冬季和春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部夏季降水的可能影响过程

印度洋热力状况是影响全球气候变化和亚洲季风变异的一个重要的因素,但以往研究更多关注热带印度洋海温的变化,对南印度洋中高纬地区海温变化关注不够,由此限制了我们对印度洋的全面认识.本文研究了年际尺度上整个印度洋海温异常主导模态的特征及其对我国东部地区夏季降水的可能影响过程,以期望为气候变异研究及预测提供理论依据.研究结果表明:全印度洋海温异常年际变率的主导模态特征是在南印度洋副热带地区海温异常呈现西南—东北反向变化的偶极子模态,西极子位于马达加斯加以东南洋面,东极子位于澳大利亚以西洋面;同时,热带印度洋海温异常与东极子一致.当西极子为正的海温异常,东极子、热带印度洋为负异常时定义为正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态;反之,则为负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态.从冬至春,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态具有较好的季节持续性;与我国长江中游地区夏季降水显著负相关,而与我国华南地区夏季降水显著正相关.其可能的影响过程为:对于正的冬、春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态事件,印度洋地区异常纬向风的经向大气遥相关使得热带印度洋盛行西风异常,导致春、夏季海洋性大陆对流减弱,使夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东偏北,造成华南地区夏季降水增多,长江中游地区降水减少;反之亦然.同时,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态可通过改变印度洋和孟加拉湾向长江中游地区的水汽输送而影响其夏季降水.     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际变化及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系

文中研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现,各年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的中心强度和位置具有显著的年际差异。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域500hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与热带和北太平洋海温的SVD分析表明,第一对空间典型分布反映了赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响,而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示,赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化,而黑潮区域海温异常则主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。并且这种影响分别与500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型和WP遥相关型有密切联系。     

ENSO与印度洋海盆海温多尺度相互作用及其对气候影响的研究进展

系统回顾了近年来有关ENSO与印度洋海盆海温多时间尺度相互作用及其气候效应研究的相关成果。主要包括年际和年代际时间尺度上,ENSO与印度洋海盆海温之间相互联系的基本事实和机制,以及与之相关的气候影响,特别是上述联系对亚洲季风系统及气候异常的影响。在年际尺度上,ENSO通过“大气桥”过程主导着印度洋海温变化,而后者的异常也可通过纬向环流的“齿轮式耦合”对ENSO产生影响。在年代际尺度上,一方面印度洋海盆海温显著的夏季增暖可能来自ENSO暖事件持续时间的年代际延长,另一方面印度洋秋季海温空间分布模态的年代际变化,则对ENSO暖事件强度的年代际增强具有贡献。二者的多时间尺度相互作用进而通过影响大气和海洋环流、辐射反馈、蒸发降水等多种海气耦合过程产生显著的气候效应。研究成果表明印度洋海温变化对亚洲乃至全球气候异常的重要作用。在回顾上述研究成果的基础上,讨论了进一步研究ENSO与印度洋海盆海温多时间尺度变率影响全球气候的前景和重要意义。     

中国东部冬季气温异常与海表温度异常的关系分析

采用SVD、 相关分析及EOF方法, 分析了中国东部冬季地面气温与北大西洋及北太平洋海温异常变化的关系。结果表明： （1）中国东部冬季气温变化的一致性较高; （2）冬季气温异常与前一年9月北大西洋海域关键区（16°～40°N, 60°～24°W）海温和当年2月西北太平洋关键区（20°～40°N, 124°E～180°）海温呈显著的正相关分布, 即前一年9月北大西洋和当年2月西北太平洋海温异常偏高（低）, 东部冬季气温亦偏高（低）, 即前一年9月北大西洋海温的异常是否为我国冬季气温的气候预测提供了一种前期信号; （3）关键区海温对中国东部冬季气温的影响存在区域差异。北大西洋前期海温与中国东部冬季气温有密切的关系, 而西北太平洋的海温主要影响长江流域及其以北的季风中部区; （4）海温影响气温的可能机理是西北太平洋海温异常升高, 使乌山脊减弱, 阿拉斯加脊减弱, 东亚大槽减弱向东移动, 纬向环流加强, 高纬度的冷空气不易南下, 导致我国东部大部分地区冬季气温偏暖, 反之亦然。在年代际尺度上, 纬向环流和东亚大槽对海温有显著的响应; 但在年际变化方面, 东亚大槽对海温的响应不显著。     

东亚夏季风与热带海气相互作用研究进展

在东亚夏季风变异的众多影响因子中,热带海温是影响夏季风系统变化的主要原因。近年来,国内外学者在热带海温异常对东亚夏季风影响的研究方面取得了很大进展。本文从季节内、年际到年代际时间尺度,简要回顾了近年来关于热带海气相互作用影响东亚夏季风变异及其机理的研究进展,特别综述了关于ENSO(El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation)、热带印度洋和大西洋海温异常对东亚夏季风系统的影响和机理方面的主要研究进展。此外,本文还系统回顾了热带海温对东亚夏季风与冬季风关联的影响及过程。最后,提出了在热带海温异常影响东亚夏季风季节内尺度变化、全球变暖下热带海温的变化及其对东亚夏季风的影响等方面值得深入探讨的科学问题。     

冬季太平洋SSTA对北太平洋风暴轴年际变化的影响

研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现，冬季北太平洋风暴轴中心有线性增强、偏北、偏东的趋势。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域 500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与同期热带和北太平洋海温的 SVD分析表明，第一对空间典型分布反映了 ENSO区海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响，而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示，ENSO区海温异常可以通过激发500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化，而黑潮区域海温异常则通过激发 500 hPa高度场上的 WP遥相关型，主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。     

东亚夏季经向水汽输送的变异及其对极端降水的影响

东亚夏季降水的异常与水汽输送的变异密切相关。基于1958—2016年资料,研究了夏季东亚季风区经向水汽输送的主要变异特征及其对东亚夏季极端降水的影响。经向水汽输送的第一主变异模态表现出中国东部和西北太平洋上的水汽经向输送呈现反向异常,以年际变化为主。当中国东部向北输送的水汽增强(减弱)而西北太平洋向北输送减弱(增强),则中国东部大范围的极端降水量及频次增加(减少)。该模态与西太(西太平洋)副高西伸(东撤)有关,并主要受到热带中东印度洋海温的影响。第二变异模态以年代际变化为主兼有年际变化,表现在1980年后中国东部及邻近海域上空的经向水汽输送减弱,使得环渤海地区和华南沿海的极端降水量及频次减少而长江上、下游和贵州的极端降水量及频次增加。该模态与西太副高的减弱有关,并受到热带西太海温年代际增温的影响。第三变异模态以年际变化为主兼有年代际变化,反映中国长江以北地区和日本南部及附近区域的经向水汽输送的反相变化结构。长江以北水汽输送减弱(增强),可导致华北、东北的极端降水量及频次减少(增加)和长江下游及江南地区的极端降水量及频次的减少(增加)。该模态主要受欧亚大陆上空中高纬度纬向遥相关波列和热带印太（印度洋太平洋）海温异常的影响。      

江淮梅雨期降水不同尺度异常与SSTA的关系

利用1959-2000年江淮地区80站的月降水量资料，研究江淮梅雨期（6_7月）不同尺度降水量异常的时间演变规律，分析江淮梅雨不同尺度降水异常与海温异常的关系。结果表明：1）近42a来，江淮梅雨期降水异常呈明显上升趋势，同时存在显著的年际、年代际尺度变化信号。2）对江淮梅雨期降水异常进行时间尺度分离，不同尺度的降水异常序列多（少）雨年份表现出很大的不同。在少雨背景上，年代际变化序列出现多雨期。在多雨背景上，年际变化序列出现明显的少雨年份。3）分析不同时间尺度的江淮梅雨期降水异常序列与SSTA的关系，发现对应的显著相关区域有很大不同，这意味着海温异常对江淮梅雨存在多时空尺度的影响作用。     

南太平洋海温异常及其气候影响的研究进展

随着海温观测资料的增多和资料同化技术的发展,南太平洋海温资料质量有了显著提高,这使得南太平洋逐渐成为科学家在研究海气相互作用及影响气候变化的因子时所关注的重点区域。文章系统地介绍了国内外对南太平洋海温（表层和次表层海温）异常变化特征的研究,涉及南太平洋海温异常年际和年代际变化的主要模态及特征,南太平洋海温异常与El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation、南极环状模的关系,以及南太平洋海温异常变化对大气环流和天气气候的影响（包括南太平洋对南美、东亚及中国地区天气气候的影响）等。在回顾已有研究成果的基础上,提出了一些需要深入研究解决的主要问题,以期引起大家对南太平洋海温异常变化研究的关注,促进对南太平洋海温异常及其气候影响的研究和深刻认识。     

热带海温影响我国南方冬季降水年际变化的年代际差异及其成因

利用中国740个站逐月降水资料、NOAA月平均海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用统计学方法分析了近50 a(1961/1962至2010/2011年冬季)海温异常对我国南方冬季降水年际变化影响的年代际差异及其成因。结果表明:(1)中国冬季降水大致位于长江以南的我国南方地区,降水年际变化较强。1987年后,在El Niňo年中国南方冬季降水偏多。(2)中国南方冬季降水与赤道中东太平洋海温异常以及海洋性大陆西部海温异常密切相关。但相关性存在年代际差异:1987年之前,主要与海洋性大陆西部海温异常相关;1987年之后,主要与赤道中东太平洋海温异常密切相关,海洋性大陆西部海温异常次之。(3)1987年之前,海洋性大陆西部海温通过影响东亚环流形势和水汽条件影响我国南方降水;在1988年之后,海洋性大陆的影响趋于减弱,而赤道中东太平洋海温异常通过改变水汽条件影响我国南方冬季降水强度。     

Seasonal predictability of ENSO teleconnections: the role of the remote ocean response

In this modelling study, the teleconnections of ENSO are studied using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), HadAM3. The influence of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) remote from the tropical Pacific but teleconnected with ENSO is investigated. Composite cycles of El Niño and La Niña SSTs are created and imposed on HadAM3. These SSTs are imposed in different areas, with climatological SSTs elsewhere, in order to find the influences of SSTs in different regions. It is found that most of the reproducible response to ENSO is forced directly from the tropical Pacific before the peak of the event. However, during the peak and decay of ENSO, remote SSTs become increasingly influential throughout the tropics (at the 98% significance level). This could lead to extended ENSO-related predictability due to the memory of the remote oceans. The Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent SSTs are found to be particularly influential. Indian Ocean SSTAs dampen the teleconnections from the tropical Pacific and force the atmosphere above the tropical Atlantic. More generally, when a tropical SSTA is imposed, atmospheric anomalies are forced locally with anomalies of the opposite sign to the west. Some of the reproducible response to ENSO in the tropical Atlantic is forced, not directly from the tropical Pacific but from the Indian ocean, which in turn is forced by the tropical Pacific. Subsequently, delayed SSTAs in the tropical Atlantic damp the local response and force the atmosphere above the tropical Pacific in the opposite manner.     

Influence of Springtime Atlantic SST on ENSO: Role of the Madden–Julian Oscillation

Increased evidence has shown the important role of Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in modulating the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Persistent anomalies of summer Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) act to link the Atlantic SST anomalies (SSTAs) to ENSO. The Atlantic SSTAs are strongly correlated with the persistent anomalies of summer MJO, and possibly affect MJO in two major ways. One is that an anomalous cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation appears over the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with positive (negative) SSTA in spring, and it intensifies (weakens) the Walker circulation. Equatorial updraft anomaly then appears over the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean, intensifying MJO activity over these regions. The other involves a high pressure (low pressure) anomaly associated with the North Atlantic SSTA tripole pattern that is transmitted to the mid- and low-latitudes by a circumglobal teleconnection pattern, leading to strong (weak) convective activity of MJO over the Indian Ocean. The above results offer new viewpoints about the process from springtime Atlantic SSTA signals to summertime atmospheric oscillation, and then to the MJO of tropical atmosphere affecting wintertime Pacific ENSO events, which connects different oceans.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SSTA IMPACTS OVER THE GLOBAL OCEAN ON THE ANOMALOUS CIRCULATION OVER EURASIA IN JANUARY 2008

In this paper,we discussed the features of atmospheric circulations over Eurasia as a response to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the tropical Indian Ocean,the equatorial Pacific,Kuroshio and the North Atlantic.Our results are shown as follows: (1) CAM3.0,driven by the combined SSTAs over the four oceanic regions,can simulate well the features of anomalous atmospheric circulations over Eurasia in January 2008,indicating that the effects of the SSTAs over these four regions were one of the key causes of the anomalous systems over Eurasia.(2) The SSTAs over each key region contributed to the intensification of blocking over the Urals Mountains and a main East Asian trough.However,the influence of the SSTAs over individual oceanic regions differed from one another in other aspects.The SSTAs over the North Atlantic had an impact on the 500-hPa anomalous height (Z500A) over the middle-high latitudes and had a somewhat smaller effect over the low latitudes.For the warm SSTAs over Kuroshio,the subtropical high was much stronger,spread farther north than usual,and had an anomalous easterly that dominated the northwest Pacific Ocean.The warm SSTAs over the tropical Indian Ocean could have caused a negative Z500A from West Asia to Middle Asia,a remarkably anomalous southwesterly from the Indian Ocean to the south of China and an anomalous anticyclone circulation over the South China Sea-Philippine Sea region.Because of the La Nia event,the winter monsoon was stronger than normal,with an anomalously cooler northerly over the southeastern coastal areas of China.(3) The combined effects of the SSTAs over the four key regions were likely more important to the atmospheric circulation anomalies of January 2008 over Eurasia than the effects of individual or partly combined SSTAs.This unique SSTA distribution possibly led to the circulation anomalies over Eurasia in January 2008,especially the atmospheric circulation anomalies over the subtropics,which were more similar to those of the winter El Ni?o events than to the circulation anomalies following La Nia.     

Joint effects of three oceans on the 2020 super mei-yu

2020年发生在江淮流域,朝鲜半岛和日本南部(简称梅雨区)的暴力梅造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失.此次暴力梅的主要特征为:入梅早(6月1日),出梅晚(8月1日)以及较强的梅雨期降水.2020年异常早入梅和晚出梅时期的降水占梅雨期总降水的一半以上.因此,为了深入解析2020暴力梅的机制,本文将分析2020异常早入梅和晚出...     

El Nino事件对其衰减阶段夏季中国降水季节内演变的影响及其机理

利用1979—2007年NOAA重建海温逐月资料和中国160站夏季降水资料,使用扩展奇异值分解（extended singular value decomposition,ESVD）方法,研究了冬季热带太平洋海温异常与次年夏季中国降水异常季节内演变型之间的关系,指出前冬El Nino事件是与次年夏季中国降水季节内变化相联系的最重要的热带太平洋海温异常模态。相应的降水异常季节内变化情况为：6月在长江以南为正异常,江淮流域有负异常;7月在华南沿海有负降水异常,而正异常北进到长江流域,华北地区也出现正降水异常;8月在长江南北分别为少雨和多雨。进一步研究前冬El Nino事件与次年春夏印度洋、太平洋海温异常、对流层低层风场异常以及副热带高压等的联系,结果表明：El Nio事件发生的次年春夏,热带西太平洋周边存在东负西正的海温异常分布;西太平洋反气旋异常较强;副高在6月、7月偏西偏北,但在8月迅速南退。虽然与El Nino事件相联系的6月与7月、8月的降水型不同,但是西太平洋反气旋异常带来的充沛水汽造成7月长江流域雨季多雨,8月副高迅速南退带来的又一次长江流域降水,造成了El Nino事件发生次年夏季长江流域涝而华南沿海旱的夏季平均降水异常型。     

Multidecadal-to-centennial SST variability in the MPI-ESM simulation ensemble for the last millennium

We assess the responses of North Atlantic, North Pacific, and tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) to natural forcing and their linkage to simulated global surface temperature (GST) variability in the MPI-Earth System Model simulation ensemble for the last millennium. In the simulations, North Atlantic and tropical Indian Ocean SSTs show a strong sensitivity to external forcing and a strong connection to GST. The leading mode of extra-tropical North Pacific SSTs is, on the other hand, rather resilient to natural external perturbations. Strong tropical volcanic eruptions and, to a lesser extent, variability in solar activity emerge as potentially relevant sources for multidecadal SST modes’ phase modulations, possibly through induced changes in the atmospheric teleconnection between North Atlantic and North Pacific that can persist over decadal and multidecadal timescales. Linkages among low-frequency regional modes of SST variability, and among them and GST, can remarkably vary over the integration time. No coherent or constant phasing is found between North Pacific and North Atlantic SST modes over time and among the ensemble members. Based on our assessments of how multidecadal transitions in simulated North Atlantic SSTs compare to reconstructions and of how they contribute characterizing simulated multidecadal regional climate anomalies, past regional climate multidecadal fluctuations seem to be reproducible as simulated ensemble-mean responses only for temporal intervals dominated by major external forcings.     

Factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation in the upper Yangtze River Valley

Extreme precipitation events in the upper Yangtze River Valley (YRV) have recently become an increasingly important focus in China because they often cause droughts and floods. Unfortunately, little is known about the climate processes responsible for these events. This paper investigates factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation events in the upper YRV. Our results reveal that a weakened South China Sea summer monsoon trough, intensified Eurasian-Pacific blocking highs, an intensified South Asian High, a southward subtropical westerly jet and an intensified Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) increase atmospheric instability and enhance the convergence of moisture over the upper YRV, which result in more extreme precipitation events. The snow depth over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in winter and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over three key regions in summer are important external forcing factors in the atmospheric circulation anomalies. Deep snow on the Tibetan Plateau in winter can weaken the subsequent East Asian summer monsoon circulation above by increasing the soil moisture content in summer and weakening the land–sea thermal contrast over East Asia. The positive SSTA in the western North Pacific may affect southwestward extension of the WNPSH and the blocking high over northeastern Asia by arousing the East Asian-Pacific pattern. The positive SSTA in the North Atlantic can affect extreme precipitation event frequency in the upper YRV via a wave train pattern along the westerly jet between the North Atlantic and East Asia. A tripolar pattern from west to east over the Indian Ocean can strengthen moisture transport by enhancing Somali cross-equatorial flow.     

我国夏季降水与全球海温的耦合关系分析

利用我国160个台站从1951~2000年的月降水观测资料和NCEP/NCAR的全球海表温度(SST)资料,分析了我国夏季(6、7、8月)降水的时空变化特征及其与海温的相关,并应用奇异值分解(SVD)方法研究了我国夏季降水分布异常与海温变化的耦合关系。结果表明,我国夏季降水异常的雨型分布主要有3种,这些雨型的时间变化除了有明显的年际变化外,还存在显著的年代际变化。尤其是华北地区的降水从1965年左右开始减少,特别是大约1976年后有显著的减少。SVD分析揭示的我国夏季降水和全球海温异常的耦合关系表明,这种耦合关系最主要的时空变化特征表现在年代际变化的时间尺度上。我国华北和东北南部的夏季降水从1976年前后明显减少,与之显著关联的海温异常的关键区包括太平洋、印度洋以及热带和南大西洋。特别是热带中、东太平洋,印度洋,以及热带和南大西洋海水,从1976年前后也明显增暖。本研究揭示的华北持续干旱与印度洋和大西洋海温的年代际变化的耦合关系,在以往的研究中还未见到,因而有必要在今后的研究中加以重视。我国夏季降水和海温的耦合关系,还表现在长江中下游地区的降水异常与太平洋和大西洋海温异常的显著相关上。当南海和黑潮区域以及相邻的热带西太平洋海区海温为正异常时,热带和北大西洋海温也为正异常;而热带中、东太平洋海温为负异常时,长江中下游地区往往偏涝;反之,该地区则偏旱。     

Effects of climate variability on the distribution and fishing conditions of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the western Indian Ocean

Variations in the abundance and distribution of pelagic tuna populations have been associated with large-scale climate indices such as the Southern Oscillation Index in the Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Oscillation in the Atlantic Ocean. Similarly to the Pacific and Atlantic, variability in the distribution and catch rates of tuna species have also been observed in association with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), a basin-scale pattern of sea surface and subsurface temperatures that affect climate in the Indian Ocean. The environmental processes associated with the IOD that drive variability in tuna populations, however, are largely unexplored. To better understand these processes, we investigated longline catch rates of yellowfin tuna and their distributions in the western Indian Ocean in relation to IOD events, sea surface water temperatures (SST) and estimates of net primary productivity (NPP). Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was observed to be negatively correlated to the IOD with a periodicity centred around 4 years. During positive IOD events, SSTs were relatively higher, NPP was lower, CPUE decreased and catch distributions were restricted to the northern and western margins of the western Indian Ocean. During negative IOD events, lower SSTs and higher NPP were associated with increasing CPUE, particularly in the Arabian Sea and seas surrounding Madagascar, and catches expanded into central regions of the western Indian Ocean. These findings provide preliminary insights into some of the key environmental features driving the distribution of yellowfin tuna in the western Indian Ocean and associated variability in fisheries catches.     

夏季东亚高空副热带西风急流季节内异常的环流特征及前兆信号

位于东亚中纬度上空的东亚高空副热带西风急流是东亚季风环流系统中的重要成员,我国夏季降水雨带的季节内变化受东亚高空副热带西风急流位置季节内异常变化影响。根据1979~2008年中国降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及NOAA ERSST V3月平均海表温度资料,利用统计分析和物理量诊断方法对夏季东亚高空副热带西风急流位置季节内异常的东亚大气环流特征及外强迫信号的物理过程进行了探讨。研究指出:6月东亚高空副热带西风急流位置异常主要受欧亚大陆中高纬东传的Rossby波列位相变化影响,春季北大西洋海温异常是欧亚大陆中高纬度Rossby波列位相变化的最显著的外强迫信号;7月东亚高空副热带西风急流位置异常主要受西太平洋热带向副热带传播的Rossby波列位相变化影响,春季西太平洋热带海温异常是西太平洋热带向副热带传播的Rossby波列位相变化的最显著的外强迫信号;8月东亚高空副热带西风急流位置异常主要受南亚大陆向东亚大陆热带、副热带传播的Rossby波列位相变化影响,春季印度洋海温异常是南亚大陆向东亚大陆热带、副热带传播的Rossby波列位相变化的最显著的外强迫信号。