导率相对摄动量之间的关系,得到轴向和横向感应电动势微小变化量计算方法与柱坐标系中轴向和横向分量空间灵敏度函数(三维几何因子)表达式.在此基础上,进一步给出径向和纵向微分几何因子计算公式.然后,应用耦合势三维有限体积法确定发射线圈产生的感应电磁场以及环状电流源与径向磁偶极子源电磁场Green函数的数值解.最后,给出不同频率、不同倾角、不同各向异性系数等多种情况下该仪器的空间灵敏度函数与微分几何因子的数值结果,用于分析考查仪器的响应特征与空间探测能力.     

随钻声波测井钻铤模式波衰减规律研究与隔声体设计

随钻声波测井技术近年来发展很快,这门技术的关键技术之一是随钻仪器的隔声设计,以保证在随钻条件下有效地测量地层的声波信号.针对普遍采用的刻槽隔声技术,本文利用三维有限差分弹性波场模拟对钻铤刻槽前、后的声波响应进行了数值模拟和理论研究.通过模拟结果的理论分析给出了钻铤波固有阻带分布规律与钻铤尺寸关系和钻铤波衰减频段与刻槽宽...     

基于耦合标势与矢势的有限体积法模拟非均匀各向异性地层中多分量感应测井三维响应

为快速有效地研究、考察各向异性地层条件下多分量感应测井的响应特征,本文利用电场标势与矢势的有限体积法研制出三维频率域电磁场响应的数值模拟算法,克服由低频发射或高阻地层产生的低感应数问题,有效提高了三维电磁数值模拟算法的应用范围和计算效率.首先利用电场的标势与矢势将Maxwell方程转化为满足库仑规范条件的耦合势Helmholtz方程,以Yee氏交错非均匀网格中不同位置上的节点为中心建立四种控制体积单元,通过对控制体积单元中电磁场与电导率的积分平均实现耦合势方程和磁偶极子旋度的离散,并得到一个对角占优的大型稀疏复线性代数方程组,然后,通过不完全LU分解预处理和稳定双共轭梯度法快速求解离散方程.数值结果证明了该算法的有效性,并进一步考查了仪器偏心、倾斜井、垂直裂缝等复杂条件下多分量感应的响应特征.     

环状刻槽钻铤中随钻方位电磁波响应的混合算法

为了提高随钻电磁波测井仪器的抗震能力,仪器传感器中所有发射与接收线圈均安装在柱状金属钻铤上的环状刻槽中,同时槽中充填高磁导率的铁氧体,以提高发射和接收效率.本文针对多环状刻槽钻铤中发射与接收线圈分布,研究建立一套随钻电磁响应的混合模拟算法.首先,根据环状刻槽几何尺寸以及轴向边界,将整个钻铤与外部的井眼和地层划分成多个不同电导率和磁导率分布的轴对称非均质各向同性层状模型,并应用混合法建立层状非均质地层中电磁场的半解析解与各个线圈上感应电动势的计算方法.其次,利用摄动原理给出随钻电磁测井中振幅比与相位差的空间灵敏度计算公式.然后,通过数值结果考察铁氧体磁导率和地层电导率变化对发射线圈的发射功率和接收线圈上感应电动势的影响,并确定各个接收线圈上感应电动势的动态变化范围,为仪器设计过程中选择合适的铁氧体提供理论依据.最后,通过空间灵敏度分布特征考察振幅比与相位差在探测特征上的差异.     

基于Lorenz规范条件下磁矢势和标势耦合方程的频率域电磁法三维正演

为了克服空气层和地表耦合以及避免一次场计算,开发适合不同类型场源、不同应用范围的频率域三维正演模拟统一平台,本文从麦克斯韦基本方程出发,推导基于Lorenz规范条件的磁矢势和标势耦合方程;通过将不同类型场源分解成一系列短导线(电性)源组合,采用交错网格采样和有限体积技术对方程进行离散得到对称大型稀疏线性方程组,并采用Jacobi迭代预处理QMR(Quasi-Minimum-Residual,拟最小残差)算法进行求解,我们成功实现不同类型场源、不同应用范围的频率域电磁法三维正演模拟.通过层状模型下大地电磁法以及有限长接地导线和大回线磁性源激发下的电磁场响应模拟,并与一维解析解对比验证算法的有效性.进而,我们利用该算法平台的模拟结果对典型地电模型在不同场源激发下频率域电磁法响应特征进行对比分析.本文算法研究及实现为建立频率域电磁法三维正反演统一框架打下基础.     

倾斜各向异性地层中多分量电磁波测井响应三维时域有限差分（FDTD）算法

利用三维时域有限差分技术（FDTD）研究建立倾斜各向异性地层中多分量电磁测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先,利用Yee氏交错差分格式和线性内插公式对各向异性介质中时域Maxwell方程进行离散化,得到各向异性介质中各个交错节点上电磁场的时域递推公式,同时将面积加权平均与旋转矩阵技术相结合确定各个网格节点的等效电导率张量,此外,单轴各向异性吸收边界条件（UPML）被用于降低求解区域外边界反射.在此基础上,利用单频正弦磁偶源计算时域电磁场空间分布以及特殊的双方程算法（2E2U）从数值结果中快速提取电磁场幅度和相位,确定多分量电磁测井仪器的三维响应.最后,通过数值结果证明该算法的有效性,并系统考察不同层厚、地层倾角以及侵入带半径等变化对多分量电磁测井响应的影响.     

大地电磁法三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟

系统地论述了大地电磁三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法实现过程中交错网格剖分、积分公式离散化、边界条件、方程组求解、三维张量阻抗的计算等内容. 由于提出了简洁的边界条件，采用了解大型系数矩阵方程组的双共轭梯度稳定解法，所实现的三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法具有迭代收敛稳定、计算精度高、速度快等特点. 通过两个理论模型的计算结果检验了算法的正确性和计算精度. 所实现的三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法为研究三维反演问题奠定了基础.     

基于谱元法的频率域三维海洋可控源电磁正演模拟

高精度、快速有效的正演模拟算法是三维电磁正反演的前提.为了提高海洋电磁三维数值模拟的精度和效率,本文提出利用基于Gauss-Lobatto-Chebyshev（GLC）基函数的谱元法进行海洋可控源三维电磁正演模拟.谱元法结合有限元法和谱方法的优点.我们通过应用伽辽金加权残差法离散二次电场矢量亥姆赫兹方程,在单元内选择混合阶GLC多项式的张量积作为高阶矢量插值基函数,在求解大型稀疏线性方程组时利用直接求解器进行快速求解,从而实现了三维海洋可控源电磁快速高精度正演模拟.一维和三维模型正演结果验证了本文算法的有效性和准确性.典型模型的数值结果表明谱元法是一种有效的三维海洋可控源电磁正演数值方法,能在稀疏网格剖分情况下获得精确的海洋电磁正演模拟响应.     

基于谱元法三维航空电磁电各向异性模拟及识别研究（英文）

航空电磁法具有高采样率探测特征,传统数值模拟方法为保证航电响应计算精度,特别是针对复杂地质体(如电各向异性),需要对模拟域进行精细剖分,导致计算工作量庞大。因此本文采用谱元法对航空电磁各向异性响应进行三维正演模拟,该方法结合谱方法和有限元法双重优势,它与谱方法类似采样高阶基函数代替有限元中的线性插值,同时具有有限元拟合边界的灵活性。因此该方法能改善离散网格内部的数值模拟精度,减弱数值模拟结果对网格的依赖性,实现航空电磁各向异性响应的高精度计算。首先,本文将旋转张量的各向异性电导率引入Maxwell方程,并给出GLL谱元基函数给出电场表示形式,采用伽辽金加权余量法形成基于谱元法大型线性方程组获得电磁响应,以VMD发射源为例进行航空电磁响应模拟。其次,本文采用粗物理网格四阶谱元法对任意各向异性半空间的航空电磁响应进行计算,通过与一维半解析解对比验证了该算法的高精度性。再次,本文采用不同物理网格和谱元阶数讨论不同各向异性条件下三维异常体的航空电磁响应,得出了不同各向异性异常体的电磁响应的收敛条件。最后,本文首次基于谱元算法,采用Hr/Hz方式给出了三维各向异性异常体,各向异性围岩以及围岩和异常体同时存在各向异性时航空电磁各向异性的识别方式,这航空电磁各向异性的三维反演和各向异性地质区域测量具有指导意义。     

大地电磁三维矢量有限元正演研究

本文首先从麦克斯韦方程出发,研究了三维大地电磁场所满足的方程和边界条件,利用加权余量法推导了与大地电磁场边值问题等价的变分方程.用六面体单元对计算区域进行剖分,通过矢量有限元分析形成大型复系数线性方程组,采用不完全Cholesky预处理结合双复共轭梯度算法对方程进行求解.建立均匀半空间模型和三层层状模型进行数值模拟,并与解析解进行对比,验证了矢量有限元方法以及程序的正确,然后对三维异常体模型进行正演模拟,并对结果进行了分析.在验证过程中发现利用矢量有限元方法进行三维大地电磁正演时,传统的边界条件结果不理想,还需要给定四个垂直侧面的边界条件,另外认识到网格剖分的重要性,得到了一些在用矢量有限元方法进行三维大地电磁正演时关于剖分的有意义的结论.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.