南昆嵩地区断裂?构造演化特征及其控制因素

南昆嵩地区是万安盆地西部负向构造单元,其中部N–S向断裂贯穿南北,独特的构造特征使其成为研究万安盆地西部构造演化与区域断裂走滑活动的窗口。将研究区沉积地层划分为3套构造层,通过回剥法绘制南昆嵩地区构造–沉积充填剖面,并计算南昆嵩地区构造沉降量以及构造沉降速率,论述南昆嵩地区构造演化史与沉降过程以及控制因素。研究结果表明:下部构造层和中部构造层中断裂组合样式主要为卷心型断层、“Y”型断层、阶梯状断层和高角度花状构造等,断裂延伸方向大致可分为:N–S向、W–E向和NE–SW向3种;上部构造层断裂不发育,为稳定沉积;在区域走滑断裂以及南海扩张运动的控制下,南昆嵩地区始新世以来构造演化经历4个阶段:初始裂谷期、伸展断拗期、走滑改造期和热沉降期,新生代地层构造性质也表现为以伸展与走滑作用为主–走滑断裂控制–热沉降的三段式转变。     

下刚果-刚果扇盆地东南部基底断裂复活及其与油气的关系

下刚果-刚果扇盆地位于西非被动大陆边缘,是典型的裂谷与被动陆缘叠合盆地。该区以往的研究多集中于盐上层系,对基底断裂研究较少。以构造分析为基础,探讨了基底断裂复活及其对盐上层系构造变形和油气分布的影响。结果表明,研究区盐下裂谷层系具有“两坳夹一隆”的构造格局,大西洋枢纽带夹持于内裂谷带和外裂谷带之间;基底断裂复活主要发生在紧邻大西洋枢纽带西侧、呈狭长带状分布的基底断裂复活带,断裂复活形式主要表现为继承性,其次为构造反转;基底断裂复活不仅对盐上层系的构造变形具控制作用,而且为油气从盐下层系向盐上层系运移提供了良好的垂向通道条件,是外裂谷带盐下油气向盐上层系运移的关键部位。     

曾母拉分盆地的油气成藏规律:廷贾-西巴兰线断裂的控制

南海南部廷贾-西巴兰线断裂是一条规模巨大的北西向走滑断裂,渐新世开始活动,早期具有强烈的右旋走滑特征,晚中新世以来走滑方向变为左旋,更新世至今,走滑方向变为右旋,是曾母盆地与北康盆地、南沙海槽的分界。为了理清廷贾-西巴兰线断裂特征与曾母盆地油气成藏的关系,通过对断裂两侧地震剖面特征、重磁特征、地热流分布特征以及地壳性质和岩石圈厚度的分析,探讨该断裂在曾母盆地形成演化及油气成藏中的控制作用。研究表明:断裂活动为曾母盆地后期的沉积提供了丰富的物源,断裂走滑作用导致曾母盆地具有良好的圈闭,后期的反向走滑使得盆地的沉积中心由南向北迁移;断裂沟通深部热源,有利于油气生成,形成的伴生断层是盆地油气运移的主要通道。     

渤海辽北地区走滑转换构造发育特征及其对圈闭样式的控制作用

基于渤海辽北地区钻井资料和三维地震资料精细解释,对走滑断裂发育特征开展精细研究,并进一步完成对走滑转换构造的宏观判识和精细刻画,总结走滑转换构造对圈闭样式的差异控制作用。研究结果表明：①辽北地区断裂体系整体表现出强烈的右旋走滑性质,在走滑断裂叠接带、弯曲、尾端等构造位置,因构造应力调整而发育大量走滑转换构造;②依据走滑转换带的力学性质划分为增压型和释压型2大类,每一大类依据断裂空间展布关系进一步细化为单支弯曲型和双支叠复型,其中,单支弯曲型表现为单条走滑断层平面呈现“S”型变形,双支叠复型则表现为右旋左阶或右旋右阶;③增压型和释压型走滑转换构造控制发育的圈闭类型分别以断背斜和断块构造圈闭为主,增压型走滑转换构造控制的圈闭相对于释压型具有更大的勘探潜力。该研究丰富了走滑转换构造体系,填补了辽北地区走滑转换构造研究的空白,对渤海海域郯庐走滑断裂带油气勘探具有一定的借鉴指导意义。     

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷新生代断裂特征与盆地成因

以恩平凹陷为主要研究对象,在断裂体系及盆地结构的精细刻画的基础上,结合断层活动速率计算和平衡剖面分析,恢复盆地发育演化过程,揭示盆地动力学成因机制。结果表明,盆地的发育演化过程受基底先存构造与区域动力背景联合控制。裂陷早期：太平洋板块俯冲速率降低及俯冲带后撤与印度板块俯冲联合作用下,导致了NW—SE向拉张应力场环境,造成了早期NE向低角度逆断层负反转,形成了NE向断裂控制的拆离半地堑;裂陷晚期：印支地块旋转挤出与古南海向南俯冲联合作用下,导致应力场由NW—SE向拉张转变为近SN向拉张,造成了控盆断裂由NE向向近EW向转变,岩石圈伸展模式由宽裂谷方式向窄裂谷方式转变,造成了盆地格局由孤立半地堑趋于相互连通扩展;裂陷拗陷期：岩石圈减薄中心向南迁移至南海扩张中心,整体处于裂后热沉降阶段;构造活化期：吕宋岛弧NWW向与欧亚板块发生弧-陆碰撞作用下,产生NNE向拉张,派生近EW向和NW向的共轭剪切作用,造成了先存近EW断裂复活及次级走滑断裂带的形成,导致了复杂断块升降运动。     

南沙海域区域地质构造

以多年来在南沙海域的海洋地质－地球物理综合考察所取得的资料为基础,分析研究了区内的地球物理场特征、深部地壳结构、基底性质、断裂构造等,其中断裂构造划分出正断裂、逆冲断裂和走滑断裂３个系统,区域上划分出３大块体和６个地块。叠置在不同地壳类型和基底之上或不同构造部位的１３个主要的大中型新生代盆地,具有沉积厚度大、盆地类型多、规模大的特点,是多种盆地原型的叠覆盆地,也是油气资源的重要场所。     

莱州湾凹陷东部新生代走滑构造特征及油气勘探意义

莱州湾凹陷位于渤海南部海域,为中生界基底之上发育的新生代半地堑.郯庐断裂带分东西两支穿过莱州湾凹陷东部,在新生代盖层中表现出渤海最复杂最典型的为NNE向的右旋走滑断裂特征.其中东支断裂在渐新世以后活动强烈,发育多条NNE向走滑断层及NE向伴生断层组成的复杂断裂带.走滑断裂带内断层展布符合右旋单剪作用下的脆性走滑剪切模式,地震方差切片存在右旋运动拖拽断裂证据.通过对主断裂活动期次分析表明,研究区主要有三期大的构造活动,同时形成了三期构造反转.应力分布的局域性导致了形变特征的差异性,产生了褶皱、挤压反转、掀斜断块、花状构造等典型的构造类型.研究区首次利用三维地震资料对本区构造特征进行了分析,研究认为走滑活动形成了良好的构造背景、优越的油源及运移等成藏条件,具有较大的油气勘探潜力.     

沙垒田凸起西段走滑断裂发育特征及其对油气的控制作用

利用三维地震、钻井、测井、岩性等基础资料,对沙垒田凸起西段走滑断层平面、剖面特征进行了详细刻画,通过物理实验模拟了其形成机制,探讨了其对油气成藏各要素的控制作用。研究结果表明,沙垒田凸起西段F2走滑断裂平面、剖面特征差异较大;平面上,F2走滑断裂中深层表现为平滑孤立断层,浅层表现为由多条次级断层组成的帚状构造样式;剖面上,F2走滑断层西南段表现为“似花状”构造样式,东北段表现为简单的“Y”字形结构。物理模拟实验结果表明,F2走滑断层形成机制受先存基底断裂和断层两侧岩性的共同控制,西南段古近纪以弱伸展为主,新近纪叠加右旋强走滑作用,平面呈帚状样式,东北段古近纪表现出强伸展,新近纪叠加右旋弱走滑作用,平面呈现马尾状样式。F2走滑断裂的发育演化过程控制研究区圈闭的形态及规模,控制了研究区东营组沉积储层规模及类型,控制了研究区砂岩骨架输导体系、断裂输导体系的发育形成,改善了太古宇潜山储层物性,研究成果可为研究区下一步的勘探评价提供参考。     

东海陆架盆地南部生长断层活动特征

生长断层是在伸展和走滑盆地中一种重要且广泛存在的构造样式。通过地震资料定性识别出东海陆架盆地南部地区18条生长断层; 根据断裂对研究区各级构造单元控制作用和纵向切穿地层情况, 将其划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂和盖层断裂; 通过断裂平面分布特征研究认为研究区的断裂以NE、NNE延伸为主, 少数为NEE方向; 利用地震剖面在研究区识别出阶梯状组合断层带、“Y”字型组合断层、多米诺式断层带、地堑、地垒等多种断裂组合样式; 又结合生长指数和断层落差两种方法对研究区生长断层的运动学特征进行了定量统计分析, 发现研究区生长断层在古近纪时期活动强度具有自西向东逐渐递减趋势, 区内断层活动期次自西向东逐渐变新, 整个研究区内生长断层在古近纪盆地裂陷—断陷期活动强度最大, 中新世后断裂活动趋于稳定。认为晚中生代以来太平洋板块西缘俯冲后撤和印度板块向亚欧板块俯冲碰撞在东海陆架盆地形成的远程蠕散效应, 使东海陆架盆地形成了拉张伸展应力场环境, 是研究区发育大量生长断层的首要原因。同时, 加强对研究区生长断层伴生构造如滚动背斜和缓坡带阶梯状断裂组合封堵形成的岩性圈闭研究, 有利于推动东海陆架中新生代盆地资源勘探可持续发展。     

南海西部万安断裂活动特征及其对万安盆地的控制作用

万安盆地位于南海西南部印支块体东南端即万安断裂以西地区。前人关于万安断裂活动特征及其对万安盆地形成演化的控制作用存在较多争议。通过对万安盆地区域地质背景、地质特征以及万安断裂走滑活动规律的综合分析认为,万安断裂是一条早期形成(中生代晚期)、多期活动的走滑断裂。万安断裂活动切割了盆地新生代地层,形成较多负花状构造,但该断裂仅引起盆地局部区域新生代地层产状变化,远离该走滑断裂的地层未受影响。万安盆地走滑伸展特征不甚明显,而具有明显的裂谷盆地特点,初步分析认为,万安盆地应为具有走滑性质的大陆边缘裂陷盆地。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.