海岸带沉积物环境中甲烷代谢茵的富集培养及混合茵群分析

结合Hungate无氧分离技术,对海岸带沉积物中甲烷代谢菌进行了富集培养,分别为珠江口的甲烷产生菌和九龙江口的甲烷氧化菌及其他甲基氧化菌．其研究结果表明：在珠江口淇澳岛海岸带沉积物中,甲烷八叠球菌属（Methanosarcina）为优势菌株,分布于沉积物的上、中、下3个层位,并发现了部分序列与不可培养的泉古菌门（Crcnarchaeota）的杂色泉古菌（miscellaneouscrenarchaeoticgroup,MCG）的相似度为90％～99％．在九龙江口的海岸带沉积物环境中,噬甲基菌属（Methylophaga）为优势菌群,在富集产物菌群多样性中占60％～99％;还有一些相似度较低（为95％～97％）的菌群,为潜在的新种．     

珠江口淇澳岛湿地甲烷排放通量及日变化规律

2009年8月份采用静态箱法对珠江口淇澳岛湿地甲烷通量日变化进行测定,结果表明甲烷排放通量在当日23∶00和翌日早晨9∶00出现两个高峰值,分别为40.07和50.99mg·m-2·h-1;在当日17∶00和翌日凌晨5∶00出现两极小值,分别为1.13和1.57mg·m-2·h-1,同步观测孔隙水中SO2-4、Cl-浓度和沉积物表层温度和采样点潮位变化,发现湿地甲烷排放通量与孔隙水中SO2-4浓度和潮位存在显著负相关性,因此,潮汐所导致孔隙水中SO2-4浓度和上覆水深度改变,可能是控制珠江口淇澳岛潮间带湿地甲烷日排放通量变化的两个关键因素。同时计算采样点甲烷日排放净通量达到962.7mg·m-2·d-1,表明夏季珠江口淇澳岛湿地是大气甲烷的源区。柱状沉积物孔隙水中甲烷浓度范围为0.52~5.18mmol·dm-3,其最大值出现在9cm深度,同时测试沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、温度、氧化还原电位和孔隙水中SO2-4的浓度,结果表明高的甲烷浓度主要是由于沉积物中高的TOC含量和孔隙水中低的SO2-4浓度所导致。     

大洋表层沉积物中甲烷代谢古菌群落的组成及分布特征

海洋沉积物中的甲烷代谢微生物是甲烷循环的关键参与者,其代谢过程对大气甲烷浓度及全球气候变化具有显著影响,研究其在全球大洋沉积物中的组成及分布特征是探究微生物介导甲烷循环的基础。采用焦磷酸454高通量测序测定甲烷代谢保守功能基因mcrA(Methyl coenzyme–M reductase A)分析全球大洋沉积物中甲烷代谢微生物群落的组成和多样性;结合荧光实时定量PCR技术检测了古菌和甲烷代谢古菌的丰度分布特征。与其他海洋生境对比,大洋沉积物中甲烷代谢古菌群落结构单一,大西洋和印度洋的α多样性指数显著高于太平洋(p<0.05)。在大洋沉积物样品中鉴定到3个目的甲烷代谢古菌,即甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)和甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales),其中甲烷微菌目占绝对优势,并主要由一簇未知类群(暂名Oceanic Sediments Dominant group,OSD group)组成。大洋沉积物的古菌16S rRNA基因丰度(湿重,下同)平均为8.81×10⁶ copie...     

南海三沙永乐龙洞古菌群落结构与多样性特征

海洋蓝洞作为一种独特的海洋地貌单元,洞内的生物群落结构与生态系统特征一直是国内外同行学者关注的热点问题之一。南海三沙永乐龙洞是世界上最深的海洋蓝洞(300m),其独特的生态特征更为引入瞩目。本研究以古菌16S rRNA基因序列为目标,采用Illumina高通量测序技术对西沙永乐龙洞内水体与沉积物中的古菌群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,本研究所获得的古菌类群可归为4门、21纲、29目、42科、45属,广古菌和奇古菌是丰度最高的两种古菌。龙洞内表层水体中古菌群落多样性与洞外水体相差不大,但随深度增加,洞内古菌群落多样性显著降低,深水层古菌群落结构与浅水层差异显著。龙洞内沉积物中的古菌生存环境与水体差异巨大,为大量特殊物种提供了生存空间。侧壁沉积物中的古菌群落多样性随深度增加显著降低,而150m平台处古菌群落多样性则远高于侧壁沉积物。水温对龙洞内水体中的古菌群落结构具有显著影响(P0.01)。研究结果显示永乐龙洞古菌群落有很高的多样性,其垂向分布与洞内环境多要素的变化密切相关。本研究对认识三沙永乐龙洞内的生态系统特征有显著意义。     

辽河口沉积物中古菌和细菌群落结构分析

本研究旨在了解辽河口表层沉积物中古菌和细菌的群落结构组成、多样性及其与环境因子之间的相关性。采用构建古菌和细菌16S rRNA基因文库的方法,应用Illumina Miseq测序技术进行序列分析。结果表明:辽河口表层沉积物中细菌多样性高于古菌多样性,近岸细菌和古菌多样性高于远岸,即河相区（0.8~7.04）细菌多样性高于混合区（13.1~20.7）和海相区（24.2~31.5）;主要古菌群落为奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota,72.73%）和广古菌门（Euryarchaeota,25.05%）,其中泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota,0.001%）只在河相区站位被发现;细菌群落组成中变形菌门（Proteobacteria,61.94%）为该河口的优势菌群,其次为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,11.21%）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria,5.59%）,其他门类如蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria,3.03%）等比例较小。与环境因子的冗余度分析表明:影响表层沉积物中古菌群落分布的主要环境因子依次为氨盐、泥、酸碱度、盐度、电导率和砂,而细菌群落的分布主要受到溶氧、泥、砂、黏土和总磷的影响。由此可见,不同环境条件下微生物的群落结构存在空间异质性,不同微生物对同一环境条件的响应亦不同。     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物古菌多样性

利用分子生物学技术分析南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物潜力区HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物中古菌多样性,从沉积物中提取总DNA并扩增古菌16SrRNA基因序列,对克隆文库进行系统发育分析。结果显示所有古菌序列均属于泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota)。其中泉古菌以C3为主要类群,另有少量序列属于Marine Benthic Group(MBG)-B,MBG-C,Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I(MGI),Marine Hydrothermal VentGroup(MHVG)和Novel Group of Crenarchaea(NGC);广古菌以MBG-D为主,其它序列分别属于UnclassifiedEuryarchaeotic Clusters-1/2(UEC-1/2)。     

珠江口表层水体颗粒物中古菌四醚类脂物的分布特征

类异戊二烯甘油二烷基甘油四醚类化合物（isoGDGTs）是古菌微生物的特征脂类标志物,由这组化合物构造出的TEX₈₆温标在海水古温度重建中得到了广泛应用。本文调查了珠江口及近岸海域（水深小于30 m）4个季节水体悬浮颗粒物（SPM）的isoGDGTs分布情况。结果显示:虎门上游河流水体中的isoGDGTs主要来自原地生产的甲烷古菌输入,进入河口水体后,主要来自原地奇古菌和广古菌的输入。陆源古菌的输入在5月份和8月份,对河流水体产生一定的影响,但对河口水体的影响相对较小。珠江口水体isoGDGTs中的GDGT-2与GDGT-3比值（GDGT-[2]/[3]）和GDGT-Cren'的丰度百分比（Cren'%）分别小于4和4%,与南海深水沉积物明显不同,表明珠江口与南海深水沉积物中isoGDGTs的古菌来源存在差异,这也可能是引起珠江口水体TEX₈₆温度（基于全球标定公式）偏离水体实际温度的原因。珠江口表层水体isoGDGTs中的GDGT-2和GDGT-3的丰度百分比与南海表层水体存在差异,这可能与GroupⅠ奇古菌和GroupⅡ广古菌相对比例空间变化有关。珠江口表层水体isoGDGTs的TEX₈₆温度在2月份明显高于原地表层水体温,而其他月份都低于原地表层水体温度,可能与Group Ⅰ奇古菌和Group Ⅱ广古菌相对比例的季节变化有关。几个月份中11月份isoGDGTs绝对含量最高,8月份较低,表明11月份和8月份分别是原地古菌生产量较大和较小时期。统计分析的结果显示,水体铵根离子含量、水体温度,以及溶解氧水平可能是控制珠江口水体isoGDGTs分布的主要环境因素。     

珠江口内伶仃洋海域近百年来沉积物粒度变化和重金属分布特征北大核心CSCD

对珠江口内伶仃洋不同海域3个柱状样沉积物进行的210 Pb测年和重金属分布特征垂向变化分析;研究了近百年来珠江口沉积速率时空变化;探讨了在自然作用和人类活动影响下重金属分布特点和累积因素。结果表明,珠江口内伶仃洋海域东西两岸的沉积物平均粒径4~7.5Φ,横门和深圳海域沉积物敏感组分呈现出显著双峰分布,粗细组分分界线为5.25Φ,淇澳岛沉积物敏感组分不明显,沉积环境较为稳定。基于210Pb测年的CIC模式,获得了各个岩心的现代沉积速率,横门海域沉积速率1.6cm/a,淇澳岛海域沉积速率4.08cm/a,0~70cm深度内深圳西海岸海域沉积速率2.58cm/a,70cm以深沉积速率为4.47cm/a。重金属含量分析表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量从1923—1986年维持较高水平,但是变化不大;1967—1983年的深圳海域和1983—2004年的淇澳岛海域,各重金属元素含量快速上升;进入2000年以后,2003—2005年和2008—2012年,重金属含量呈现逐年减小趋势,2005—2008年则表现为逐年上升;这些变化与沿岸的社会经济发展、重金属入海量紧密相关。     

珠江口内伶仃洋海域近百年来沉积物粒度变化和重金属分布特征

对珠江口内伶仃洋不同海域3个柱状样沉积物进行的210 Pb测年和重金属分布特征垂向变化分析;研究了近百年来珠江口沉积速率时空变化;探讨了在自然作用和人类活动影响下重金属分布特点和累积因素。结果表明,珠江口内伶仃洋海域东西两岸的沉积物平均粒径4~7.5Φ,横门和深圳海域沉积物敏感组分呈现出显著双峰分布,粗细组分分界线为5.25Φ,淇澳岛沉积物敏感组分不明显,沉积环境较为稳定。基于210Pb测年的CIC模式,获得了各个岩心的现代沉积速率,横门海域沉积速率1.6cm/a,淇澳岛海域沉积速率4.08cm/a,0~70cm深度内深圳西海岸海域沉积速率2.58cm/a,70cm以深沉积速率为4.47cm/a。重金属含量分析表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量从1923—1986年维持较高水平,但是变化不大;1967—1983年的深圳海域和1983—2004年的淇澳岛海域,各重金属元素含量快速上升;进入2000年以后,2003—2005年和2008—2012年,重金属含量呈现逐年减小趋势,2005—2008年则表现为逐年上升;这些变化与沿岸的社会经济发展、重金属入海量紧密相关。     

珠江口沉积物柱状样的脂肪酸垂向变化特征

珠江口3个站位沉积柱的脂肪酸研究结果显示:沉积物中含量最高的脂肪酸是C16:0,其他脂肪酸包括不饱和脂肪酸、单甲基支链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸。脂肪酸组成表明研究区有机质主要来源于藻类、细菌和陆源有机质。由于横琴岛附近的HQ1031站位靠近外海,初级生产力较高,因而含较多藻类脂肪酸。离淇澳岛较远的QA-B站位处于河口上缘,陆源物质丰富,初级生产力较低,因此该站位含较多陆源脂肪酸。横琴岛附近HQ1031站位的TOC值和总脂肪酸含量均大于QA-B站位,这两个站位的TOC值与总脂肪酸含量在垂向上的相关性差。横琴岛附近HQ1031站位和离淇澳岛较近的QA-A站位分别在20-22cm和16-18cm处藻类脂肪酸突然大量增加,可能与藻类输入突然增多有关。沉积物中所检测到的能指示厌氧微生物或革兰氏阳性菌的脂肪酸含量高于革兰氏阴性菌,表明珠江口沉积物微生物群落中以厌氧微生物为主。     

西菲律宾海比科尔陆架深海沉积物古菌多样性研究

通过构建16S rRNA 基因文库, 对西太平洋西菲律宾海东板比科尔陆架5 个不同层位沉积物样品中的古菌的多样性进行了研究, 并获得了465 个有效克隆63 个OTUs （Operational Taxonomic Units）。通过16S rRNA 序列与GenBank 已知序列的同源性比较及构建系统进化树的结果显示...     

Validating NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> measurements in the vertical atmospheric column with the OMI instrument aboard the EOS Aura satellite against ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station

Data on the NO₂ content in the vertical column of the atmosphere obtained with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the EOS Aura satellite (United States) in the period from October 2004 to October 2007 are compared with the results of ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station (55.7° N, 36.8° E). The “unpolluted”; part of the total NO₂ content in the atmospheric column, which mostly represents the stratosphere, and the NO₂ contents in the vertical column of the troposphere, including the lower layer, which is subject to pollution, are included in the comparison. The correlation coefficient between the results of ground-based and satellite measurements of the “unpolluted” total NO₂ content is ∼0.9. The content values measured with the OMI instrument are smaller than the results of ground-based measurements (on average, by (0.30 ± 0.03) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻² or by (11 ± 1)%). Therms discrepancy between the satellite and ground-based data is 0.6 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻². The NO₂ content in the vertical column of the troposphere from the results of satellite measurements is, on average, (1.4 ± 0.5) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻², (or about 35%) smaller than from the results of ground-based measurements, and the rms discrepancy between them is about 200%. The correlation coefficient between these data is ∼0.4. This considerable discrepancy is evidently caused by the strong spatial (horizontal) inhomogeneity and the temporal variability of the NO₂ field during episodes of pollution, which leads to different (and often uncorrelated) estimates of the NO₂ content in the lower troposphere due to different spatial resolutions of ground-based and satellite measurements.     

冬季东寨港微微型浮游植物丰度、分布及影响因素

微微型浮游植物是水环境生态碳汇的重要基石之一,也是初级生产的重要执行者。选取了一个典型的陆海交界关键带环境——海南东寨港入海口水域,采集了东寨港红树林保护区开阔水域、入港河流和新埠海海端的微微型浮游植物的样品,通过流式细胞仪分析技术对样品进行分析,以探究它们在东寨港水域中的丰度、分布及环境指示意义。结果表明,冬季水域微微型浮游植物以真核浮游植物(Eukaryote,Euk)和聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)两大类群为主,其中聚球藻有两个亚群,分别为富含藻蓝蛋白聚球藻(Phycocyanin-rich,PC)和富含藻红蛋白聚球藻(Phycoerythrin-rich,PE)。Syn-PC、Syn-PE和Euk在东寨港水域表层水体的平均丰度分别为(2.61×10⁴±1.09×10⁴)、(3.06×10⁴±7.05×10³)、(1.56×10⁵±8.03×10⁴) cells/m L,底层水体的平均丰度分别为(2.64×10⁴±...     

Meiobenthos in Nha trang bay of the south China sea (Vietnam)

The distribution of the taxonomical composition and the density of meiobenthos depending on the sediment type has been studied in bottom sediments of Nha Trang Bay. The maximal population density and the taxonomical diversity were observed in the silted coarse and heterogeneous sand (1031.4μ419.7 ind. 10 cm^-2), whereas the minimal level of density and diversity (588.1μ152.5 ind. 10 cm^-2) was in the coarse and heterogeneous sand with shell debris and corals. The correlation between the median diameter of sediment particles and population density of meiobenthos has been revealed (r=0.82, p<0.05). In bottom sediments of Nha Trang Bay, twenty six taxonomic groups of meiobenthos were observed. Nematodes dominated in all sediment types. Representatives of four orders, twenty eight families and ninety seven genera of marine nematodes were identified. The vertical distribution of meiobenthos in different sediment types was considered. A sediment column (10 cm height) was sectioned by five 2 cm portions. In the last layer (8-10 cm) the most number of meiobenthic groups was found in sandy sediments. In the lower layers of silt sediments, only nematodes were found.     

2010年秋季南海北部浮游植物群落结构研究

2010年10月26日-11月24日在南海北部进行了浮游植物群落结构的调查,共鉴定浮游植物4门70属204种(包括未定种12种),浮游植物以硅藻为主,其物种数为146种,其细胞丰度占总浮游植物细胞丰度的93.17%;甲藻次之,其物种数为51种,占总浮游植物细胞丰度的0.63%;金藻门3属4种及蓝藻门2属3种;蓝藻门中以红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum)为主。调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.06×103~107.50×103 cells/L之间,平均值为5.00×103 cells/L。海南岛东北部和粤东近岸表层浮游植物丰度较高。垂直分布上,表层和25 m层的浮游植物细胞丰度较高。浮游植物主要优势种类有菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、舟形藻(Navicula spp.)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、斯氏几内亚藻(Guinardia stolterforthii)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)等。调查区表层和5 m层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值分别为3.14和2.83,Pielou均匀度指数平均值分别为0.73和0.77;两种指数在表层和5 m层均表现出较高的一致性。环境分析表明除硅酸盐外,浮游植物细胞丰度与其他环境因子均呈极显著性的相关性,主要受到氮元素及磷酸盐的共同限制作用。     

马里亚纳海沟浮游病毒垂直分布及动态变化

为探究马里亚纳海沟浮游病毒生态特征的垂直变化规律,本研究于2015年12月采集马里纳亚海沟表层到8727m共六层水样,对浮游病毒丰度,浮游细菌丰度,微微型浮游植物丰度以及裂解性浮游病毒生产力进行了分析。流式细胞技术分析结果表明,马里亚纳海沟各层浮游病毒丰度范围为1.27×105—1.93×106VLP/mL,其中表层丰度最高,随后逐渐降低,最低值出现在3699m处。而在深渊海沟区域内病毒丰度略有上升,最深处8727m病毒丰度为2.85×105VLP/mL。马里亚纳海沟裂解性浮游病毒生产力变化范围为2.86×104—4.21×105VLP/(mL·h),其垂直分布呈现出与浮游病毒丰度相似的趋势,生产力最高值出现在表层,随后在相对较低的水平变动,而在深渊海沟区域内随深度略微上升, 8727m处生产力为4.08×104VLP/(mL·h)。同时本文根据假定的研究区域浮游病毒平均裂解量及宿主平均有机物质含量计算出病毒导致的细菌死亡率(VMM)以及相应的有机碳和有机氮释放量,其中VMM变化范围为1.59×103—2.34×104cells/(mL·h),8727m处VMM为2.27×103cells/(mL·h)。而每小时病毒导致的细菌死亡数在总细菌数量中占比在8727m处最低,为4.6%,这表明浮游病毒在深海环境中的侵染活性相对较低,可能由于极端环境下浮游病毒多以溶源状态存在。在深渊海沟内部观察到相对较高的浮游病毒丰度以及相对较低的病毒生产力水平,表明该水域浮游病毒死亡率较低,这或许与海沟内温度极低且环境相对隔离有关。各层浮游病毒丰度及生产力与环境因子间相关性分析结果表明,浮游病毒丰度和生产力均与浮游细菌丰度表现出较高的正相关关系(P0.05),同时病毒生产力也表现出与温度的显著正相关性,表明浮游病毒的活跃程度主要依赖于宿主细胞的浓度以及海水温度。     

Cold deep water in the South China Sea

Two deep channels that cut through the Luzon Strait facilitate deep (>2000 m) water exchange between the western Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Our observations rule out the northern channel as a major exchange conduit. Rather, the southern channel funnels deep water from the western Pacific to the South China Sea at the rate of 1.06 ± 0.44 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³s⁻¹). The residence time estimated from the observed inflow from the southern channel, about 30 to 71 years, is comparable to previous estimates. The observation-based estimate of upwelling velocity at 2000 m depth is (1.10 ± 0.33) × 10⁻⁶ ms⁻¹, which is of the same order as Ekman pumping plus upwelling induced by the geostrophic current. Historical hydrographic observations suggest that the deep inflow is primarily a mixture of the Circumpolar Deep Water and Pacific Subarctic Intermediate Water. The cold inflow through the southern channel offsets about 40% of the net surface heat gain over the South China Sea. Balancing vertical advection with vertical diffusion, the estimated mean vertical eddy diffusivity of heat is about 1.21 × 10⁻³ m²s⁻¹. The cold water inflow from the southern channel maintains the shallow thermocline, which in turn could breed internal wave activities in the South China Sea.     

Diversity and distribution of methane-oxidizing microbial communities associated with different faunal assemblages in a giant pockmark of the Gabon continental margin

A giant 800-m-diameter pockmark named REGAB was discovered on the Gabon continental margin actively emitting methane at a water depth of 3200 m. The microbial diversity in sediments from four different assemblages of chemosynthetic organisms, Mytilidae, Vesicomyidae, Siboglinidae and a bacterial mat, was investigated using comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Aggregates of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2) and bacteria of the Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus cluster were found in all four chemosynthetic habitats. Fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting the ANME-2/Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus aggregates showed their presence few centimeters (3–5 cm) below the surface of sediment. 16S rRNA gene sequences from all known marine ANME groups were detected in the pockmark sediments, as well as from both known bacterial partners. The archaeal diversity was limited to the ANME cluster for all investigated samples. The bacterial diversity included members of the Proteobacteria, Bacilliales, Cytophaga/Flavobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, JS1 and Actinobacteria clusters. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of known sulphide-oxidizing symbionts were recovered from tissues of several invertebrates including vesicomyid clams and siboglinid tubeworms of REGAB.     

Sediment discharge of the Yellow River,China: past,present and future——A synthesis

The Yellow River cut through Sanmenxia Gorge and discharged into the sea via the North China Plain in 150 ka BP; since then, around 86 000 × 108 t sediment has been transported passing Sanmenxia Gorge. Based on land use and land cover changes in Loess Plateau and other available evidence, an estimate of the Yellow River sediment budget is presented here: about 72% of the sedimentary material was trapped in the North China Plain and the remainder(i.e., 26%) escaped to the sea. At the present stage, 0.2×108 t/a suspended sediment of the Yellow River enter the northern Yellow Sea. The transport pattern is determined mainly by the shelf current system. Annually 0.2×108–0.3×108 t of suspended particles are carried to the East China Sea; the materials are derived mainly from coastal and subaqueous delta erosion associated with the abandoned Yellow River on the Jiangsu coast. Since 1972, the lower Yellow River started to have a situation of continuous no-flow. During 1996–2000, the annual water flow and sediment discharge are only 19%, as compared with normal years(i.e., average for 1950–1979). In response to global warming and increase of water diversion from the Yellow River for industrial and urban use, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea will most likely remain small in the next two to three decades.