深厚软土场地基岩地震动反演——以天津波为例

根据天津波地表加速度记录和相应实测场地钻孔资料,采用等效线性化方法模拟土体非线性,进行了深厚软土场地基岩地震动反演,研究了频率截断对深厚软土场地基岩地震动反演的影响,为天津波地表加速度记录提供了相应的基岩地震动输入。研究表明:不同截断频率情况下,反演得到的基岩地震动峰值和反应谱曲线形状均相差悬殊,但反演后再正演所得到的地面运动与原地表记录相比,加速度时程曲线形状和峰值大小、反应谱曲线形状和峰值大小均非常接近;可根据工程需要对地表加速度记录进行不同频率的截断,反演得到所需强度的基岩地震动。     

特殊长周期地震动的参数特征研究

近断层脉冲型地震动和远场软土层场地类谐和地震动是两类特殊的长周期地震动,当前的规范均很少对这两类地震作用进行具体的规定。研究了近断层脉冲型和远场类谐和地震动的幅值、幅值比（V／A,D／V）、傅里叶幅值谱和反应谱的差别,分析了相位角和作用循环周期数对简单脉冲的影响,并用于解释两类特殊地震动的工程特征。以集集地震动为数据基础,分析了两类长周期地震动的傅里叶谱和反应谱特征;将平均加速度和位移规准反应谱分别与规范设计谱进行了比较。建议设计谱在长周期段考虑近断层作用和软土场地面波效应的影响。     

Comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods using strong ground motion records and microtremors in Pereira Colombia

This paper presents a comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods in soft soil, for the urban area of Pereira city, Western Colombia. In this study we used microtremor and strong ground motion records obtained by a local array of seven accelerographs stations deployed in the city. Response spectra and spectral ratios have been calculated and compared with strong seismic events recorded in solid rock and soft soil stations. These observations allowed the determination of dominant response spectra for several sectors in the urban area. For the microtremor measurements and earthquake data, dominant periods were determined using interpretation of Fourier amplitude spectra and Nakamura's technique. A comparison between dominant periods obtained from strong ground motion records and those obtained from microtremor measurements show similarities, which is in the range 0.2–0.5 s. A preliminary version of a site response map for Pereira city was obtained from this analysis.     

基于OpenSees的地震动对软土震陷影响研究

软土具有高灵敏度、低强度等特性,在地震过程中极易产生震陷。基于OpenSees数值模拟方法对软土场地的震陷反应进行非线性动力有限元分析,通过改变地震动峰值加速度、频谱特性、输入方式来研究其对软土震陷的影响。结果表明,地震动峰值加速度对地基土的不均匀震陷有显著影响,地震动峰值加速度越大,震陷量显著增大,震陷影响深度更大,对水平地表造成的破坏范围也更大;地震动频谱特性对软土震陷有重要影响,当地震动卓越频率与场地自振频率相近时,其幅值越大,产生的震陷越严重;水平、竖向同时输入地震动的方式能更好地反映土体的振动及震陷响应。该研究成果对探索软土震陷的机理有一定的指导意义。     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SOILQUAKE软件方法的厚层淤泥场地设防地震动参数确定探讨

以天津滨海某厚层淤泥场地为例,分别采用等效线性化法（LSSRLI-1）和新一代土层地震反应分析SOILQUAKE软件方法在场地危险性计算确定的不同设防水准地震动输入条件下进行了建模土层地震反应计算。计算结果表明：（1）对厚层淤泥软弱场地,与新版区划图结果相比等效线性化法可能会低估场地地震作用,甚至是低估场地设防烈度;（2） SOILQUAKE软件方法在软弱场地设计地震动参数确定时仍能体现一定的放大作用,尤其是强地震动作用下,克服了等效线性化方法在软弱场地计算时出现的设计谱明显矮、宽现象,与当前认识相一致,为软弱场地重大工程设防参数确定提供了参考;（3） SOILQUAKE软件方法在软弱场地设计地震动参数确定较新版区划图结果设防标准有大幅度提高,考虑到相关抗震设防规范的协调性,还需进一步对其他类型软弱场地进行大量强震记录输入计算检验,以便更好的工程应用。     

软土覆盖层地震面波的地震动反应及台湾8级地震对上海高层建筑影响的估计

用2002年3月31日台湾Ms7．5地震时上海地区软土地表和基岩记录的加速度资料讨论了地表软土覆盖层面波的地震动反应，并用经验格林函数法合成了台湾未来8级大地震在上海基岩和土层处的面波加速度时程，初步估计了其对高层建筑的影响。其结果对上海的工程抗震设计有参考价值。     

成都盆地不同工程地质分区内场地地震动参数的计算分析

场地条件对地震动幅值和频谱特性均有影响, 现行的中国地震动参数区划图根据场地类别调整地震动反应谱特征周期, 但尚未考虑到对地震动峰值和反应谱平台值的调整. 以成都盆地为例, 广泛收集了盆地范围内的工程钻孔资料. 考虑到不同工程地质分区内场地地震动参数可能存在较大差异, 在研究区工程地质分区的基础上, 利用等效线性化方法对钻孔进行了土层地震反应分析, 给出了成都盆地内不同工程地质分区的地震动参数调整系数建议值.      

Soil-structure interaction effects on strong motion accelerograms recorded on instrument shelters

The distortions of earthquake ground motions recorded in small instrument shelters as a result of soil-structure interaction effects are investigated by means of a theoretical parametric study. A total of 12 foundation geometries varying in basal radius, embedment depth and extension above the ground surface and a number of soil profiles including uniform and layered soil models were considered. The results obtained show significant amplification and deamplification of the free-field ground motion for sufficiently soft soils (β<200 m/sec) and sufficiently high frequencies (f>20 Hz).     

Earthquake ground motion simulation with frequency-dependent soil properties

A one-dimensional earthquake ground motion simulation with frequency-dependent dynamic soil parameters, which include shear wave velocity and quality factor, is performed within the frequency band between 10⁻² and 30 Hz. For the simulation, the general frequency-dependent dynamic soil properties are obtained by using a new non-resonance technique on various soils. Comparisons between transfer functions involving frequency-dependent and -independent dynamic soil parameters indicate that soil amplification throughout the considered frequency range is sensitive to the values of the dynamic soil parameters, in particular to the quality factor. Simplification of frequency-dependent dynamic soil parameters into constants, which prevail as a convenient practice, incurs large amplitude distortion. This study therefore demonstrates that the dynamic properties of soils play an important role in the near surface earthquake ground motion analyses and need to be used in the same way as how they were measured.     

渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用

土层场地对地震动的影响较大,建(构)筑物的选址及其抗震设防必须考虑土层场地的放大作用,以避免或减轻其震害.汶川地震中,布设在渭河盆地中的数字强震动台网共有27个台站(包括2个基岩台站和25个土层台站)获得良好的主震加速度时程.利用这些加速度时程,选择汤峪台做为参考场地,基于考虑几何衰减的传统谱比法分析研究了25个土层场...     

汶川地震黄土地区地震动特征分析

汶川地震黄土地区强地震动加速度峰值（PGA）较小,然而震害却较为严重,局部场地震害和地震动放大效应显著。选取四川、甘肃及宁夏境内的部分强震动记录,探讨传播距离和场地条件对地震动的影响规律,重点研究黄土地区地震动幅值、频谱、持时特征以及对建筑结构的潜在影响,从地震动特征角度分析该地区震害相对较重的原因。结果表明:汶川地震黄土地区地震动速度峰值较大,地震动中频分量和中长周期成分较为突出;黄土地区自振周期为0.3~1s以及3~4s（尤其是此周期内30~40层）的结构物地震反应将显著放大;设计地震分组为第三组的Ⅲ类黄土场地,加速度反应谱拟合曲线在周期1~3.5s谱值明显高于规范设计谱;黄土场地地表地震动拥有更长持时。     

Long period microtremors, microseisms and earthquake damage: Northridge, CA, earthquake of 17 January 1994

Three studies of site amplification factors, based on the recorded aftershocks, and one study based on strong motion data, are compared one with another and with the observed distribution of damage from the Northridge, CA, earthquake of 17 January 1994 (M_L=6.4). In the epicentral area, when the peak ground velocities are larger than v_m≈15 cm/s, nonlinear response of soil begins to distort the amplification factors determined from small amplitude (linear) wave motion. Moving into the area of near-field and strong ground motion (v_m>30 cm/s), the site response becomes progressively more affected by the nonlinear soil response. Based on the published results, it is concluded that site amplification factors determined from small amplitude waves (aftershocks, small earthquakes, coda waves) and their transfer-function representation may be useful for small and distant earthquake motions, where soils and structures respond to earthquake waves in a linear manner. However in San Fernando Valley, during the Northridge earthquake, the observed distribution of damage did not correlate with site amplification determined from spectra of recorded weak motions. Mapping geographical distribution of site amplification using other than very strong motion data, therefore appears to be of little use for seismic hazard analyses.     

Ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake (21 September 1999) as well as the interpretation of structural damage due to this earthquake. Over 300 strong motion records were collected from the strong motion network of Taiwan for this earthquake. A lot of near‐field ground motion data were collected. They provide valuable information on the study of ground motion characteristics of pulse‐like near‐field ground motions as well as fault displacement. This study includes: attenuation of ground motion both in PGA and spectral amplitude, principal direction, elastic and inelastic response analysis of a SDOF system subjected to near‐field ground motion collected from this event. The distribution of spectral acceleration and spectral velocity along the Chelungpu fault is discussed. Based on the mode decomposition method the intrinsic mode function of ground acceleration of this earthquake is examined. A long‐period wave with large amplitude was observed in most of the near‐source ground acceleration. The seismic demand from the recorded near‐field ground motion is also investigated with an evaluation of seismic design criteria of Taiwan Building Code. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

俯冲带地震动特征及其衰减规律探讨

随着我国南海不断开发建设,海洋工程的抗震问题日益受到重视.我国南海东部区域位于大陆板块与海洋板块共同作用的俯冲带地区,地震活动频繁,震级较大,潜在地震对南海开发建设有重要影响.为了研究俯冲带地震的地震动特征及其衰减规律,本文基于实际俯冲带地震数据,并结合数值模拟方法,分析和探讨了俯冲带板内、板缘地震与浅地壳地震的地震动特征和衰减规律的差异.研究结果表明:俯冲带地震动存在区域性差异,在地震动衰减特征方面,同一区域的俯冲带板缘地震要比浅地壳地震衰减慢,俯冲带板内地震要比浅地壳地震衰减得快;数值模拟分析不同深度海水对海底地震动的影响表明,海底地震动水平分量几乎不受海水介质的影响,但是竖向分量随海水深度的增加有减小的趋势.最终,基于数值模拟和经验关系的混合方法建立了南海俯冲带地震动衰减关系模型,其结果可为海域区划等相关研究和海域工程建设提供参考.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震强地面运动模拟及震动图预测

基于地震动的时空衰减规律和传播特征,采用邻近地震监测台站地震动时程对1 km×1 km尺度的网格点进行近实时插值计算,同时结合场地效应对震区地震动参数进行修正,并以2014年2月12日新疆于田M_S7.3地震为例,计算震区格网内各点的地震时程,同时以8 s为时间间隔绘制出地震动峰值等值线图并将其连续播放,得到了于田M_S7.3地震峰值地震动(PGV,PGA)的空间分布.结果表明,于田县东部至民丰县北部地区受场地条件影响,震区震害在软弱地基土层及浅地下水位等因素作用下对震区地震动具有明显的放大效应,预测的地震动特征与现场宏观调查结果是一致的.在当前强震台网分布不均匀的情形下,本文方法能较好地描述震区地震动特征,较客观地反映灾区的强地面运动特征.      

典型土层场地随机地震反应规律分析

针对硬、中、软3种土层场地,选取历史上实测到的Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类场地的地震动记录各100条,分别调整地震动记录加速度峰值至0.1g、0.2g和0.3g,并采用一维等效线性化方法开展了场地随机地震反应研究,系统分析了地震动峰值加速度、速度和位移反应的变异性规律。主要结论为,位移和速度峰值的变异性随场地土变软而增大;位移和速度峰值变异性较加速度峰值的变异性更为突出;利用50条左右的地震动记录即可获得场地地震反应均值和标准差较为稳定的结果。     

基于汶川MS8.0地震强震动记录的山体地形效应分析

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震中, 固定和流动地形影响台阵记录到大量主余震记录, 本文通过对其均方根加速度、 相对持时、 频谱等要素进行分析, 讨论了山体地形效应的特征及其影响因素. 对于自贡西山公园地形台阵各测点的分析结果显示: 该台阵山脚基岩位置地震动的均方根加速度和相对持时明显低于山体周边土层场地和山体基岩测点; 随着高程的增加, 山体基岩测点的均方根加速度逐渐变大, 相对持时则变化不大, 傅里叶谱形状也大体一致, 在2.0—5.0 Hz频段内有所放大; 山体周边土层场地和山体地形对于相同地震动输入中不同频段内地震动能量的放大水平不同, 从而导致二者的地表地震动强度产生显著差异, 且前者对地震动持时的增加更加显著.      

面向地震烈度仪的现地地震动预测模型的构建与验证

利用初期P波预警参数构建现地地震动预测模型,使其在达到设定阈值时快速发出报警信息,是现地地震预警系统面临的一个关键问题,直接关系到发布信息的准确性和及时性。针对地震烈度仪基于微机电系统传感器记录到的数据质量较差,通过两次积分获取的位移存在较大偏差,会引起更多的误报和漏报,本文采用不同阶数(1—4阶)的巴特沃斯滤波器,分别构建了基于P波3 s和全P波段数据的位移幅值PD、速度幅值PV和加速度幅值PA与地震动峰值速度PGV和峰值加速度PGA的现地地震动预测模型,然后利用收集到的川滇示范预警网地震事件记录进行验证。结果表明,对于地震烈度仪微机电系统传感器的记录,采用1阶巴特沃斯滤波器处理、基于全P波段波形拟合获取到的PV与PGV的相关性和PA与PGA的相关性为两种最优现地地震动预测模型。具体应用时,应同时利用两种或两种以上的统计关系进行现地地震动预测,并将实际地震动观测值作为额外的判定条件,以降低误报率和漏报率。     

基于多尺度分析方法的近断层地震动特性分析

近断层长周期地震动是一类较特殊的破坏性地震动.为了深入探讨近断层地震动的低频分量组成及其脉冲特性,基于小波理论中的多尺度分析方法提出了一种地震动分量分解方法,据此可将一条地震动分解成频率各不相同的多条分量.首先从频域、时域以及动态响应三个方面阐述了该分解方法的有效性和精确性.进而采用这种方法对近期12次大地震中的53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,共获得266条地震动分量.分析了近断层地震动中的长周期分量随场地、断层距等影响因素的变化特征;再以卓越分量作为最大脉冲的简化模型,探讨了速度幅值和脉冲周期随震级、断层距的变化关系.结果表明：近断层长周期地震动主要由周期为0.2~2 s的分量组成;近断层土层场地地震动中的长周期分量比岩石场地多;在0~15 km的近断层区域,随断层距的增加,地震动中长周期分量的比重明显减小;卓越分量的速度幅值PGV_p约为原始地震动速度幅值PGV的0.6倍,且两者之间具有明显的线性关系;PGV_p随断层距的增大而减小,随震级的增大而增大;卓越分量周期T_p随震级的增大呈对数线性增大趋势.