海拉尔盆地古地温研究

海拉尔盆地作为大庆油田外围最有潜力的油气盆地之一,其古地温梯度以及古地温与油气的关系尚未进行系统研究。根据磷灰石裂变径迹法求取的古地温梯度为3.44～4.20℃/hm。其中乌尔逊凹陷古地温梯度与现今地温梯度接近,贝尔凹陷和呼和湖凹陷恢复的古地温梯度值高于现今地温梯度值。热史模拟表明海拉尔盆地最高古地温是在伊敏组沉积晚期90Ma达到。一类凹陷如乌尔逊凹陷属于持续埋藏型凹陷,中生代以来是一升温过程,在凹陷的中心部位现今地温是地层经历的最高地温,烃源岩热演化程度受现今地温场控制,现今持续生烃。另一类凹陷如贝尔凹陷和呼和湖凹陷,属于抬升剥蚀型凹陷,伊敏组沉积之后是一个降温过程,现今地温小于古地温,烃源岩热演化程度受古地温场控制。古地温演化史结合伊利石测年结果表明,伊敏组沉积晚期是海拉尔盆地一次非常重要的油气成藏期;古近纪以来为第二次成藏阶段,主要为早期形成油气藏的重新调整和二次生成的油气继续注入成藏。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷古地温演化研究

基于化学动力学原理,采用镜质组反射率模拟计算法,对辽河盆地东部凹陷14口井的古地温演化进行了恢复,重建了各时期平均古地温柱。总结了古地温演化的总体特征,认为研究区古近纪古地温演化特点是Es₃高,Es_1-2低,Ed-N高,为波状高地温演化。区域上,凹陷内部呈南北高、中央低的趋势,南部黄金带、二界沟及北部牛居地区的地温梯度一般在35℃~40℃/km,而中段相对较低(29℃~35℃/km).      

鄂尔多斯盆地古地温研究

本文采用镜质体反射率、包裹体测温、磷灰石裂变经迹等多种古地温研究方法，确定了鄂尔多斯盆地中生代晚期高地温场的存在，古地温梯度高达３．５～４．０℃/１００ｍ，高于现今盆地的平均地温梯度２．８９°Ｃ/１００ｍ。古生界地层最大古地温一般在１５０～２４０°Ｃ之间，最高可达２７０°Ｃ以上，古地温明显高于今地温。高古地温梯度的形成与中生代末期的构造活动密切相关。根据盆地热演化史与油气关系研究可知，在古生代和中生代早期，地温梯度低。推迟了生气时代，有利于有机质的保存。中生代晚期，地温梯度高，是古生界碳酸盐岩及煤系地层的主要生气期及运移期。生气高峰期较晚，盆地内又缺乏断裂，有利于大气田的保存。     

沉积盆地古地温测定方法及应用

沉积盆地古地温是控制油气及层控矿床形成的重要因素之一,已成为近年来地质科学的一重要课题。我们在四个方面研究了沉积盆地古地温测定方法。 一、有机质成熟度指标 包括原生镜质体反射率,固体沥青反射率及生物标志物参数。这方面工作的成果:(1)准确     

准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期古地温梯度恢复

运用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)法和镜质体反射率(Ro)法恢复了准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期的古地温梯度。研究结果显示,磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)恢复的古地温梯度分布在3.5~3.9℃/hm;镜质体反射率(Ro)恢复的古地温梯度接近4.0℃/hm;平均接近3.7℃/hm,明显高于2.3℃/hm的现今地温梯度。准噶尔盆地北部燕山中期较高古地温场背景不仅对烃源岩热演化研究具有重要意义,同时也指示了准噶尔盆地北部存在一次燕山中期构造热事件。     

北部湾盆地今古地温场特征及热史演化

北部湾盆地的现今地温场具有不均一性，这种特征除与基岩埋藏深度有一定关系外，在很大程度上与活动热流体有关。地壳热结构分析表明本区的大地构造背景比较稳定，放射性产热元素所带来的影响不容忽略。利用镜质体反射率、流体包裹体以及粘土矿物等参数，对盆地的古地温场做了探讨。     

青藏高原中-新生代沉积盆地热体制与古地温梯度演化

尽管前人对青藏高原隆升机制、地块拼合和陆内俯冲、中-下地壳流动以及岩浆活动等过程做了大量研究, 但对工区发育众多的中-新生代沉积盆地热体制和古地温梯度演化很少涉及, 而这些对中生代海相烃源岩油气生成过程以及已生成的油气命运具有重要影响.在总结前人有关青藏高原温度场背景和盆地类型演化成果基础之上, 运用流体包裹体均一温度测定数据, 综合建立了高原腹部中生代海相盆地古地温梯度演化曲线, 认为在中生代至古近纪的被动陆缘-弧后盆地-前陆盆地演化过程中, 中生代海相盆地处于相对低的地温梯度条件下(＜3.0 ℃/100 m)有利于成熟油的生成; 在新近纪至第四纪的青藏高原隆升阶段, 这些中生代海相盆地不仅演化成残留盆地, 而且还伴随着新的热事件使得盆地地温梯度不均匀急剧上升(~6.5 ℃/100 m), 同时会导致大部分中生代海相烃源岩生成的油再度裂解成气和存在二次生烃(气)的可能性.因此, 古地温梯度演化决定了在"冷盆"区域可能还存在找油潜力, 但在大部分的"热盆"区域只能以找气为主.      

沉积盆地地温梯度研究中应注意的问题

沉积盆地的地温场特征是油气勘探研究的重要内容之一。油气勘探工作者习惯于采用地温梯度而不是大地热流来描述沉积盆地的热状态,但是,地温梯度与计算井段密切相关,离开计算井段去谈地温梯度高低,很容易引起误解,尤其是在测温井段较短或测温深度较浅时,测温数据不能直接用于计算沉积盆地的地温梯度,否则,会得出错误的结论。然而,在实际研究工作中,这一点经常被忽视。为此,本文提出了“规一化”地温梯度的概念和计算方法,并以实例说明沉积盆地地温场研究中,采用“规一化”地温梯度来描述盆地热状态平面分布特征的必要性。     

Delta-fed turbidites in a lacustrine rift basin: the Eocene Dongying depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Sediment avalanche from delta ramp is one of the significant development mechanisms for a turbidite system in a lacustrine basin. To advance our understanding of deep-water sedimentary processes in a lacustrine delta ramp, delta-fed turbidites in the Eocene Dongying depression of the Bohai Bay Basin were studied using core data, 3-D seismic data and well log data. Sandy debris flows, muddy debris flows, mud flows, turbidity currents, slides, sandy slumps and muddy slumps were interpreted based on the identification of lithofacies. Data indicates that deep-water sedimentary processes in the study area were dominated by debris flows and slumps, which accounted for ～68% and 25% (in thickness) of total gravity flow deposits, respectively; turbidity-current deposits only accounted for ～5%. Mapping of turbidites showed that most were deposited after short-distance transportation (<20 km), restricted by the scale of deep-water areas and local topography. Channels, depositional lobes, debris flow tongues, muddy turbiditic sheets, slides and slumps were identified in a delta-fed ramp system. Slides and slumps were dominant at the base of slopes or at the hanging walls of growth faults with strong tectonic activity. Channels and depositional lobes developed in gentle, low-lying areas, where sediments were transported longer distances. Sand-rich sediment supply, short-distance transportation and local topography were crucial factors that controlled sedimentation of this ramp system. Channels generally lacked levees and only produced scattered sandstones because of possible hydroplaning of debris flow and unstable waterways. In addition to lobes, debris flow tongues could also be developed in front of channels. These findings have significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration of deep-water sandstone fed by deltas in a lacustrine basin.     

Structure kinematics of a transtensional basin:An example from the Linnan Subsag,Bohai Bay basin,Eastern China

The Linnan subsag is a petroliferous, secondary tectonic unit of the Huimin sag that is located in the western part of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. In this study, the authors calculated basin extensional rate and slipping displacement of boundary faults in the dip and strike directions, using seismic and drilling data. The evolution of the Linnan transtensional basin from the Eogene through the Quaternary is quantitatively described, and a dynamic model is established. The Linshan and Xiakou boundary faults of the Linnan subsag are used as a case study to describe a method to calculate the strike and dip slipping displacements of active faults under oblique extension. The results quantitatively illustrate the behavior of the Linnan subsag boundary faults over time. The Linnan subsag transtensional basin experienced four stages of evolution: weak extension during the Kongdian Formation, rapid extension and fault depression during the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation,intensive transtension and fault depression during the third member of the Shahejie Formation-Dongying Formation, and weakening fault depression during the Guantao Formation-Pingyuan Formation.The results of this study provide further understanding of the processes of petroleum migration and accumulation in the region.     

东濮凹陷新生代的热历史

东濮凹陷是渤海湾盆地南缘极具油气开采潜力的凹陷,本文揭示该凹陷新生代埋藏史、热史及烃源岩演化史.利用凹陷各构造单元18口井的镜质体反射率数据,恢复其埋藏史、热史.结果显示,东濮凹陷经历“一升两降”的构造沉降,并具有“马鞍型”的热演化特征.自沙四段沉积开始至沙三段,地温梯度逐渐增加,在沙三段沉积末期达到最大,为45.2℃～48℃/km.自沙二段沉积开始至今,地温梯度总体逐渐降低,仅在东营组沉积时期出现微弱回升,现今地温梯度为30℃～ 34℃/km.以埋藏史和热史为基础,结合构造及有机地球化学资料,对东濮凹陷18口井烃源岩演化史进行模拟.结果表明,烃源岩热演化受东营组沉积时期的古地温控制,3套烃源岩成熟度均在27Ma(东营组沉积时期)达到最大.     

Distribution and Significance of Methyl Steranes in Bohai Bay Basin, East China

31 samples of shales and mudstones developed in reducing hypersaline and freshwater setting and 20 oil samples of Bamianhe oilfield, Bohai Bay basin were collected for a detailed study of petroleum system. Composition and distribution, especially significance of steroids, are discussed as a part of those. Abundant steroidal biomarkers, including C27-29 regular steranes, C28-30 4-methyl steranes, dinosteranes and aromatic steranes, were detected. Results show that the composition and distribution of the steroids in samples studied are functions of thermal maturity, organic source, paleoenvironment and lithology of potential source rocks. Alga-rich Es4 shales (brackish water) developed in the south slope of depocenter (Niuzhuang sag) were found particularly rich in steroidal biomarkers including C30 4-methyl steranes and dinosteranes. Es3 mudstones (fresh water) were found devoid of dinosteranes. Distribution patterns of regular steranes are completely different from methyl steranes indicating different origins of the specific compounds of the fraction. Diagnostic distribution of steranes in rock extracts of diverse intervals makes the compounds to be essential indictors of source-rock tracing. Methyl steranes prove to be much more useful in oil-source rock correlation than regular steranes. Results also show that alga-rich Es4 shales located in the south slope are not likely the primary source rock responsible for the oils discovered based on the composition and distribution of steroids.     

川西盆地演化及盆地叠合特征研究

川西盆地位于青藏高原松潘甘孜构造带东缘龙门山前陆地带,是四川盆地的一部分。自震旦纪以来,川西盆地经历了海相盆地与陆相盆地两个时期的演化,其中陆相盆地演化与松潘-甘孜构造带及龙门山的形成发展密切相关。晚三叠世以来,川西盆地与松潘-甘孜构造带、龙门山构造带之间经历了盆岭耦合与盆山耦合两期构造动力学演化过程,形成了结构复杂、多期演化的叠合盆地,其盆地性质、类型在不同地质时期各不相同。总的说来,川西盆地经历稳定克拉通海盆发展时期(震旦纪-中三叠世)、海陆交互相断陷盆地发展时期(上三叠世须家河组一段-须家河组三段)、陆相坳陷盆地发展时期(须家河组四段-中侏罗纪世)、前陆盆地发展时期(晚侏罗世-现今),最终形成了4期单型盆地的有序叠置。     

Wave-Enhanced Sediment-Gravity Flows in Bohai Bay Lacustrine Basin, Eastern China

Sequences of wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flows (WESGFs) have been widely recognized in the marine shelf environment. In this study, we show observations of WESGF deposits in lacustrine settings using well core and thin section data from the Paleogene in the Jiyang sub-basin, Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. The findings of this study include the following: 1) the sequence of WESGFs in the lacustrine basin is similar to that of marine; it consists of three units, MF1 unit: siltstone with basal erosion surface, MF2 unit: silt-streaked claystone, and MF3 unit: silty-mudstone; and 2) prodelta sand sheets are found in the lacustrine WESGF sequence and are classified as the MFd unit: clay-streaked siltstone. However, because the system size and variability in hydrodynamic conditions are different between the lacustrine and marine basins, lacustrine WESGFs do appear to have three distinguishable features: 1) the sediment grain size and sand content are slightly higher than those of the marine WESGFs; 2) lacustrine WESGFs may contain prodelta sediments or sedimentary sequences of other types of gravity flows, such as hyperpycnal flows; and 3) the scale of the sedimentary structures for lacustrine WESGFs is smaller. The WESGFs found in the continental lacustrine basin provide a new model for sediment dispersal processes in lake environments and may be helpful to explain and predict the distribution of sandy reservoirs for oil and gas exploration.     

渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷南斜坡中生界火山岩相模式和储层特征

精细岩相模式是油气藏研究的重要基础,为储层预测和评价提供合理的约束。目前火山岩还缺少微相尺度的相模式。参照的5相15亚相分类方案,在莱州湾凹陷南斜坡中生界火山地层中建立了相—亚相—微相划分方案,识别出3相4亚相10微相。具体为爆发相的热碎屑流亚相和热基浪亚相,细分为火山口- 近火山口、近源和远源微相。喷溢相熔岩流亚相,细分为简单熔岩流和碎屑堆积微相。火山- 沉积相崩塌再搬运堆积亚相,细分为再搬运块状堆积和基质堆积微相。钻井揭示研究区的亚相占比从高到低的顺序为爆发相热基浪亚相、喷溢相熔岩流亚相、爆发相热碎屑流亚相和火山- 沉积相崩塌再搬运堆积亚相。火山地层具有复杂岩相叠置关系,亚相单元横向延伸范围有限、对比难度大。储层孔渗条件由好到差的顺序为热基浪亚相、热碎屑流亚相、熔岩流亚相和崩塌再搬运堆积亚相。热基浪亚相近源微相、热碎屑流亚相近源微相、熔岩流亚相简单熔岩流微相上部、崩塌再搬运亚相块状堆积微相的储层较好;其中,热基浪亚相近源微相储层条件为最优。本研究可为火山岩储层预测和评价提供地质依据。     

Structures of the Bohai Petroliferous Area, Bohai Bay Basin

This paper, for the first time, deals with a more systematic study of the structures in the Bohaipetroliferous area that covers nearly one third of the Bohai Bay basin. The study mainly involves the effects of preexisting basement faults on the basin formation, the characteristics of basin geometry and kinetics, the modelling of the tectonic-thermal history, the polycyclicity and heterogeneity in the structural evolution and the natural seismic tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. The authors analyze the features of the dynamic evolution of the basin in the paper and point out that the basin in the Bohai petroliferous area is an extensional pull-apart basin.     

渤海湾新生代盆地的两种构造系统及其成因解释

渤海湾古近纪盆地可以划分为3个裂陷带和1个裂陷区，都分布在上地幔隆起部位。盆地构造变形可以分为伸展构造和走滑构造两个相对独立、相互关联的新生代构造系统。伸展卡句造由不同尺度的伸展断层和与伸展断层垂直或斜交的变换断层构成连锁断层系统，在盆地区具有分散的透人性特点，并控制着古近纪断陷的分布和演化。在伸展构造变形基础上叠加了3条北北东向—北东向右旋走滑断裂(带)，后者及其伴生构造组成盆地中的呈带状展布的新生代走滑构造系统。伸展构造是一种“水平层状的”薄皮构造。正断层向深部收敛或终止于中地壳内的拆离断层面上。走滑构造是一种“垂直带状的”厚皮构造。浅层的走滑断层以多种方式并入到深断裂带中。这两种构造系统是盆地区新生代时期主动裂陷和被动裂陷两种作用机制的具体表现。     

四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化阶段及其特征

四川叠合盆地是在四川海相克拉通盆地基础上形成的。本文利用最新的钻井资料、地震资料及其研究成果,详细阐述了四川海相克拉通盆地在显生宙的演化阶段及其特征。研究结果发现,四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化可分为早晚两期,早期为晚震旦世-石炭纪,晚期为二叠纪-中三叠世。两期克拉通演化都经历了早期弱拉张,后期弱挤压阶段。弱拉张初始阶段都有一次海相碳酸盐岩的大面积稳定沉积(震旦系灯影组和二叠系栖霞-茅口组)和随后的隆升剥蚀作用及风化壳岩溶作用。其后进入弱拉张期,发育拉张槽,拉张强度最大的部位均位于克拉通的西北部,都是从克拉通的西北部边缘向克拉通内部减弱。然而,两期拉张槽的充填特征不同,早寒武世绵阳-长宁拉张槽是补偿型充填,与拉张槽周缘相比,拉张槽内沉积厚度巨大;晚二叠世-早三叠世开江-梁平拉张槽为欠补偿型充填,与拉张槽周缘相比,拉张槽内沉积厚度非常薄。拉张期结束后进入弱挤压阶段,形成古隆起,挤压强度最大的部位均位于克拉通的西南部,都是从克拉通的西南边缘向克拉通内部减弱。弱拉张阶段的拉张槽与弱挤压阶段的古隆起均为大角度相交关系;然而,拉张槽和古隆起的规模差别较大,早寒武世绵阳-长宁拉张槽面积约5.4×10~4km~2,对应的加里东期乐山-龙女寺古隆起面积6×10~4km~2;晚二叠世-早三叠世开江-梁平拉张槽面积约2.0×10~4km~2,对应的印支期开江古隆起面积0.8×10~4km~2;晚二叠世-早三叠世蓬溪-武胜拉张槽面积约1.5×10~4km~2,对应的印支期泸州古隆起面积4.2×10~4km~2。绵阳-长宁拉张槽的规模比开江-梁平拉张槽、蓬溪-武胜拉张槽要大,乐山-龙女寺古隆起的规模也大于泸州-开江古隆起的规模。四川海相克拉通盆地显生宙演化特征在很大程度上控制了四川叠合盆地海相油气地质条件的发育和油气藏的形成分布。