沙埋对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长的影响及其生理响应

为了解沙埋对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长的影响及其生理响应,2010年在科尔沁沙地研究了不同沙埋深度下小麦的存活率、株高、地上地下生物量、籽实产量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性、保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;过氧化物酶,POD;过氧化氢酶,CAT)活性和渗透调节物质含量变化。结果表明:随着沙埋深度的增加,小麦存活率、株高、地上地下生物量和籽实产量均显著下降,完全沙埋下第6天以后植株全部死亡。沙埋第6天,随着沙埋深度的增加,MDA含量、CAT活性、可溶性糖含量下降,POD活性变化不明显,但膜透性、SOD活性和脯氨酸含量显著增加。沙埋第12天,随着沙埋厚度增加,MDA含量和膜透性,SOD、POD和CAT活性,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著增加。沙埋导致小麦死亡率增加、株高及生物产量下降的主要原因不是水分胁迫,沙埋导致的光合面积降低、黑暗和无氧呼吸可能是其死亡和生长受到抑制的主要外部因素,而膜脂过氧化导致的膜透性增加可能是其死亡或生长受到抑制的主要生理机制。保护酶活性增强和渗透调节物质含量增加,对于减轻其细胞膜受损和防止细胞质渗漏起到了重要作用。     

沙埋对科尔沁沙地两种主要作物存活的影响及其光合生理响应

为了解沙埋对农作物存活、产量的影响及其光合生理响应特征,在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了玉米（Zea mays）和绿豆（Vigna radiata）在不同沙埋深度下第5、10、15天的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化,并于作物生长末期对其存活率及产量进行了测定。结果表明：（1）玉米较绿豆具有较强的耐沙埋能力,埋深等于株高时绿豆全部死亡,玉米仍有12.5%的存活率;（2）埋深超过株高的25%后,玉米和绿豆的产量均显著下降,但玉米的下降幅度明显小于绿豆;（3）随着沙埋胁迫的加剧,两种植物的净光合速率下降,表明沙埋胁迫对植物的光合作用破坏很大。但相比于绿豆,玉米对于沙埋胁迫有着更好的光合适应机理,随着胁迫的时间增加,其净光合速率有所恢复。且可以通过降低蒸腾速率和提高水分利用效率来适应沙埋胁迫。     

Effects of sand burial on survival and growth of Artemisia halodendron and its physiological response

There is a great deal of literature on the effects of sand burial upon the survival and growth of desert plants, but the physiological adaption mechanisms of desert plants to sand burial have as yet ra...     

Moderate water supply and partial sand burial increase relative growth rate of two Artemisia species in an inland sandy land

Artemisia ordosica and Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings were buried in sand to depths of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25 times the seedling height (H) and supplied with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mm of water every three days. For A. ordosica, the highest relative growth rate (RGR) and seedling height were achieved with 75 mm/month water supply and 0.5 H burial at 50 days, and the RGR decreased with 100 mm/month water supply. For A. sphaerocephala, the highest RGR was reached with 50 mm/month water supply and 0.5 H burial, but plants from this species had the greatest seedling height with 25 mm/month water supply and 0.75 H burial. A. ordosica and A. sphaerocephala have different proportions of their biomass in roots and shoots and thus are adapted to sandy environments in different ways. Partial sand burial significantly increased the RGR and growth height of the two Artemisia species, but complete burial lead to seedling death. Differences in the growth response to burial and moisture levels help explain why A. sphaerocephala is primarily found on drifting dunes and A. ordosica on semi-fixed and fixed dunes.     

沙埋对河西走廊4种旱生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

测定了驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum fabago)、骆驼蒿(Peganum nigellastrum)、唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和黒果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)等4种旱生植物种子重量、形状、萌发及活性,试验了沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、4、5 cm)对种子萌发、幼苗出土和生长的影响。结果表明:4种植物的种子扩散时为中度休眠;种子活性与重量、形状之间为显著负相关关系(p<0.05);种子初次萌发率与重量之间为不显著负相关关系;大而不规则种子有较低的活性,小种子扩散时有较高萌发率。随沙埋深度的增加,4种植物种子出苗率下降,首次出苗时间推迟,茎高、绝对株高和根长呈现先上升后下降的趋势,地下和地上生物量比值呈先上升后下降或随埋深增加而下降。幼苗出土和生长的最佳沙埋深度是:驼蹄瓣1~3 cm,骆驼蒿0~1 cm,唐古特白刺0~2 cm,黑果枸杞1~2 cm。在植被恢复过程中应考虑破除种子休眠的方法以及浅层沙埋等条件,以提高出苗率、增大幼苗定植率。     

Effects of sand burial on dune plants: a review

Burial of different growth stages of plants （e.g., adult plants, seedlings and seeds） is frequent in dune ecosystems. The soil micro-environment, which differs from surface conditions, influences the survival and growth of dune plants. To sum up knowledge about the survival mechanisms of plants under sand burial and to promote practical rehabilitation of dune vegetation, we reviewed relevant published literature and concluded that： （1） Focus in recent years has been on impacts of sand burial on seed germination and seedling emergence. Generally, shallow burial increased seed germination and seedling emergence, but deeper burial was negative. Buried at the same depth, large seeds showed higher germination and seedling emergence rates, attributed to larger energy reserves. （2） Survival, growth and reproduction rates of dune plants show plasticity in response to sand burial. Long-term deep burial is fatal because it creates a physical barrier which overcomes the vertical growth of plants, reduces photosynthetic leaf area, and limits oxygen availability to roots. Modest burial, on the other hand, is advantageous for growth and reproduction of many dune plants, due to protection from excessive temperature and drought. （3） There are few reports concerning effects of sand burial on plant physiology, but a limited number of studies indicate that partial burial increases water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rates. The antioxidant protective enzyme system and osmolyte balance were reported to be involved in the mechanisms of dune plant resistance to burial.     

胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应

为探讨胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应,对其进行0 cm、0.2 cm、0.3 cm、0.5 cm 4个沙埋深度和4.4 mm、8.8 mm、17.6 mm、22.1 mm、26.5 mm 5个供水处理。结果表明:①沙埋深度、供水量及两者的交互作用对出苗率的影响均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;②供水条件一致时,种子出苗的适宜埋深为0～0.3 cm,埋深为0.5 cm时出苗率为0;③埋深0 cm和0.3 cm时,每天供水量17.6 mm和每两天供水量22.1 mm下的出苗率均显著高于其他处理;埋深为0.2 cm时,每天供水量8.8 mm和每两天供水量26.5 mm下的出苗率显著高于其他供水量（P<0.05）;④胡杨种子出苗较为适宜的沙埋深度和供水量条件是埋深0.3 cm、每天供水量17.6 mm或每两天供水量22.1 mm。     

不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的一个重要因素。砂生槐是西藏特有的沙生植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河、年楚河等主要支流宽谷区。对砂生槐幼苗进行了控制沙埋试验,研究了不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,温度和沙埋深度显著影响砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率。在15～30 ℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,种子萌发率显著下降,15 ℃时,其种子萌发率达到最高值;砂生槐种子能在深度≤10 cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8 cm的沙埋中出苗,在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低。沙埋深度在植株高度的33％时,砂生槐幼苗能够存活,且总生物量大于未沙埋幼苗;当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66％时,砂生槐幼苗存活率降至43％,生长受到抑制;而当沙埋深度增至植株高度的100％和133％时,没有砂生槐幼苗存活。可见砂生槐植株在适应沙埋环境方面主要采用调整生物量分配模式的生态对策。     

Biophysical properties and biomass production of elephant grass under saline conditions

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a new fast-growing alternative forage crop. However, salinity is a major concern for its production in the arid south-western United States. This study was conducted in the arid Imperial Valley of Southern California to evaluate salt tolerance of elephant grass. Salinity treatments were created in field plots irrigated with water possessing an electrical conductivity (EC_iw) of 1·5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m⁻¹, respectively. Canopy spectral reflectance, temperature, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll-SPAD meter readings, and dry weights were measured over time. Results indicated that canopy reflectance in the near-infrared spectral region was reduced incrementally with increasing levels of salt stress. Canopy temperature increased with increasing salinity, especially at longer times after salinity treatment. Plant height and LAI were reduced with increasing salinity. Biomass accumulation was reduced incrementally with increasing salinity. About 50% yield reduction was found when EC_iw increased from 5 to 25 dS m⁻¹. The study shows that elephant grass is sensitive to salt stress, and relatively low salinity must be maintained to achieve a high rate of growth and biomass production.     

水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响

通过室内试验研究了土壤水分和沙埋深度对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明:草本雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发和幼苗出土喜好水分,水分含量越高,种子发芽率越高;半灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、灌木沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）种子在含水量为15%~20%的土壤中发芽率高,干旱或水分含量过高会导致种子发芽率降低。沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗,雾冰藜种子在无沙埋时发芽率最高,黑沙蒿适宜沙埋深度为0.5 cm,沙冬青和沙棘适宜沙埋深度1.0 cm。     

The effect of radiation on seedling growth and physiology in four species of Prosopis L. (Mimosaceae)

Domestication of wild plants needs efforts focused particularly on the development of the theoretical basis of plant responses to environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of radiation on seedling growth and physiology of Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa and P. glandulosa. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and randomly assigned to three light environments: full-sun, 52% sun, and 38% sun. No significant differences were found in the rate of leaf appearance and plant height 60 days after the light treatments began. Instantaneous CO₂uptake was not affected by the light environment during leaf development and did not differ among species. Variations in radiation availability resulted in significant differences in biomass accumulation, shoot/root ratio, protein and total non-structural carbohydrates contents. The practice of shading seedlings reduces the chances of survival ofProsopis due to an increase of the shoot/root ratio and a reduction of total biomass, stored carbohydrates, and the C:N balance.     

Effect of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Calligonum L. species

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on seed germination and seedling emergence of ten Calligonum L. species. The results suggested that the deeper the seeds in sand, the lower and slower their germination and seedling emergence. Seedling emergence occurred from a maximum depth of 12 cm with most seedlings emerging from 2 and 4 cm depths. The percent seedling emergence, number of days of first emergence, percent seed germination and percent of dormant seeds were significantly affected by different species and burial depth. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of days to first emergence and burial depth. Both mean percent germination and percent seedling emergence were negatively correlated with depth significantly for each species.     

土壤微生物结皮对两种一年生植物幼苗存活和生长的影响

在温室实验和野外调查中,分析了两种一年生草本植物小画眉草(Eragrostics poaeoides)和雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)的幼苗在苔藓结皮、藻结皮和流沙上的存活和生长状况。两种植物的幼苗存活率均表现出在苔藓结皮上最高而在流沙基质中最低。两种植物幼苗存活率与土壤表层水分含量呈正相关关系。与小画眉草相比较,雾冰藜的幼苗在萌发后根生长较为迅速,在3种土壤类型中和干湿两种水分处理下,雾冰藜较小画眉草均具有较高的幼苗存活率。在干燥处理下,生长在有结皮土壤中的两种植物的植株干重大约是生长在无结皮土壤中植株的5倍。增加水分能降低植株幼苗的死亡率,促进植株生长;增加水分也能在一定程度上减弱因土壤基质差异对幼苗存活和幼苗生长的影响。因此,在自然状况下年降雨量的多少和分配状况的差异可能会影响这两种植物每年幼苗存活率和生长状况的差异,进而会影响到这两个种群在人工固沙区盖度和分布格局的差异性。     

轻度沙埋对典型荒漠植物的影响北大核心CSCD

中国西北干旱区以荒漠生态系统为主体,是中国典型脆弱生态系统。沙埋对该区域植物生存和生长、植被分布和组成以及荒漠生态系统功能和结构有重要影响。以典型荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对比研究了轻度沙埋和非沙埋植物在生理和生长方面的差异,并从土壤盐分、土壤水分、土壤温度等方面探究了造成这种差异的原因。结果表明:轻度沙埋环境下,梭梭、柽柳、白刺、沙拐枣的光合速率普遍高于非沙埋植株,蒸腾速率显著低于非沙埋植株,水分利用效率也均高于非沙埋植株。轻度沙埋梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣、白刺株高明显低于非沙埋植株,但地径、冠幅、叶面积指数普遍高于非沙埋植株。主要原因是轻度沙埋植物下方土壤黏粒含量、土壤湿度高于非沙埋植物下方,轻度沙埋植物下方土壤温度、含盐量低于非沙埋环境。     

Neighbor competition modifies demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability

A field experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that competitive interactions affect demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. The experiment was based on a three-way factorial design with two types of neighbor treatments (complete neighbor removalvs. control), two types of habitats (stablevs. unstable sands) and two species which characterize sandy areas of the western Negev Desert (Neurada procumbensandBromus fasciculatus). Each of the eight treatment/habitat/species combinations was characterized by three demographic variables: seedling survival to reproduction, fruit number per reproductive plant and fruit number per seedling. All of these variables exhibited significant interactions between the effects of neighbor removal and habitat type, indicating that neighbor conditions were important in determining the observed patterns of demographic variation. Moreover, while plants ofNeurada procumbensgrowing without neighbors suffered more mortality on unstable sands, conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions suffered more mortality on stable sands. In the case ofBromus fasciculatus, individuals growing in the absence of competitive effects produced more fruits on stable sands, but conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions exhibited higher fruit production on unstable sands. These findings indicate that competitive effects not only modify, but may even reverse demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. Based on these results and evidence from two other studies it is suggested that seed dispersal from abiotically favorable into less favorable habitats may increase fitness of desert annuals by reducing the average effect of competition.     

供水量及沙埋厚度对两种梭梭出苗的影响

 在自然条件下,研究了沙埋和单次供水对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,在试验期内（30 d）,梭梭、白梭梭出苗率随沙埋厚度和供水量的增加出现先增加后减少的趋势;出苗速率（除无沙埋）也呈现出相同趋势;死亡率和死亡速率为减少的趋势。在供水量为20～40 mm时梭梭、白梭梭种子适宜出苗,适宜供水量接近当地冬季平均降雪量;沙埋厚度为 0.5～1.0 cm的条件下出苗率较高,反映了梭梭、白梭梭对沙区环境的生态适应。根据古尔班通古特沙漠气候特点与本次试验结果,梭梭与白梭梭的人工播种辅助恢复应在早春融雪之前进行。     

Impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants in an arid region,Northwest China

Overuse of irrigation water to ensure the crop yield of maize plants has caused serious water shortage problems in the middle reach of Heihe River, China. Thus, further research on the physiological characteristics, i.e., photosynthetic rate and leaf transpiration rate, are urgently needed to develop an efficient irrigation management system. In this paper, we selected two common soil textures (sandy loam, sand) and three one-time irrigation volumes (60 mm, 20 mm, 0 mm) in order to analyze the impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants. Physiological and meteorological factors, soil water content and plant growing parameters were synchronously monitored on Jun. 30, Jul. 25 and Aug. 27 of 2012. The results indicate that sandy loam is better than sand for the growth of maize plants and single irrigation may provide limited influence on the physiological characteristics. Thus, increasing irrigation times and decreasing one-time volume is suggested for an efficient irrigation system.     

微塑料添加对小麦苗期生长及干物质分配的影响

土壤环境中微塑料污染已成为全球关注的环境问题。关于微塑料对于植物生长的直接影响和由于土壤理化性状改变的间接影响研究已逐步开展,但针对小麦的研究鲜见报道。试验选择两个旱地小麦品种(甘春27和禾尚头)作为研究对象,选取高密度聚乙烯作为微塑料添加,设置3种质量浓度(0、1、4 g·kg^-1)开展盆栽试验,对不同微塑料组合处理下小麦的出苗率、株高、全株生物量和地上/地下干物质分配进行了分析。结果表明：(1)微塑料添加对两个品种出苗率没有影响。(2)禾尚头在添加1 g·kg^-1微塑料时比添加0、4 g·kg^-1时全株生物量分别高46.7%、8.5%,甘春27在添加1 g·kg^-1微塑料时比添加0、4 g·kg^-1时全株生物量分别高28.7%、17.2%;甘春27整体比禾尚头在3种浓度处理下全株生物量分别高24.9%、9.6%、1.5%。(3)不同试验处理条件下,甘春27将更多的干物质分配在地上植株的构建,其在地下(根系)和地上(茎叶)部分的分配比例整体小于禾尚头。整体上,适度微塑料添加可...     

潜水埋深对疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifoli)幼苗生长和叶片形态的影响

研究了潜水埋深(40、80、120、180、220cm)处理对一年生疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifoli)幼苗生长和叶片形态的影响。结果表明:随着潜水埋深的增加,疏叶骆驼刺幼苗叶片厚度逐渐增加,叶片厚度在220cm埋深下最大,长度和宽度在120cm埋深下最大,且叶片长度呈优先减小的趋势;潜水埋深变化对疏叶骆驼刺株高生长影响不大,但对冠幅和分枝数的生长影响显著(p0.05);除40cm埋深处理中根系以平均1.24cm·d-1的速率扎入地下水层外,其他4个处理根系生长速率随潜水埋深的增加而增加,且180cm和220cm埋深下根系生长速率明显高于其他3个处理;根系到达220cm潜水埋深的时间为123d;幼苗生物量积累随着潜水埋深变化先增加后减小,茎叶生物量在120cm埋深处理中达到最大值,而根系生物量在180cm埋深下最大。潜水埋深变化对疏叶骆驼刺地上部分和根系生长的影响不同,潜水埋深增加有利于根系生长和根系生物量增加;以120cm为拐点,潜水埋深过浅或过深都会抑制地上部分生长;220cm潜水埋深条件下,疏叶骆驼刺生长缓慢且生物量的累积最小,表明若潜水埋深大于220cm则对幼苗生长不利。     

Effects of gibberellic acid on tiller-bulb number and growth performance of Lilium davidii var. unicolor

Lilium davidii var. unicolor(Lanzhou lily) is an important economic crop in the northwest cold and arid regions of China.Effective regulation of tiller-bulb development and plant growth is the key to improving yield and quality of the lily. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) on tiller-bulb development and plant growth of Lanzhou lily by applying GA_3 at various concentrations(0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L, and 100 mg/L) before planting and in the seedling period. Results showed that the 60-mg/L GA_3 application had an inhibiting effect on tiller-bulb formation and increased the ratios of single and double bulbs but decreased the ratios of bulbs with three or more tiller bulbs, as compared to the control(CK) and other GA_3 treatments. The difference in flower number did not reach significant levels among the treatments. The tillering-related endogenous hormones IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) and Z(zeatin) content decreased, while IAA/Z increased with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment during tiller initiation. And also, the shoot-bulb number and total daughter-bulb number decreased significantly with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment. Furthermore, the 10-mg/L GA_3 application promoted growth of Lanzhou lily significantly and resulted in an increase in plant height; bulb diameter; bulb circumference; and biomass of shoots, bulbs, fibrous roots, and the whole plant. Therefore, GA_3 application is promising as a new regulation method for inhibiting tiller-bulb development and promoting bulb growth in Lanzhou lily production.