基于储层砂岩微观孔隙结构特征的弹性波频散响应分析

储层砂岩微观孔隙结构特征不仅影响干燥岩石的弹性波传播速度,也决定了岩石介质中与流体流动相关的速度频散与衰减作用.依据储层砂岩微观结构特征及速度随有效压力变化的非线性特征,将其孔隙体系理想化为不同形状的硬孔隙(纵横比α0.01)与软孔隙(纵横比α0.01)的组合(双孔隙结构).基于孔弹性理论,给出软孔隙最小初始纵横比值(一定压力下所有未闭合软孔隙在零压力时的纵横比最小值)的解析表达式,并在此基础上利用岩石速度-压力实验观测结果给出求取介质中两类孔隙纵横比及其含量分布特征的方法.通过逐步迭代加入软孔隙的方法对基于特征纵横比的"喷射流"(squirt fluid)模型进行了扩展,以考虑复杂孔隙分布特征对岩石喷射流作用的影响及其可能引起的速度频散特征.相较于典型的喷射流作用速度频散模式,对于岩石中软孔隙纵横比及其对应含量在较宽的范围呈谱分布的一般情况,其速度频散曲线不存在明显的低频段和中间频段,速度随频率的增大呈递增趋势直至高频极限.这说明即使在地震频段,微观尺度下的喷射流作用仍起一定作用,同样会造成流体饱和岩石介质的地震速度与Gassmann方程预测结果有不可忽略的差异.本文是对现有喷射流模型的重要补充,也为利用实验数据建立不同频段间岩石弹性波传播速度的可能联系提供了理论依据.     

含流体砂岩地震波频散实验研究

为了研究孔隙流体对不同渗透率岩石地震波速度的影响,在实验室利用跨频带岩石弹性参数测试系统得到了应变幅值 -6的2~2000 Hz频段下的地震波速度和1 MHz频率下的超声波速度,利用差分共振声谱法得到了频率600 Hz岩石干燥和完全饱水情况下岩石声学参数.实验表明,在低饱和度下,致密砂岩在地震和超声频段下没有明显的频散;在高饱和度下纵波速度的频散变得明显.从干燥到完全水饱和条件,不同频率测量的致密砂岩的体积模量随岩石孔隙度增高而降低,且体积模量的变化量受岩石微观孔隙结构的影响较大.高孔、高渗砂岩无论在低含水度下还是在高含水饱和度下频散微弱,并且在地震频段下围压对于岩石纵横波速度的影响要大于频率的影响.高孔、高渗砂岩和致密砂岩不同含水饱和度下的频散差异可应用于储层预测,油气检测等方面,同时该研究可以更好地帮助理解岩石的黏弹性行为,促进岩石物理频散理论的发展,提高地震解释的精度.     

致密碳酸盐岩跨频段岩石物理实验及频散分析

致密碳酸盐岩在成岩和后成岩过程中形成了复杂的孔隙结构特征,其速度等地震弹性参数不仅与孔隙度有关,而且还与孔隙结构特征密切相关.为了进一步研究致密碳酸盐岩内部流体相关的速度频散特征,针对致密碳酸盐岩进行实验室的频散测量与频散理论分析尤为重要.本研究选用了一块典型的致密型碳酸盐岩样品,在对样品进行了精细的包括CT扫描与镜下薄片的孔隙结构描述基础上,进行了实验室跨频段（从地震频段-超声频段）的频散测量与频散响应分析.比较实验室跨频段岩石物理频散测量可以获得如下认识：1）较之于典型的"喷射流"机制,改进的"喷射流"模型可以半定量地解释频散测量的结果,这大大提高了对致密碳酸盐岩频散响应的理解与认识;2）改进的"喷射流"模型还不能完全精确地匹配实验室频散测量结果,这说明除了微观尺度下的"喷射流"机制,还存在着其他控制频散与衰减的机制;3）本项工作对研究致密碳酸盐岩储层中不同频段地震波响应以及对储层预测与流体识别提供了理论依据.     

饱和储层砂岩中流体粘度引起的超声波速度频散实验研究(英文)

在实验室对5块储层砂岩进行了模拟地层压力条件下的超声波速度测试。砂岩样品采自WXS凹陷的W地层,覆盖了从低到高的孔隙度和渗透率范围。实验选用了卤水和4种不同密度油作为孔隙流体,结合温度变化,实现了对流体粘度引致的速度频散研究。对实验结果的分析表明:(1)对于高孔隙度和渗透率的样品,无论是哪种流体饱和,观察到的超声波速度测试值和零频率Gassmann预测值的差异较小(约2-3%),基本上可以用Biot模型解释;对于中等孔隙度和渗透率的样品,低粘度流体(<约3mP?S)的频散效应也可以用Biot模型得到合理解释;(2)对于低、中孔隙度和渗透率样品,当流体粘度增加时,喷射流机制起主导作用,导致严重的速度频散(可达8%)。对储层砂岩的微裂隙纵横比进行了估计并用于喷射流特征频率的计算,当高于该特征频率时,Gassmann理论的假设条件受到破坏,实验室测得的高频速度不能直接用于地震低频条件下的W地层砂岩的Gassmann流体替换研究。     

谐振Q理论井震匹配法及品质因子反演

储层勘测中地震波速度一般低于声波测井速度,撇开观测系统与人为因素造成的误差,岩石本征的黏弹性是造成这一现象的重要原因.本文在井、震匹配问题中引入了黏弹性岩石的杨氏谐振品质因子(Q)模型,对储层岩石进行了井震匹配与Q反演.文章阐述了如何通过谐振Q模型合理的校正声波速度,从而实现井震匹配.在波形匹配的基础上,进行地层品质因子的反演,合理的计算出目的层位的品质因子值.     

储层岩石流动电位频散特性的数学模拟

利用储层岩石流动电位的频散特性评价复杂储层已经成为勘探地球物理领域关注的热点,但是目前还没有形成基于储层岩石储渗特性及电化学性质的具有普遍指导意义的理论方法和数学模型.本文利用微观毛管理论,通过随时间谐变条件下渗流场和电流场的耦合模型,建立了描述储层岩石流动电位频散特性的数学方法,定量分析了频率域储层岩石动态渗透率、动电耦合系数和流动电位耦合系数随储层岩石孔隙度、溶液浓度和阳离子交换量的变化规律.研究结果表明:储层岩石流动电位频散特性是储层流体惯性力与流体黏滞力相互作用的结果.储层岩石孔隙度越大,储层维持流体原有运动状态的能力越大,临界频率越小;储层岩石的溶液浓度和阳离子交换量对临界频率没有影响.储层岩石的孔隙度越大,流体流动能力越强,流动电位各耦合系数的数值越大;溶液浓度越小或阳离子交换量越大,孔隙固液界面的双电层作用越强,各耦合系数的数值越大.     

饱和砂岩在温度和频率域的衰减和速度频散

利用Metravib热机械分析仪, 在天然地震的频率和温度范围内, 首次对泵油和甘油饱和两种孔隙度的彭山砂岩的衰减和速度频散进行了实验研究． 结果表明, ① 泵油饱和彭山砂岩对频率和温度的依赖呈热激活弛豫规律; ② 杨氏模量和弹性波速度与孔隙度、 温度呈负相关, 与饱和液体的黏滞系数、 频率呈正相关; ③ 频散效应因频率上升而增强, 因温度增高而减弱． 这一规律性的结果为地震波理论研究提供了实验基础．     

油水饱和泥质砂岩流动电位的频散特性

油水饱和泥质砂岩中流动电位的研究对于揭示含油储层震电勘探和动电测井的机理有着重要的意义.本文首先从岩石孔隙的微观结构出发,构造了描述水润湿条件下油水饱和泥质砂岩储层的毛管模型.在模型中依据油水流动遵守的Navier-Stokes方程和电化学传质动力学理论,建立了描述油水饱和泥质砂岩流动电位的数学方程,并数学模拟了岩石储渗参数对流动电位频散特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:储层孔隙内流体受到的粘滞力与惯性力控制着水相和油相的流动,从而决定了流动电位的频散特性.随着孔隙度的增大,油水两相各自的有效渗透率均增大;而含水饱和度的升高使得水相有效渗透率增大,油相有效渗透率减小.在水润湿条件下,流动电位耦合系数随含水饱和度升高而增大,随束缚水饱和度的升高而减小.另外,流动电位相对耦合系数也随含水饱和度的升高而增大,但无频散现象.     

面波频散测量的频时分析法

总结了面波频时分析(FTAN)的主要成果,如移动窗分析法、多重滤波法、残差频散测量法、时间变量滤波法,力图阐述各方法间的联系.对滤波参数的选择,详细介绍了常相对带宽、均等显示滤波、线性时间分辨、最佳滤波等,其中线性时间分辨是本文首次提出的新方法.对频时分析中的显示技术作了必要的讨论,最后介绍了如何利用频时分析方法作相速度测量.     

流体检测频变特征分析:以物理模型数据为例(英文)

Chapman多尺度岩石物理模型研究认为,不同流体类型饱和的地震响应特征表现为不同的频率变化特征。第一类AVO类型的储层含气地震响应,频谱能量向高频移动形成"高频亮点",第三类AVO类型的储层含油气后的地震响应特征为"低频阴影"。本文以物理模型数据为例,通过频变地震响应特征分析,验证了Chapman第一类AVO响应的"高频亮点"的结果。以实际地质参数为背景,设计砂泥岩薄互层物理模型,分别进行固定炮检距和二维观测得到含不同类型流体的地震数据,采用谱分解技术分析了薄互层物理模型在含气、含水和含油时的频变地震响应特征。物理模型数据处理与分析结果表明,控制地震响应频谱特征的主要机制包括反射波调谐效应和与流体相关的衰减或频散特征。其次,通过对地震数据频变特征分析,可以将第一类AVO储层含气后的频变异常与含水或含油区分开。物理模型实例数据分析证实了不同流体充填后所产生的频谱响应特征异常,因此,通过对实际地震数据的细致分析,可以得到流体类型变化引起的频谱特征异常,实现利用地震数据进行流体检测。     

致密砂岩气藏裂隙-孔隙型弹性岩石物理模板研究:以川西坳陷A区为例

相对于常规砂岩,致密砂岩在岩石物理性质、力学性质等方面具有明显差异,并呈现出很强的非均质性.岩石物理模型能将储层参数与地震特性信息联系起来,因此可以作为致密砂岩储层参数与地震特性信息转换的桥梁.常规的岩石物理模型通常只考虑单一因素(例如非均匀性,单一孔隙,单一尺度等),建立的岩石物理模板并不适用于致密砂岩.本文针对高饱和气、微裂隙发育、非均质性强的致密砂岩储层,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill模型计算混合矿物的弹性模量,采用微分等效介质(DEM)模型描述含裂隙、孔隙岩石的骨架弹性模量,基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程构建了岩石物理弹性模板,给出了致密砂岩储层弹性参数与物性的关系.基于测井数据和实验数据对岩石物理弹性模板进行校正,并将校正后的岩石物理弹性模板结合叠前地震资料应用于川西地区储层孔隙度与裂隙含量预测.结果显示,反演裂隙含量、孔隙度与储层试气报告、测井孔隙度基本吻合,表明该模板能够较合理地应用于致密砂岩储层孔隙度及裂隙含量解释中.     

CSAMT的静态效应校正及应用

CSAMT方法在地下近地表存在电性横向不均匀时,在双对数坐标系中视电阻率曲线会出现沿着视电阻率轴平行移动的现象,称之为静态效应.静态效应对深部电性结构处理解释结果影响重大,需对其进行合适的校正.本文介绍了目前通常使用的几种静态校正方法,并且分析了各方法的优缺点.在新疆某地进行的CSAMT铜矿勘探中,应用了曲线平移法进行静态校正,取得了较好的效果.     

远震层析成像中的地壳校正研究及应用

远震层析成像是研究一个地区上地幔三维速度结构的有力手段.但由于远震射线在地壳内的交叉较差,因此无法准确约束地壳内的三维速度结构.为了消除地壳内横向不均匀性对深部速度成像产生的影响,必须进行地壳校正.本文详细描述了地壳校正的基本原理和步骤,主要包括三维地壳模型的选取、地壳内走时差的计算以及校正后的相对走时差的计算.以勘察加地区为例,通过计算各台站的平均相对走时差和远震层析成像结果分析了地壳校正的实际效果,同时验证了该方法的实用性.     

Repeatability enhancement in deep-water permanent seismic installations: a dynamic correction for seawater velocity variations

With the increasing use of permanently installed seismic installations, many of the issues in time‐lapse seismic caused by the lack of repeatability can be reduced. However, a number of parameters still influence the degree of reliability of 4D seismic data. In this paper, the specific impact of seawater velocity variations on time‐lapse repeatability is investigated in a synthetic study. A zero‐lag time‐lapse seabed experiment with no change in the subsurface but with velocity changes in the water column is simulated. The velocity model in the water column is constant for the baseline survey while the model for the repeat survey is heterogeneous, designed from sea salinity and temperature measurements in the West of Shetlands. The difference section shows up to 80% of residual amplitude, which highlights the poor repeatability. A new dynamic correction which removes the effect of seawater velocity variations specifically for permanent installations is developed. When applied to the synthetic data, it reduces the difference residual amplitude to about 3%. This technique shows substantial improvement in repeatability beyond conventional time‐lapse cross‐equalization.     

Seismic modelling for reservoir studies: a comparison between convolutional and full-waveform methods for a deep-water turbidite sandstone reservoir

Two seismic modelling approaches, that is, two-dimensional pre-stack elastic finite-difference and one-dimensional convolution methods, are compared in a modelling exercise over the fluid-flow simulation model of a producing deep-water turbidite sandstone reservoir in the West of Shetland Basin. If the appropriate parameterization for one-dimensional convolution is used, the differences in three-dimensional and four-dimensional seismic responses from the two methods are negligible. The key parameters to ensure an accurate seismic response are a representative wavelet, the distribution of common-depth points and their associated angles of incidence. Conventional seismic images generated by the one-dimensional convolutional model suffer from lack of continuity because it only accounts for vertical resolution. After application of a lateral resolution function, the convolutional and finite-difference seismic images are very similar. Although transmission effects, internal multiples and P-to-S conversions are not included in our convolutional modelling, the subtle differences between images from the two methods indicates that such effects are of secondary nature in our study. A quantitative comparison of the (normalized root-mean-square) amplitude attributes and waveform kinematics indicates that the finite-difference approach does not offer any tangible benefit in our target-oriented seismic modelling case study, and the potential errors from one-dimensional convolution modelling are comparatively much smaller than the production-induced time-lapse changes.     

航空伽玛能谱数据地形改正方法对比研究及其应用

在地形高度变化较大的复杂地形区由于探测立本角难于近似满足2π条件,造成航空伽玛能谱测量数据高度改正结果失真,在山谷区立体角大于2π条件,改正结果偏高,在山峰区立体角小于2π条件,改正结果偏低,即地形的变化影响了高度改正的效果.本文对现有两类四种航空伽玛能谱测量数据地形改正方法进行理论分析和效果对比研究,优选出适用于航空...     

Geostatistical analysis in weathering studies: case study for Stanton Moor building sandstone

Geostatistical techniques for spatial prediction and spatial simulation have been used in an innovative application to the study of weathering of natural building stone. The study investigates the differences in the spatial variation of permeability characteristics between fine‐ and coarse‐grained Stanton Moor building sandstone. Non‐destructive permeability measurements, using an unsteady‐state Portable Probe Permeameter, were made on three adjacent faces of two cubic blocks representative of fine‐ to medium‐grained and medium‐ to coarse‐grained Stanton Moor Sandstone. The findings provide greater understanding in the investigation of the durability characteristics of the Stanton Moor Sandstone and show that the spatial distribution and variability of permeability is more important in predicting the overall strength and weathering properties than mean permeability and absolute minimum and maximum values. The results suggest that both primary textural characteristics (such as grain size) and extent of cementation appear to be important factors in determining the overall durability properties of Stanton Moor Sandstone as a building stone. Geostatistical analysis has been shown to be an important tool in the characterization of spatial variation for the investigation of weathering of building stones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Velocity dispersion and fluid substitution in sandstone under partially saturated conditions

The elastic moduli of four sandstone samples are measured at seismic (2?2000 Hz) and ultrasonic (1 MHz) frequencies and water- and glycerin-saturated conditions. We observe that the high-permeability samples under partially water-saturated conditions and the low-permeability samples under partially glycerin-saturated conditions show little dispersion at low frequencies (2?2000 Hz). However, the high-permeability samples under partially glycerin-saturated conditions and the low-permeability samples under partially water-saturated conditions produce strong dispersion in the same frequency range (2?2000 Hz). This suggests that fluid mobility largely controls the pore-fluid movement and pore pressure in a porous medium. High fluid mobility facilitates pore-pressure equilibration either between pores or between heterogeneous regions, resulting in a low-frequency domain where the Gassmann equations are valid. In contrast, low fluid mobility produces pressure gradients even at seismic frequencies, and thus dispersion. The latter shows a systematic shift to lower frequencies with decreasing mobility. Sandstone samples showed variations in V_p as a function of fluid saturation. We explore the applicability of the Gassmann model on sandstone rocks. Two theoretical bounds for the P-velocity are known, the Gassmann–Wood and Gassmann–Hill limits. The observations confirm the effect of wave-induced flow on the transition from the Gassmann–Wood to the Gassmann–Hill limit. With decreasing fluid mobility, the P-velocity at 2–2000 Hz moves from the Gassmann–Wood boundary to the Gassmann–Hill boundary. In addition,, we investigate the mechanisms responsible for this transition.     

Streamflow drought time series forecasting: a case study in a small watershed in North West Spain

Drought is a climatic event that can cause significant damage both in natural environment and in human lives. Drought forecasting is an important issue in water resource planning. Due to the stochastic behaviour of droughts, a multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model was applied to forecast monthly streamflow in a small watershed in Galicia (NW Spain). A better streamflow forecast obtained when the Martone index was included in the model as explanatory variable. After forecasting 12 leading month streamflow, three drought thresholds: streamflow mean, monthly streamflow mean and standardized streamflow index were chosen. Both observed and forecasted streamflow showed no drought evidence in this basin.     

泥质砂岩黏土附加导电强度评价指数定义及应用方法

针对泥质砂岩黏土附加导电还没有综合定量评价指标的现状,从Archie公式和Waxman-Smits方程计算的含水饱和度的相对误差出发定义了黏土附加导电强度指数η,并考察了地层水电导率Cw、阳离子交换容量Qv、含水饱和度Sw、饱和度指数n对η的影响,给出了黏土附加导电强度判别方法和图版,通过低阻油气层的工程应用实例探讨了η在饱和度方程选取中的应用.结果表明,η随Cw、Sw、n值的增大而以近似乘幂规律减小,随Qv的增大而近似线性增大;Cw与Qv对η的影响最大,n与Sw次之;无法由单一因素判断黏土附加导电性强弱,必须综合考虑Qv、Cw、Sw、n的影响;对于低阻油气层,可利用该指数按照"三步法"及判别图版定量判断低阻成因并为饱和度模型的选取提供技术依据.