坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区构造蚀变岩型金矿航磁异常特征与找矿意义

坦桑尼亚是东非第一产金大国,构造蚀变岩型金矿是该国的一个重要金矿床类型,该类型金矿床与断裂构造中的构造蚀变带密切相关,主要分布在坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖东部、西南部及东南部绿岩带中;凯巴卡瑞地区内岩石磁性表现为强-中-弱-微或无的强度等级,岩石相互之间磁性差异明显,其航磁异常显示的地质信息比较详尽,反映的磁性地层、岩体界线清晰,线性构造特征明显.依据坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区尼亚斯罗利金矿床上的航磁异常表现形式,对凯巴卡瑞地区航磁异常强度、规模、形态及延伸等特征进行了认真分析和对比研判,认为该区域航磁异常客观地反映了与构造蚀变岩型金矿有关联的断裂构造和绿岩分布区,构造蚀变带、金矿脉以及所赋存的绿岩地层在航磁异常上表现为低强度磁异常,其他岩石(条带状铁建造、辉绿岩、花岗岩)在航磁异常上表现为高强度磁异常,据此选择的找矿靶区通过地面物探方法(高精度磁测、微磁测量)查证,取得了明显的找矿效果;凯巴卡瑞地区航磁异常解译厘定的地质信息,为进一步预测成矿区域、圈定找矿靶区及间接发现构造蚀变岩型金矿床奠定了基础,因而预判坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区分布的航磁异常具有寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿的较大潜力.     

坦桑尼亚西嘎山一带铁建造型金矿床航磁异常特征及找矿意义

坦桑尼亚条带状铁建造(BIF)型金矿床是该国绿岩带型金矿床中的一个主要类型,主要分布于坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖的西南部区域,姆瓦莫拉(Mwamola)金矿为苏库马兰德绿岩带(Sukumaland greenstone belt)上比较典型的大型隐伏铁建造型金矿床,位于坦桑尼亚西北部西嘎山一带;该类型矿床在航磁异常上表现为弱-中等强度线性磁异常,在地面磁异常上表现为中-强线性磁异常,条带状铁建造BIF(磁铁石英岩)和金矿石具有中强磁性,两者是引起磁异常的主要因素,磁异常是寻找该类型金矿的直接标志之一.根据姆瓦莫拉金矿床上的航磁异常表现特征,对西嘎山一带航磁异常形态进行了分析研究,认为航磁异常反映了与金矿有关的条带状铁建造的聚集分布区,金矿脉与航磁异常、地磁异常走向基本一致,据此选择的找矿靶区找矿效果良好,表明该区域航磁异常对选择靶区、寻找铁建造型金矿床具有一定的指导意义,坦桑尼亚西嘎山一带分布的航磁异常具有寻找铁建造型金矿的较大潜力.该区域金矿勘查,除充分利用该国已有的高分辨率航磁异常成果筛选靶区外,还需配合地面1∶1万高精度磁法测量确定条带状铁建造位置和进行钻探工程布置,借鉴或复制姆瓦莫拉和PL9110金矿找矿经验和模式,才能取得良好的找矿效果.     

微磁测量在坦桑尼亚构造蚀变岩型金矿床上的应用研究

构造蚀变岩型金矿床是坦桑尼亚绿岩带重要的金矿床类型.金矿脉和它所赋存的构造蚀变带与周围背景岩石磁性差异较小,高精度磁测难以反映出构造蚀变带和金矿脉引起的微弱磁场特征,为了获取构造蚀变带和金矿脉引起的精细磁场结构,在选择的单元测区(主要矿脉分布区)内进行了高密度、高精度、高分辨微磁测量(20 m×5 m)精细研究;微磁异常清晰地反映了构造蚀变带和金矿脉群引起的磁场特征,为钻探工程布置提供了充分的依据,起到了良好的找矿效果.研究认为寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿的微磁测量流程为:(1)开展1∶1万地面高精度磁力扫面测量,大致圈定找矿靶区和选择单元测区;(2)单元测区内进行微磁测量,获取精细地磁场结构;(3)微磁异常上布置微磁剖面测量(点距2 m),定位构造蚀变带和金矿脉.微磁测量对坦桑尼亚其他绿岩带以及我国(乃至世界)绿岩带地区寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿也具有良好的示范和指导意义.     

时间域激电测深在坦桑尼亚金矿床勘查中的应用例析

铁建造(BIF)型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿是坦桑尼亚绿岩带中主要金矿床类型,应用时间域激电测深获得了这两种类型金矿床内、由探测目标体和目的物引起的良好异常,了解了它们在地下半空间内的电性分布特征;依据激电测深显示的"低阻高极化"断面异常对含矿标志层(条带状含铁建造)、含矿构造(蚀变带)和金矿(化)体进行空间定位,为钻探工程布置、进而发现隐伏-半隐伏金矿床提供了充分依据.以坦桑尼亚绿岩带内近几年发现的典型金矿床为实例,分析时间域激电测深在这两种类型金矿床中的应用效果,以期为成矿地质条件类似地区通过激电测深手段寻找金矿产提供借鉴.     

坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖地区金矿勘查地球物理方法应用研究

坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖地区绿岩带是东非重要的太古宙金成矿带,由于受到准平原化作用的影响,总体覆盖较厚、较广,常规的地质填图和找矿方法效果不佳,地球物理勘查方法在金矿资源勘查中发挥了至关重要作用,为大型隐伏铁建造(BIF)型姆瓦莫拉金矿和中型构造蚀变岩型尼亚斯罗利金矿的发现起到了关键性的指导作用;以环维多利亚湖地区金矿床的成矿地质条件、岩石物理性质、地球物理场特征等信息为基础,以姆瓦莫拉金矿和尼亚斯罗利金矿为典型案例,系统总结了坦桑尼亚金矿床有效的地球物理勘查技术方法,首次归纳建立了该国境内铁建造型金矿、构造蚀变岩型金矿的地球物理找矿模型,并提出了物探勘查这两种类型金矿床可采取的最佳方法组合模式,对进入坦桑尼亚的世界各国地勘部门寻找金矿具有一定的借鉴作用和参考意义.随着我国对海外矿产勘查热度的增大,坦桑尼亚金矿床地球物理勘探方法和工作模式对世界上其他国家或地区绿岩带型金矿勘查、评价及找矿方向也具有重要指导意义.     

坦桑尼亚条带状铁建造和辉绿岩磁异常特征的识别与找矿研究

含铁建造型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿是坦桑尼亚国主要的金矿类型,含铁建造型金矿与条带状含铁建造(BIF)密切相关,而构造蚀变岩型金矿则与热液构造活动有一定的联系,条带状含铁建造(磁铁石英岩)和辉绿岩二者具有强磁性,不仅都能够在地表引起很强的ΔT负磁异常,而且其异常形态有很大的相似性,均呈线性串珠状展布;为分辨识别隐伏异常源,圈定与各自有关联的找矿靶区、间接发现这两种类型的金矿床,归纳总结了从五个方面对隐伏的条带状含铁建造和辉绿岩所引起的磁异常特征进行识别:(1)岩石半出露特征,(2)区域地层(或构造)分布特征,(3)磁异常强度的高低,(4)2.5维反演计算,(5)磁异常的排列关系;对磁异常特征进行解译判别,有效地指导了在隐伏绿岩带内圈定找矿靶区、进而间接发现与各自有关联的含铁建造型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿的作用.     

华北克拉通花岗绿岩地体中中生代金矿床的成矿地球动力学背景

编绘了华北克拉通地区花岗绿岩地体中的 6 5个大中型金矿分布图 .发现它们主要分布在阴山 燕山 辽吉中生代陆内碰撞造山活动带 ,秦岭 (北麓 )和胶东中生代碰撞造山带 ,以及太行山和郯庐两个断裂岩浆带 ;成矿时代为侏罗纪 白垩纪 ,即燕山期 ;成矿地球动力学背景是碰撞造山过程的挤压 伸展转变期     

澳大利亚西部绿岩带的三维构造：对金矿勘探的推断

非洲和加拿大的绿岩带的三维几何形状受到重力、大地电流和地震反射资辩的相当好的约束.对比世界各地的绿岩,显示出它们的总体几何特征处处相似.它们具有典型的厚度约5km,并且有比较平坦的基底.可能由于构造史中的局部差异,使它们与周围花岗岩的接触的倾斜幅度和方向都不相同.绿岩中有时有席状花岗岩体侵入.较厚的花岗岩侵入体形成的岩基已经可以辨认出来.澳大利亚西部绿岩带的少数地球物理研究成果是可以利用的.尽管如此,由于重力数据显示出在某些情况下花岗岩-绿岩的接触带以平缓的角度向远离绿岩带倾斜(逆倾),也有证据表明有些花岗岩是岩席.根据这些观测结果推断,矿化的绿岩可能存在于花岗岩露头区下方.非洲南部的默奇森(Marchison)绿岩和东部金矿区的证据表明,矿化带和隐伏花岗岩岩体之间存在空间相关性.因为最新的花岗岩是由于重力“低”而发现的,所以在绿岩带内区域重力测量可能是一等有用的勘探工具.     

新疆阿尔泰金矿断裂构造控矿规律研究

新疆阿尔泰地区金矿床,矿化点分布广泛,前人已该区金矿类型等方面做了多工作,但从断裂构造角度研究金矿床的成矿规律尚少。笔者从该区金矿床与断裂构造的空间关系分析了区内断裂构造及韧性剪切带控矿规律,指出区内金矿床严格受断裂构造及韧带切带控制,而且不同的构造分别控制着矿带、矿田、矿床直到矿体的分布及其形态和产状。     

对大场金矿成因的新认识

大场金矿是青海省地矿局“十五”期间在北巴颜喀拉山地区发现的大型岩金矿床。前人将大场金矿的金矿化类型定为造山型金矿床,但通过2004~2005年大场地区1∶5万矿产地质调查研究后认为,大场金矿化类型为微细粒浸染型金矿。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.