热带西北太平洋0~300 m热含量的年代际变化

太平洋是海表温度年际变化和年代际变化发生的主要区域,但对太平洋海洋热含量变化的研究相对较少。为此, 本文分析了1980—2020年太平洋上层(0~300 m)热含量的时空变化特征。基于IAP数据,本文首先利用集合经验模态分解法(EEMD)提取不同时间尺度的海洋热含量信号,并利用正交经验分解法(EOF)对不同时间尺度的海洋热含量进行时空特征分析,得到了太平洋0~300 m海洋热含量的年际变化、年代际变化以及长期变暖的时空特征。结果表明,除了年际变化之外,热带西北太平洋上层热含量还存在明显的年代际变化和长期变暖趋势。在东太平洋和高纬度西太平洋,热含量的年代际变化特征并不突出。热带西北太平洋热含量的年代际变化在1980—1988年和1999—2013年较高,而在1989—1998年和2014—2020年期间较低。此外,针对热带西北太平洋热含量的经向、纬向和垂向特征分析,发现这种年代际变化主要发生在5°N—20°N,120°E—180°E,次表层50~200 m范围内。热带西北太平洋热含量的年代际变化对全球海表温度的年代际变化有着重要作用。     

全球百年海表面温度年际和年代际变化特征分析

利用100 a(1903—2002年)HadiSST的逐月资料,将全球海表面温度异常(SSTA)作为整体进行经验正交函数分解(EOF分解),提取了控制各大洋SSTA的主导模态和各大洋之间的联合模态,分析了相应的空间分布和时间序列。研究结果表明:SSTA变化最剧烈的海区是赤道中东太平洋、西北大西洋湾流海区和北太平洋黑潮延伸体海区。热带太平洋厄尔尼诺和南方涛动是主导模态并具有2~7 a周期的年际变化;SSTA变化第二主模态和第三主模态都是以大约70 a为周期的年代际变化为主的跨大洋联合模态。第二主模态的空间分布主要表现为中纬度北太平洋和北大西洋反位相、热带太平洋与大西洋反位相的太平洋-大西洋双偶极子型分布。SSTA变化的第三模态主要呈现南北半球海洋反位相的特征,为北太平洋-北大西洋-南大洋联合模态。第四模态基本上是反映各个不同海域特有的局地海洋-大气相互作用模态,该模态的时间序列具有1~4 a周期的年际变化和约9 a周期的年代际变化。     

全球变暖背景下对太平洋环流（1960—1999）的模拟

我们用Non—Boussinesq POP海洋模式和NECP 1000 hPa的风应力和气温场资料,模拟了1960—1999年太平洋环流,结果显示：在过去的40年,热带太平洋环流变弱了,另外,由于全球变暖,由北赤道流产生的向热带西太平洋沿岸的热输送和由南赤道流产生的向南太平洋中高纬度的热输送随着时间是减弱的,而在北半球,由北赤道流产生的向中高纬度的热输送是增加的。     

Meridional and seasonal footprints of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on phytoplankton biomass in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

We used 16 years of multiplatform-derived biophysical data to reveal the footprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the phytoplankton biomass of the northwestern Pacific Ocean in terms of chlorophyll a concentration (Chl), and to discern the probable factors causing the observed footprint. There were meridional differences in the response of phytoplankton to changes of environmental conditions associated with deepening of the mixed layer during the positive phase of the PDO. In general, deepening of the mixed layer increased phytoplankton biomass at low latitudes (increase of Chl due to increase of nutrient supply), but lowered phytoplankton at high latitudes (decrease of Chl due to reduction of average irradiance and temperature in the mixed layer). The areas where Chl increased or decreased changed meridionally and seasonally in accord with regulation of nutrient and light/temperature limitation by changes of mixed layer depth. The observed PDO footprint on Chl in the northwestern Pacific is likely superimposed on the high-frequency component of the PDO excited by El Niño/Southern Oscillation interannual variability. On a decadal time scale, however, Chl in the northwestern Pacific were more strongly associated with the recently discovered North Pacific Gyre Oscillation.     

全球变暖背景下最近40年太平洋海温变化数值模拟

用Non-Boussinesq POP模式和1960—1999年NCEP的1 000 hPa大气温度和风场资料,模拟了最近40 a太平洋海温的变化,通过与实际观测结果比较,得出模拟结果是可信的,并且得到了一些有意义的结果:在海面,太平洋最大的增温发生在赤道中东太平洋,即Niño1-Niño4区内,最大的降温在中纬度南北太平洋中部,除了北半球太平洋西岸40°N附近为降温外,在北半球太平洋沿岸基本上为升温,但太平洋东海岸的升温幅度要远大于西海岸;在太平洋0~483 m深度垂直方向,除了赤道中太平洋区域海温的变化在海面为上升,在169 m处为下降,在483 m处又转为上升外,其他区域海温的变化在垂直方向基本上为线性变化。在全球增暖的背景下,虽然El Niño现象在20世纪90年代以后表现出增强的趋势,但是反映在赤道表面以下的次表层西太平洋暖池中的异常暖中心,在由西向东移动过程中其强度却是减弱的。     

Dimethyl sulfide in the atmospheric surface layer of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

This paper reports a case study of atmospheric stability effect on dimethyl sulfide(DMS) concentration in the air. Investigation includes model simulation and field measurements over the Pacific Ocean. DMS concentration in surface sea water and in the air were measured during a research cruise from Hawaii to Tahiti. The diurnal variation of air temperature over the sea surface differed from the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature because of the high heat capacity of sea water. The diurnal cycle of average DMS concentration in the air was studied in relation to the atmospheric stability parameter and surface heat flux. All these parameters had minima at noon and maxima in the early morning. The correlation coefficient of the air DMS concentration with wind speed (at 15 m high) was 0. 64. The observed concentrations of DMS in the equatorial marine surface layer and their diurnal variability agree well with model simulations. The simulated results indicate that the amplitude of the cycle and the mean     

Acidification at the Surface in the East Sea: A Coupled Climate-carbon Cycle Model Study

This modeling study investigates the impacts of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration on acidification in the East Sea. A historical simulation for the past three decades (1980 to 2010) was performed using the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (version 2), a coupled climate model with atmospheric, terrestrial and ocean cycles. As the atmospheric CO₂ concentration increased, acidification progressed in the surface waters of the marginal sea. The acidification was similar in magnitude to observations and models of acidification in the global ocean. However, in the global ocean, the acidification appears to be due to increased in-situ oceanic CO₂ uptake, whereas local processes had stronger effects in the East Sea. pH was lowered by surface warming and by the influx of water with higher dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the northwestern Pacific. Due to the enhanced advection of DIC, the partial pressure of CO₂ increased faster than in the overlying air; consequently, the in-situ oceanic uptake of CO₂ decreased.     

西风爆发、次表层暖水东移与厄尔尼诺现象

利用最近20 a的大气海洋资料,分析了厄尔尼诺事件与赤道太平洋西风异常以及赤道太平洋次表层海温之间的关系.结果表明,赤道西太平洋(5°S～5°N,120°～160°E)和赤道中东太平洋(5°S～5°N,160°E～160°W)西风异常都存在着与厄尔尼诺周期一致的年际变化,但前者还包含有显著的2～3个月季节内振荡.赤道西太平洋次表层冷暖水东移也呈现年和年际时间尺度的振荡周期.在厄尔尼诺发生前,赤道西太平洋次表层海水出现持续性增暖,赤道西太平洋西风异常频率加快,强度增强.随后赤道中太平洋(160°E～160°W)出现持续性(3个月以上)强西风异常(即西风爆发),并进一步向东扩展,同时次表层暖水沿着赤道波导东移到赤道东太平洋混合层,导致赤道东太平洋海表大面积异常增暖,形成一次厄尔尼诺现象.最后,模式模拟了1980～1984年赤道太平洋海温的变化,进一步证实了赤道纬向西风异常对暖水东移起着重要的作用.     

Twenty years of ocean observations with China Argo

The international Argo program, a global observational array of nearly 4 000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s, which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2 000 m of the global ocean, has revolutionized oceanography. It has been recognized one of the most successful ocean observation systems in the world. Today, the proposed decade action “OneArgo” for building an integrated global, full-depth, and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 ...     

Photosynthetic fractionation of 13C and concentrations of dissolved CO2 in the central equatorial Pacific during the last 255,000 years

Carbon isotopically based estimates of CO2 levels have been generated from a record of the photosynthetic fractionation of 13C [is equivalent to epsilon(p)] in a central equatorial Pacific sediment core that spans the last approximately 255 ka. Contents of 13C in phytoplanktonic biomass were determined by analysis of C37 alkadienones. These compounds are exclusive products of Prymnesiophyte algae which at present grow most abundantly at depths of 70-90 m in the central equatorial Pacific. A record of the isotopic composition of dissolved CO2 was constructed from isotopic analyses of the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, which calcifies at 70-90 m in the same region. Values of epsilon(p), derived by comparison of the organic and inorganic delta values, were transformed to yield concentrations of dissolved CO2 [is equivalent to c(e)] based on a new, site-specific calibration of the relationship between epsilon(p) and c(e). The calibration was based on reassessment of existing epsilon(p) versus c(e) data, which support a physiologically based model in which epsilon(p) is inversely related to c(e). Values of PCO2, the partial pressure of CO2 that would be in equilibrium with the estimated concentrations of dissolved CO2, were calculated using Henry's law and the temperature determined from the alkenone-unsaturation index U(K/37). Uncertainties in these values arise mainly from uncertainties about the appropriateness (particularly over time) of the site-specific relationship between epsilon(p) and 1/c(e). These are discussed in detail and it is concluded that the observed record of epsilon(p) most probably reflects significant variations in delta pCO2, the ocean-atmosphere disequilibrium, which appears to have ranged from approximately 110 microatmospheres during glacial intervals (ocean > atmosphere) to approximately 60 microatmospheres during interglacials. Fluxes of CO2 to the atmosphere would thus have been significantly larger during glacial intervals. If this were characteristic of large areas of the equatorial Pacific, then greater glacial sinks for the equatorially evaded CO2 must have existed elsewhere. Statistical analysis of air-sea pCO2 differences and other parameters revealed significant (p<0.01) inverse correlations of delta pCO2 with sea surface temperature and with the mass accumulation rate of opal. The former suggests response to the strength of upwelling, the latter may indicate either drawdown of CO2 by siliceous phytoplankton or variation of [CO2]/[Si(OH)4] ratios in upwelling waters.     

冬季北太平洋西部上层海洋的热量输送

用海气界面净热量收支和1950－1979年表层水温资料，计算了冬季北太平洋西部上层海洋热通量散度场，指出冬季北太平洋西部黑潮将大量低纬暖水输送到中高纬度海域，在30－35°N最大；亲潮将极地冷水沿千岛群岛向南输送，在45－50°N最大；两者在40°N附近相遇，混合减弱后沿纬向东传。同时用EOF分析方法对热通量散度距平场分型，前3个主要型分别为：黑潮亲潮偶合型、北太平洋海流型和冷平流优势型。最后还揭示了第一主要型与北太平洋副热带高压之间有意义的相关关系。     

北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟

低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧,北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提,也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧;随着海水层化,表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象,且由陆架向海盆,次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深;9月,叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值,微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量;而大西洋一侧,在早春－春末夏初－夏秋经历了微型浮游植物－硅藻－微型浮游植物的演替,总体而言,微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。     

基于浮标、NCEP2及OAFlux产品的新海表感热和潜热通量对比分析

New satellite-derived latent and sensible heat fluxes are performed by using Wind Sat wind speed, Wind Sat sea surface temperature, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) air humidity, and ECMWF air temperature from 2004 to 2014. The 55 moored buoys are used to validate them by using the 30 min and 25 km collocation window. Furthermore, the objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes(OAFlux) products and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 2(NCEP2) products are also used for global comparisons. The mean biases of sensible and latent heat fluxes between Wind Sat flux results and buoy flux data are –0.39 and –8.09 W/m~2, respectively. In addition, the rootmean-square(RMS) errors of the sensible and latent heat fluxes between them are 5.53 and 24.69 W/m~2,respectively. The RMS errors of sensible and latent heat fluxes are observed to gradually increase with an increasing buoy wind speed. The difference shows different characteristics with an increasing sea surface temperature, air humidity, and air temperature. The zonal average latent fluxes have some high regions which are mainly located in the trade wind zones where strong winds carry dry air in January, and the maximum value centers are found in the eastern waters of Japan and on the US east coast. Overall, the seasonal variability is pronounced in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. The three sensible and latent heat fluxes have similar latitudinal dependencies; however, some differences are found in some local regions.     

信风张弛对赤道东、西太平洋斜压扰动的影响研究

利用一个斜压两层海洋模式解析地研究了赤道东、西太平洋对信风张弛的响应特征.研究表明:当赤道上空偏东信风张弛或转为西风时,由于打破了海洋原来的平衡关系,结果在赤道东、西太平洋的温跃层附近产生了扰动并开始传播.西太平洋温跃层附近的扰动向东传播的速度远大于东太平洋扰动向西传播的速度,而且与东太平洋温跃层扰动向西传播的狭窄范围和小振幅相比,西太平洋温跃层扰动向东传播的范围和强度均很大.这与最近几次强厄尔尼诺增暖事件暖水从赤道西太平洋向赤道中、东太平洋的迅速传播特征是一致的.     

Seasonal variation of water temperature in the Seto Inland Sea

The seasonal variation of water temperature in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan is examined using data analysis and numerical experiments and is shown to be controlled by heat exchange through the sea surface and horizontal heat dispersion from the Pacific Ocean. The average water temperature goes down from the Pacific Ocean to the center of the Seto Inland Sea indicating that 4.0 to 6.0×10¹⁵ cal day^?1 (1.6 to 2.5×10¹⁶ joule day^?1) of heat is transported from the Pacific Ocean to the Seto Inland Sea and is lost through the sea surface. The amplitude of seasonal variation of water temperature is large at the center of the Seto Inland Sea and the maximum water temperature is reached first at Bisan Straits and last at Iyo-Nada.     

耦合模式中海浪参数对台风浪预报的影响研究

以西北太平洋一次"双台风"共同影响下的台风浪为例,针对模式中风摄入和白帽耗散、底摩擦、波破碎、波-波非线性相互作用等海浪物理过程对台风浪预报的影响进行了敏感性试验分析。在此基础上,基于各物理过程最优参数化方案探讨了耦合模式和单独海浪模式的海浪预报性能,分析了耦合模式的海浪预报场分布特征。结果表明:不同海浪物理过程参数化对于波高预报的准确性是有所差异的。在相对最优的海浪各参数化方案组合下,无论耦合模式还是单独海浪模式都能较好地反映波高的变化和分布趋势。相比而言,耦合模式对于台风浪大值区的浪高预报要比单独海浪模式的更接近观测,且可以很好地刻画出双台风影响下浪的分布演变特征,对于西太平洋台风浪的预报具有很好的适用性。     

西北太平洋暖池区台风对海表盐度的影响

分析了西北太平洋暖池区2002和2003年夏季ARGO浮标得到的次表层温度和盐度剖面,结果表明大多数台风经过暖池区时,会引起海面盐度下降,这与Kwon和Riser等在大西洋观测到的飓风过后海面盐度上升的结论不同,表明西北太平洋暖池区特有的上层结构以及台风在此海域的降雨与大西洋不同,结果对研究西北太平洋暖池区的混合层混合和热交换过程有重要意义.     

Numerical solution to the problem of variational assimilation of operational observational data on the ocean surface temperature

The problem of variational assimilation of satellite observational data on the ocean surface temperature is formulated and numerically investigated in order to reconstruct surface heat fluxes with the use of the global three-dimensional model of ocean hydrothermodynamics developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences (INM RAS), and observational data close to the data actually observed in specified time intervals. The algorithms of the numerical solution to the problem are elaborated and substantiated, and the data assimilation block is developed and incorporated into the global three-dimensional model. Numerical experiments are carried out with the use of the Indian Ocean water area as an example. The data on the ocean surface temperature over the year 2000 are used as observational data. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical conclusions obtained and demonstrate the expediency of combining the model with a block of assimilating operational observational data on the surface temperature.     

南太平洋和南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率的长期变化趋势

亚南极模态水(sub-Antarctic mode water,SAMW)的潜沉过程与全球变暖减缓现象密切相关。为了增进对亚南极模态水长期变化特征的认识,使用一个高分辨率长时间序列的海洋模式数据对SAMW的潜沉率变化趋势的空间分布进行了系统地分析。结果显示,在1958~2016年间,SAMW的潜沉量在南太平洋和南印度洋在长时间段上存在着相反的趋势变化,即在南太平洋增大,在南印度洋减少,这与已有研究结果相符。但进一步的分析发现,SAMW潜沉量的空间分布存在着明显的差异。在南印度洋,其北部潜沉区的潜沉率仅有很微弱的上升趋势,而位于南部潜沉区的潜沉率则有明显的下降趋势。与此同时,在南太平洋中,其西部潜沉区的潜沉率趋势非常小,而东部潜沉区的水的潜沉有明显上升的长期趋势。总体而言,密度较大的SAMW潜沉水团比密度较小的潜沉水团表现出更显著的长期变化的趋势。南部变化趋势明显的潜沉水量大概占总潜沉水量的60%,由此可知SAMW的总体趋势更多地来自其南部密度更大的潜沉区的贡献。进一步的分析表明,SAMW潜沉区的混合层的长期变化趋势与潜沉率的长期变化趋势之间存在较为一致的空间分布。其中,在南太平洋,东侧潜沉区的混合层的长期增大趋势,主要由于风应力增大的作用,而西侧潜沉区的混合层的长期减小趋势,则主要因为海表浮力强迫的控制;在南印度洋,南侧潜沉区的潜沉率长期减小趋势更多的是受到浮力强迫的影响,而西北部的潜沉率长期增加趋势则主要由风应力增强导致的。     

Basin-scale distribution of prokaryotic phylotypes in the epipelagic layer of the Central South Pacific Ocean during austral summer

In the present study, we used catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization to quantify the abundance of five bacterial (Alphaproteobacteria, SAR11, Gammaproteobacteria, SAR86, and Bacteroidetes) and two archaeal (Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota) phylotypes in the epipelagic layer (0–200 m) of the Central South Pacific Ocean along 170°W from 0° to 40°S. We found that the distribution patterns of these phylotypes differed from each other. All phylotypes except Gammaproteobacteria were particularly abundant at the surface water of the equatorial region, whereas Gammaproteobacteria was relatively abundant in the area from the southern part of the South Pacific Ocean. SAR11, affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria was the dominant phylotype at all depths, throughout the study area. The abundance of SAR11 significantly increased with chlorophyll a concentration, suggesting that phytoplankton could affect their distribution pattern. There was a positive correlation between Bacteroidetes abundance and water temperature, suggesting that the temperature gradient could be a critical factor determining their distribution in the South Pacific Ocean. Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were more abundant at the equatorial region than in other study areas. Euryarchaeota abundance significantly decreased with depth, and increased with chlorophyll a concentration. This suggests that there was ecological interaction between Euryarchaeota and phytoplankton in the equatorial surface. Our data indicate that distinct hydrographic properties such as seawater temperature, salinity, and the concentrations of chlorophyll a and nutrients can principally control the basin-scale distribution of different prokaryotic phylotypes in the epipelagic layer of the Central South Pacific Ocean.