热带气旋引起的震颤波

在中国地震台网的宽频数字地震计和倾斜、重力仪的观测中,记录到来自西太平洋热带气旋（热带风暴、台风）引起的震颤波.通过对2006年来自西太平洋的全部热带气旋的分析,以及所观测到的震颤波与气旋运动过程中强度的变化、运动路径、观测点与其之间的距离变化等方面的分析研究得到以下结论：震颤信号的持续时间与热带气旋的生命过程基本相符,其中出现强震颤的时间大多为2～3天,特征为信号的包络线呈纺锤状叠加在观测背景上,震颤波的主要频率范围为0.13～0.33 Hz（周期：3～7 s）.我国内陆大部分区域内的宽频地震计、重力仪、倾斜仪等都能清晰记录到这类由热带气旋引起的震颤波.震颤波的强度主要与热带气旋的强度、运动路径以及气旋中心到地震观测台站的距离这几个因素直接相关;而震颤波的变化过程与热带气旋的运动和变化过程密切相关,其中强震颤波的出现时间与气旋过大陆板块边界进入大陆架的时间一致.经对热带气旋的结构、运动规律及动力学特点的了解分析,初步分析认为其主要源于热带气旋运动过程中与浅海区大陆架及陆地表面的摩擦、气压载荷变化以及由此产生的海浪对地壳板块的冲击,及板块边界断层对气旋扰动的响应.此外,我们对北印度洋孟加拉湾生成并在缅甸登陆的热带气旋也进行了实例分析.结果表明：与西太平洋相比,北印度洋热带气旋引起的震颤波对我国大陆的地震观测而言信号较弱.     

基于改进Frequency-Bessel变换法的主动源Love波频散分析

近年来,Love波多道分析技术在浅地表结构探测中受到越来越广泛的应用.与Rayleigh波相比,Love波相速度不受纵波速度影响,其反演参数较少,可使反演过程更加稳定、求解的横波速度模型更加可靠.高分辨率和多模式面波频散分析是面波多道分析技术中至关重要的一环.本文利用改进Frequency-Bessel变换法对主动源Love波进行频散分析.通过改进的0阶Frequency-Bessel变换,将时间-空间域多道Love波记录变换到频率-波数域,获得其频散能量谱.通过公式推导和数值模拟,验证了该方法的有效性.实例测试表明,该方法具有较高的分辨率和多模式分辨能力,为多分量面波勘探提供了一种有效的频散分析手段.     

冷空气入侵对热带气旋发生发展的影响

本文从梯度风方程出发,证明温度梯度增强对涡度起到增强作用.因此当冷空气侵入热带气旋外围时,只要没有破坏热带气旋的暖心结构,就会引起温度梯度的增长,从而促进热带气旋的发生发展.本文采用NCAR/PSU研制的非静力中尺度模式MM5,研究北半球冷暖空气入侵在热带气旋形成和加强过程中的作用.通过研究冷暖空气对热带气旋发展影响的试验发现,冷暖空气在入侵热带气旋外围时,最主要改变的是外围的环流场.北半球冷空气的入侵将会增强热带气旋北面的北风,形成指向热带气旋中心的推力,即辐合增强,暖空气入侵减弱北面的北风,形成背向热带气旋中心的拉力,即辐合减弱.由于拉力作用,一方面把边界上由于冷空气入侵而生成的能量往热带气旋中心输送,另一方面导致温度梯度的增加.因此从天气学形势来看,在热带气旋发生发展的过程中,北方的冷高压将会增强热带气旋北面的风速,从而导致热带气旋的增强;南半球澳高的增强,将使越赤道气流增强,热带气旋南面的风速也因此增强,从而引起热带气旋的增强.     

黏弹性与弹性介质中Rayleigh面波特性对比研究

Rayleigh面波的频散特性可以用来研究地表浅层结构. 本文使用时域有限差分法来模拟复杂黏弹性介质中的Rayleigh面波,研究了Q值对面波频散特性的影响.文中采用旋转交错网格有限差分,以非分裂卷积形式的完全匹配层为吸收边界,推出了求解二阶位移-应力各向同性黏弹性波动方程的数值方法.为了检验数值解的精度,首先将简单模型的正演结果与解析解对比,验证了方法的正确性;然后模拟了横向缓变层状介质和含有洞穴的介质中的面波,对弹性和黏弹性介质中的面波的频散特性进行对比分析.模拟结果表明浅层Q值对面波的频散特性有显著的影响;强吸收情况下,高阶面波的能量相对低阶面波能量显著增强.     

北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数关系的年代际变化

基于观测资料分析,研究了夏季北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数之间的关系,发现两者的联系呈现由弱转强的年代际变化特征.1948~1977年,北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的联系较弱;但1980~2009年,两者转为显著的正相关,北大西洋涛动偏强(弱)对应西北太平洋热带气旋数偏多(少).本文进一步从大气环流变化角度,探讨了北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系在前后两个时段出现不同的可能原因.结果表明,在后一时段,当北大西洋涛动偏强时,西北太平洋低层为异常气旋型环流,季风槽加强,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,西北太平洋地区高层大气异常辐散,低层大气异常辐合,这些条件均有利于热带气旋的生成和发展,西北太平洋热带气旋因此偏多.然而,在前一时段,北大西洋涛动对上述环流系统的影响不明显,因而减弱了北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的联系.研究进一步揭示,与北大西洋涛动异常相关联的波活动通量的变化可以解释北大西洋涛动与西北太平热带气旋频数联系的这种年代际变化.     

Rayleigh波的频散方程高频近似分解和多模式激发数目

对于在Rayleigh波勘探中经常提取到的多模式频散曲线,如何在理论上对其特征进行描述是一个很有意义的问题. 本文根据Rayeigh波频散方程中传递矩阵具有的高频近似特征,提出了传递矩阵的高频近似分解公式,据此导出了频散方程的高频近似分解公式,并在此基础上,定义了Rayleigh波的4种基本模式(R模、S模、R型周期模和S型周期模). 根据频散方程具有的周期性特征,给出了周期模频散曲线之间的平均间隔近似公式,以及在任意频率和相速度段内频散方程根的数目（即多模式的激发数目）的预测公式. 在这些结果的基础上,本文最后提出了频散方程数值搜根的一种新方法.     

水平层状介质中Rayleigh波多模式速度频散和椭圆极化频散特征物理实验模拟研究

Rayleigh波勘探作为地震勘探的主要方法之一,一直受到地球物理勘探学界的广泛关注,而Rayleigh波研究领域的焦点就是对频散特性的研究.本文基于超声虚拟仪器实验平台,从超声波和超声换能器特性出发,对均匀介质、低速覆盖和高速覆盖等模型中的Rayleigh波波场进行观测,运用时域分析、f-v域波场变换和H/V谱比等方法,研究层状介质中Rayleigh波多模式速度频散和椭圆极化的频散特征.在实验过程中,虚拟仪器技术的运用为Rayleigh波频散特性的多模态展现和识别提供了良好的平台,是本研究有力的技术保障.实验研究发现,在低速覆盖的水平层状介质中,Rayleigh波存在多模式频散,高阶模式对浅层速度变化更敏感,即便基阶模式面波占优,高阶成分仍易对地层信息识别造成误判;然而,当上覆层为高速介质时,此类模型中未观测到明显的Rayleigh波多模式现象.研究还发现Rayleigh波椭圆极化率与介质泊松比是密切相关的,该结论与前期理论研究结果非常吻合,从而进一步验证了Rayleigh波椭圆极化频散用于评价地层速度结构的可行性.     

外热带大气扰动对ENSO的影响

合成分析了20世纪80年代以来5次主要的ENSO事件,发现外热带大气扰动通过经向风异常不仅对ENSO的发生起到重要的触发作用,而且影响到ENSO的发展和衰减. 因此,尽管ENSO对外热带大气扰动有影响,但同时外热带大气扰动又与ENSO有相互作用. 在ENSO发生前,南印度洋中纬度为反气旋异常,并通过Rossby波的频散作用加强了澳大利亚附近的反气旋异常;同时,澳大利亚东部沿海的南风异常与菲律宾附近的北风异常在赤道辐合,促进了赤道西太平洋西风异常的爆发和其后ENSO的发生. 在ENSO发生之后,东南太平洋上的气旋异常及相关的南风异常进一步增强了赤道中东太平洋的西风异常和ENSO的发展. 当ENSO达到成熟时,澳大利亚东部的反气旋异常东移,使东南太平洋的气旋异常减弱,南方涛动型环流异常亦随之减弱;同时,阿留申气旋异常加强,尤其是副热带北太平洋的风场异常可加强赤道中东太平洋海水的涌升,使该地区海表温度降低,加速ENSO的消亡.     

基于纵横波分离FCT弹性波正演频散压制

有限差分方法被广泛应用于地震波数值模拟和传播.传统有限差分法采用Taylor级数展开实现空间偏导数的差分,但该方法会因为网格离散化而产生数值频散,降低地震波模拟的精度.优化差分系数正演方法能在一定程度上压制部分频散,然而纵、横波速度取值差异较大,在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中,在满足纵波最大速度确定的稳定性条件下,浅层低速横波波场往往会产生明显的频散现象.为了削弱弹性波场正演数值频散,提高数值模拟精度,本文首先采用优化差分网格系数降低数值频散,然后再采用通量校正传输(Flux-Correction Transport, FCT)法来进一步压制弹性波场有限差分数值频散.常规的FCT法是对弹性波场直接进行频散压制,但由于弹性波场中纵、横波速度差异明显,横波波场频散明显强于纵波,为了压制横波波场的数值频散,往往需要选取较大的频散压制参数,但这会使频散较弱的纵波产生假象.因此本文提出基于纵横波分离FCT弹性波正演频散压制方法,对分离之后的纵横波场分别选择合适的频散压制参数进行通量校正,可以有效压制数值频散,削弱纵波FCT产生的假象.通过理论分析和数值算例发现,本文方法能有效削弱弹性波场有限差分数值...     

我国东南地区πg波的频散特征

本文利用1987年8月在江西省寻乌发生的三次5.0级以上地震的记录资料,讨论了我国东南地区π_g波的传播特征。结果表明:π_g波的初至波速为6.00km/s,与Press的结果相近;π_g波有明显的频散特征,其卓越周期为0.6—0.8秒,较多表现为正常频散,同时也有少量表现为反常频散,由π_g波的波数及波峰的水平合成矢量得到的振幅辐射图象,基本上与弱非均匀介质辐射图象相近;π_g波各波数水平到时与垂直到时存在明显的到时差。     

Characteristics and mechanism of vertical coupling in the genesis of tropical cyclone Durian(2001)

The vertical coupling(VC)process and mechanism during the genesis of a tropical cyclone(TC)implied by the weak vertical shear of horizontal wind,one of the key factors impacting TC genesis,constitute important but unanswered fundamental scientific problems.This paper carried out a targeted investigation of this problem through numerical simulation and theoretical analyses.The main conclusions are as follows.Even if TC genesis occurs in a barotropic environment,a VC process still occurs between the trough(vortex)at the middle level and that at the lower level in the TC embryo area.VC mainly occurs at the tropical disturbance(TDS)stage.Only after the VC is accomplished can the tropical depression(TD)organize further by itself and develop into the tropical storm(TS)stage or the stronger tropical typhoon(TY)stage through the WISHE(wind-induced surface heat exchange)mechanism.In the VC process,vortical hot towers(VHTs)play vertical connecting roles and are the actual practitioners of the VC.Through the VHTs’vertical connections,the middle-and lower-troposphere trough axes move towards each other and realize the VC.VHTs can produce intensive cyclonic vorticity in the lower troposphere,which is mainly contributed by the stretching term.The tilting term can produce a single dipole or double dipole of vorticity,but the positive and negative vorticity pairs offset each other roughly.While the stretching term ensures that the cyclonic rotations of the wind field in the middle and lower levels tend to be consistent,the tilting term acts to uniformly distribute the horizontal wind in the vertical direction,and both terms facilitate the VC of the wind field.With the latent heat of condensation,VHTs heat the upper and middle troposphere so that the 352 K equivalent potential temperature contour penetrates vertically into the 925–300 hPa layer,realizing the VC of the temperature field.While forming cloud towers,VHTs make the ambient air become moist and nearly saturated so that the 95%relative humidity contour penetrates vertically into the 925–400 hPa layer,realizing the VC of the humidity field.Due to the collective contributions of the VHTs,the embryo area develops into a warm,nearly saturated core with strong cyclonic vorticity.The barotropic instability mechanism may also occur during TC genesis over the Northwest Pacific and provide rich large-scale environmental vorticity for TC genesis.The axisymmetric distribution of VHTs is an important sign of TC genesis.When a TC is about to form,there may be accompanying phenomena between the axisymmetric process of VHTs and vortex Rossby waves.     

基态位涡径向分布对浅水涡旋系统动力稳定性的影响分析

本文基于正压浅水模型,分析基态位涡（Potential Vorticity：PV）结构对热带气旋（Tropical Cyclone：TC）类涡旋系统稳定性及其波动特征的影响.通过引入基态PV结构参数：宽度δ（眼墙内外边界涡度发生陡变的半径长度之比）和中空度γ（眼心相对涡度与内核区域平均相对涡度之比）,设计具有相同基流最大切向风速和最大风速半径的170组不同基态PV环结构的敏感性试验,并讨论了不同基态PV结构下涡旋系统最不稳定波数（the most unstable wavenumber：MUWN）和系统最不稳定模态（the most unstable mode of System：MUMS）的特征频率及其不稳定增长率的大小.结果指出：当PV环较宽,系统表现为低波数最不稳定,相应的MUMS为低频波且增长率小;当PV环较窄,系统表现为高波数不稳定,且PV环越实最不稳定波数越高;当PV环窄且空时,MUMS均为中高频波动,且不稳定增长率随PV环的宽度变窄和中空度变空而明显增大.分析典型PV结构下系统演变特征可知,当PV环较宽,MUMS表现为具有平衡约束的低频波动的线性不稳定特征;当PV环趋向窄且空时,MUMS的平衡性约束趋向弱化,同时不稳定增长表现为明显的指数型增长.进一步讨论系统内部非对称结构的形成和传播机制发现,对于弱不稳定的PV环来说,低波数波最不稳定的特征波动具有典型涡旋Rossby波特征;而对于强不稳定的PV环来说,高波数不稳定的特征波动混合波性质明显.     

斜压大气中热带气旋运动特征的动力分析

从绝热、无摩擦、无环境场作用条件下的原始方程组出发,讨论了热带气旋的动力平衡特征,并分别导出了正、斜压大气中综合描述热带气旋中心强度变化的物理量(dI/dt)及其动力平衡关系式,进而分析了正、斜压大气中的热带气旋强度变化及移动的特征.结果表明:热带气旋的定常运动具有"相当地转风平衡”的特征,其等"压能”线和等位涡线均与流线重合;"β涡旋对”及由高(低)层水平风正(负)垂直切变产生的"切变涡旋对”之间的"通风气流”均使热带气旋的强度减弱,高(低)层涡度的负(正)垂直平流则增强热带气旋的强度;热带气旋的中心有向极、向高(低)层涡度垂直平流的梯(升)度方向移动的趋势,垂直运动及高、低层水平风速垂直切变的非对称结构对热带气旋的移动有影响;"γ效应”则是"通风气流”牵引热带气旋移动的动力机制之一.     

西北太平洋热带气旋活动影响区域大尺度环流的数值模拟研究

本文利用"模式手术"方法研究了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)对东亚—西北太平洋区域大尺度环流的影响.结果表明,夏季频繁的西北太平洋TC活动导致东亚夏季风增强,季风槽加深;西太平洋副热带高压东退,位置偏北;东亚副热带高空急流强度增强,北太平洋(东亚大陆)上急流轴偏北(偏南);热带地区(副热带地区)的对流层中低层出现异常上升气流(下沉气流),并且从低纬向高纬呈现异常上升气流和异常下沉气流交替分布特征.在中国东南沿海,TC降水导致夏季降水量明显增加;而在长江中下游和华北地区,TC活动引起的异常下沉气流使夏季降水量显著减少.因此,夏季西北太平洋TC活动对东亚—西北太平洋区域气候有显著影响.     

Tropical cyclones and multiscale climate variability: The active western North Pacific Typhoon season of 2018

The 2018 typhoon season in the western North Pacific(WNP) was highly active, with 26 named tropical cyclones(TCs) from June to November, which exceeded the climatological mean(22) and was the second busiest season over the past twenty years. More TCs formed in the eastern region of the WNP and the northern region of the South China Sea(SCS). More TCs took the northeast quadrant in the WNP, recurving from northwestward to northward and causing heavy damages in China's Mainland(69.73 billion yuan) in 2018. Multiscale climate variability is conducive to an active season via an enhanced monsoon trough and a weakened subtropical high in the WNP. The large-scale backgrounds in 2018 showed a favorable environment for TCs established by a developing central Pacific(CP) El Ni?o and positive Pacific meridional mode(PMM)episode on interannual timescales. The tropical central Pacific(TCP) SST forcing exhibits primary control on TCs in the WNP and large-scale circulations, which are insensitive to the PMM. During CP El Ni?o years, anomalous convection associated with the TCP warming leads to significantly increased anomalous cyclonic circulation in the WNP because of a Gill-type Rossby wave response. As a result, the weakened subtropical high and enhanced monsoon trough shift eastward and northward, which favor TC genesis and development. Although such increased TC activity in 2018 might be slightly suppressed by interdecadal climate variability, it was mostly attributed to the favorable interannual background. In addition, high-frequency climate signals,such as intraseasonal oscillations(ISOs) and synoptic-scale disturbances(SSDs), interacted with the enhanced monsoon trough and strongly modulated regional TC genesis and development in 2018.     

Numerical Simulation of Andhra Severe Cyclone (2003): Model Sensitivity to the Boundary Layer and Convection Parameterization

The Andhra severe cyclonic storm (2003) is simulated to study its evolution, structure, intensity and movement using the Penn State/NCAR non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model MM5. The model is used with three interactive nested domains at 81, 27 and 9 km resolutions covering the Bay of Bengal and adjoining Indian Peninsula. The performance of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) and convective parameterization on the simulated features of the cyclone is studied by conducting sensitivity experiments. Results indicate that while the boundary layer processes play a significant role in determining both the intensity and movement, the convective processes especially control the movement of the model storm. The Mellor-Yamada scheme is found to yield the most intensive cyclone. While the combination of Mellor-Yamada (MY) PBL and Kain-Fritsch 2 (KF2) convection schemes gives the most intensive storm, the MRF PBL with KF2 convection scheme produces the best simulation in terms of intensity and track. Results of the simulation with the combination of MRF scheme for PBL and KF2 for convection show the evolution and major features of a mature tropical storm. The model has very nearly simulated the intensity of the storm though slightly overpredicted. Simulated core vertical temperature structure, winds at different heights, vertical winds in and around the core, vorticity and divergence fields at the lower and upper levels—all support the characteristics of a mature storm. The model storm has moved towards the west of the observed track during the development phase although the location of the storm in the initial and final phases agreed with the observations. The simulated rainfall distribution associated with the storm agreed reasonably with observations.     

Interdecadal change of the linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific

The relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific(WNPTCF) in summer is investigated by use of observation data. It is found that their linkage appears to have an interdecadal change from weak connection to strong connection. During the period of 1948–1977, the NAO was insignificantly correlated to the WNPTCF. However, during the period of 1980–2009, they were significantly correlated with stronger(weaker) NAO corresponding to more(fewer) tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. The possible reason for such a different relationship between the NAO and the WNPTCF during the former and latter periods is further analyzed from the perspective of large-scale atmospheric circulations. When the NAO was stronger than normal in the latter period, an anomalous cyclonic circulation prevailed in the lower troposphere of the western North Pacific and the monsoon trough was intensified, concurrent with the eastward-shifting western Pacific subtropical high as well as anomalous low-level convergence and high-level divergence over the western North Pacific. These conditions favor the genesis and development of tropical cyclones, and thus more tropical cyclones appeared over the western North Pacific. In contrast, in the former period, the impact of the NAO on the aforementioned atmospheric circulations became insignificant, thereby weakening its linkage to the WNPTCF. Further study shows that the change of the wave activity flux associated with the NAO during the former and latter periods may account for such an interdecadal shift of the NAO–WNPTCF relationship.     

Remote forcing of water levels by tropical cyclones in southwest Australia

Tropical cyclones (termed hurricanes and typhoons in other regions), are extreme events associated with strong winds, torrential rain and storm surges (in coastal areas) and cause extensive damage as a result of strong winds and flooding (caused by either heavy rainfall or ocean storm surges) in the immediate area of impact. The eastern Indian Ocean, particularly in the northwest region of Australia, is impacted by up to 10 tropical cyclones during the cyclone season, although direct impact of cyclones along the west and southwest coastlines is rare. However, the sub-tidal frequency component of sea level records along the west and south coasts of Western Australia indicates lagged correspondence with the occurrence of tropical cyclones. It is demonstrated that the tropical cyclones generate a continental shelf wave which travels along the west and south coasts of Australia up to 3500 km with speeds of 450–500 km day⁻¹ (5.2–5.8 ms⁻¹) with maximum trough to crest wave height of 0.63 m, comparable with the mean daily tidal range in the region. The shelf wave is identified in the coastal sea level records, initially as a decrease in water level, 1–2 days after the passage of the cyclone and has a period of influence up to 10 days. Amplitude of the shelf wave was strongly affected by the path of the tropical cyclone, with cyclones travelling parallel to the west coast typically producing the most significant signal due to resonance and superposition with local forcing. Analysis of water levels from Port Hedland, Geraldton, Fremantle and Albany together with cyclone paths over a ten year period (1988–1998) indicated that the tropical cyclones paths may be classified into 6 different types based on the amplitude of the wave.     

Generation of baroclinic topographic waves by a tropical cyclone impacting a low-latitude continental shelf

Numerical model experiments have been performed to analyze the low-latitude baroclinic continental shelf response to a tropical cyclone. The theory of coastally trapped waves suggests that, provided appropriate slope, latitude, stratification and wind stress, bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves can be generated by the storm. Based on a scale analysis, the Nicaragua Shelf is chosen to study propagating topographic waves excited by a storm, and a model domain is configured with simplified but similar geometry. The model is forced with wind stress representative of a hurricane translating slowly over the region at 6 km h⁻¹. Scale analysis leads to the assumption that baroclinic Kelvin wave modes have minimal effect on the low-frequency wave motions along the slope, and coastal-trapped waves are restricted to topographic Rossby waves. Analysis of the simulated motions suggests that the shallow part of the continental slope is under the influence of barotropic topographic wave motions and at the deeper part of the slope baroclinic topographic Rossby waves dominate the low-frequency motions. Numerical solutions are in a good agreement with theoretical scale analysis. Characteristics of the simulated baroclinic waves are calculated based on linear theory of bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves. Simulated waves have periods ranging from 153 to 203 h. The length scale of the waves is from 59 to 87 km. Analysis of energy fluxes for a fixed volume on the slope reveals predominantly along-isobath energy propagation in the direction of the group velocity of a topographic Rossby wave. Another model experiment forced with a faster translating hurricane demonstrates that fast moving tropical cyclones do not excite energetic baroclinic topographic Rossby waves. Instead, robust inertial oscillations are identified over the slope.