华北某些富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩岩浆成分和熔体结构与含矿性关系

华北富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩的岩浆成分和岩浆熔体结构对岩浆的含磷性和磷的富集起着控制作用。磷的富集作用发生在岩浆起源阶段和岩浆分异作用(岩浆不混溶作用、结晶分异作用)阶段。在这两个阶段的演化过程中,P_2O_5含量及其变化趋势严格受岩浆成分、熔体结构(如NBO/T,M/F)和α_(SiO_2)、μ_(K_2O)控制,表现为P_2O_5含量与SiO_2、K_2O、K_2O+Na_2O及CaO/(MgO+SiO_2)等有密切关系。     

钠长花岗岩—H2O—HF体系相关系及含黄玉花岗质岩石的成因

在Ｐ＝１００ＭＰａ,ｔ＝８４０－４５０℃条件下,通过钠长花岗岩Ｈ２Ｏ－ＨＦ体系相关系实验获得;（１）随体系Ｆ含量的增加,固相线温度显著下降。（２）石英和黄玉的温度稳定域上限升高,碱性长石的稳定域上限降低;在Ｆ≤４％时,体系能在固线性之上结晶出典型的黄玉花岗岩矿物组合;在Ｆ＝６％时,体系能在固相线之上结晶出典型的黄玉云英矿物组合;（２）含氟浅色花岗质熔体具有能分异出极端富Ｆ残余熔体的趋势。     

钠长花岗岩—H2O—HF体系中流体／熔体间氟的分配实验研究

在ｐ＝１００Ｍｐａ,在７７０℃≤ｔ≤８００℃和ＷＦ＝２％－６％条件下进行了钠长花岗岩－Ｈ２Ｏ－ＨＦ体系液相线附近线体／熔体间氟的分配实验。对淬火玻璃的主要元素和氟含量进行了电子探针测定。用质量平衡法计算了流体中的氟含量,所获得的氟的流体／熔体分配系数ＤＦ均不盱１．０随体系氟含量的增加ＤＦ有所增大,表明在花岗岩岩浆一热液体系,氟优先进入熔体相,含氟花岗岗岩结晶晚期流体释放阶段残余熔体仍保保持富氟特征     

钠长石花岗岩中雪球结构形成机理的研究

在某些富锂、氟含稀有金属花岗岩的石英和钾长石斑晶中常见 (半 )雪球结构。雪球结构的产出特征、雪球体中钠长石的电子探针分析结果以及其他间接证据都说明 ,雪球结构是在岩浆结晶分异过程中形成的。对矿物结晶顺序、石英和钠长石的生长速率以及固相线温度的研究表明 ,富锂、氟、钠的花岗质残余岩浆完全具备形成雪球结构的条件。岩浆熔体中较高的Na2 O/K2 O比值和F、H2 O含量在雪球结构的形成过程中起着重要的作用 :F的高含量使岩浆固相线温度降低 ,岩浆得以充分分异演化 ,形成接近端员组分的钾长石和钠长石 ;Na2 O/K2 O比值较大使钠长石首先结晶 ;较高的F和H2 O含量使岩浆粘度降低 ,石英的生长速率相对加快并逐渐包裹钠长石形成雪球结构。     

香花岭穹窿区花岗岩的岩石特征及蚀变矿化分带

花岗岩主要呈岩株产于穹窿的东部,在穹窿的核部及西部,晚阶段的细晶岩和花岗斑岩岩墙发育良好。 岩石呈肉红色、中粒斑状至半自形粒状结构,暗色的黑鳞云母1-3％,钠长石20-30％,微斜长石35-45％,石英35-40％。斑晶是微斜长石。 花岗岩的岩石化学是SiO_2>71%,K_2O十Na_2O>8％,Na_2O/K_2O=0.83,F=0.76％,Li_2O>0.11％,FeO+Fe_2O_3<2％,CaO=0.46％,MgO=0.14％,P_2O_5=0.02％。Sr~(87)/Sr~(86)=0.7159-0.746。 从下到上,花岗岩内发育了七个蚀变带:钾化花岗岩; 钾化和钠化花岗岩;强钠化和钾化花岗岩;强钠化和弱云英岩化和钾化花岗岩;云英岩化,钠化及钾化花岗岩;强云英岩化,钠化和钾化花岗岩及云英岩。 花岗岩内部的矿化包括花岗岩蚀变带内的(TR)、Ta、Nb、Sn、W、(Li)矿化及伟晶岩内Be矿化。外接触带的矿化包括条纹岩型Be、W、Sn矿化,萤石型白钨矿化,锡石-硫化物型及裂隙充填型的Sn、Pb、Zn矿化。所以,矿化分带表现为TR-Nb-Ta-Be-W-Sn-Pb-Zn-Fe-Sb。     

富氟花岗质熔体形成和演化的实验研究

通过高温高压实验，模拟了富氟花岗质熔体形成和演化的过程，结果表明，随着结晶分异作用的进行，熔体中SiO2含量降低而Al2O3和F含量升高，相应地，A／NKC和NKA／Si比值逐渐升高，并最终形成了贫硅过铝富氟的熔体。     

华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩的成冈分析

雪球结构的产出特征、钠长石电子探针分析及其它间接证据都说明,雪球结构是在岩浆结晶过程中形成的。雪球结构形成与否主要与岩浆熔体中Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值和Ｆ、Ｈ２Ｏ含量有关。较大的Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值（〉１）例钠长石首先从熔体中晶出;较高的Ｆ含量使岩浆固相线温度大大降低,有利于岩浆分异演化并形成接近端员组分的钠长石和钾长石同的Ｈ２Ｏ含量有利于石英以较快的速度生长并逐渐包裹钠长石形成雪球结构。自形的α－石英斑晶、接近各自端员组分的甲和工石和钠长石等说明该类花岗岩形成温度较低,众多的地质、地球化学依据都证明了,华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩是从过铝富氟富钠的残余熔体中直接结晶而成的。     

江西雅山花岗岩岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集机制

雅山岩体是华南地区著名的富含钽铌矿的稀有金属花岗岩。从早阶段到晚阶段花岗岩中的云母的Li、F和Rb₂O含量逐渐升高,其类型变化为“黑鳞云母→Li-云母→锂云母”。锆石的Zr元素被Hf、U、Th、Y和P等元素的置换比例随着岩浆演化程度升高而增大。云母和锆石矿物成分变化特征与全岩体系的Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值不断下降而F、Li和P₂O₅含量逐渐升高的趋势一致,将可以用于指示岩浆演化程度。在岩浆演化过程中不断富集的P、F、Li元素增加了熔体中非桥氧数（NBO）,促使钽-铌元素在岩浆中的溶解度加大而逐渐富集,在最晚阶段的黄玉锂云母花岗岩具有最高的Ta、Nb元素含量。因此,雅山花岗岩具有较高的F、Li、P₂O₅含量是其岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集的重要机制。西华山花岗岩中的云母与雅山花岗岩中的锂云母相比,具有明显较低的F、Li、Rb₂O含量,表明西华山花岗岩的岩浆演化程度相对低于雅山花岗岩。西华山花岗岩中的钨富集与流体作用密切相关,体系氧逸度的降低促使了钨成矿。因此,岩浆演化程度的不同可能是造成华南稀有金属花岗岩发生不同成矿作用（如Ta-Nb矿和W矿）的重要原因。     

可尔因稀有金属矿床液态不混溶作用的地球化学特征证据

可尔因稀有金属矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带东部,是川西地区发现的巨型伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床;矿体主要赋存于钠长石锂辉石型伟晶岩中,围绕可尔因岩体成群成带分布。矿床地球化学特征研究表明,碳、氢-氧同位素和锶同位素特征显示成矿流体来源于壳源岩浆。二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩间相似的地球化学特征表明,两者均属于地壳重熔成因,含矿伟晶岩中的成矿物质来源于二云母花岗岩;二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩间存在Al_2O_3、Na_2O和Si_2O,K_2O相分离的现象;从二云母花岗岩至伟晶岩Li、Be、Nb、Ta等稀有元素,F、B等挥发分含量,∑REE、∑Ce/∑Y、(La/Yb)n、(Gd/Yb)n、δEu等具有突变现象;所有这些特征表明伟晶岩可能是由二云母花岗岩岩浆液态不混溶分异结晶形成,岩浆演化过程中,轻重稀土的分异导致稀有元素越来越富集,最终在远离岩体的部位形成富含稀有金属的伟晶岩和矿体。     

维拉斯托稀有金属-锡多金属矿床铌铁矿族矿物特征及其对岩浆-热液演化的指示

大兴安岭南段维拉斯托大型稀有金属-锡多金属矿床的成矿岩体从深部的中粒花岗岩向上逐渐过渡为斑状细粒碱长花岗岩,记录了岩浆演化的不同阶段。为查明铌铁矿族矿物成分、结构变化及其与岩浆演化过程的耦合关系,文章对采自不同深度的3种类型花岗岩（中粒花岗岩、石英斑晶不具雪球结构的斑状细粒富云母碱长花岗岩和具雪球结构的斑状细粒碱长花岗岩）中的铌铁矿族矿物进行了详细的电子探针成分分析和元素面扫工作。维拉斯托矿床铌铁矿族矿物主要为铌铁矿,发育渐变环带结构,从核部到边部Ta含量增加,且斑状细粒富云母碱长花岗岩和斑状细粒碱长花岗岩铌铁矿族矿物边部的铌铁矿、铌锰矿相较于幔部和核部的铌铁矿,其Ta含量具有明显的组分间隔;铌铁矿族矿物Mn/(Fe+Mn)原子比具有多种演化趋势,与分离结晶的矿物相和流体交代作用有关。中粒花岗岩和斑状细粒富云母碱长花岗岩中的铌铁矿结晶于岩浆阶段,斑状细粒碱长花岗岩中的铌铁矿族矿物结晶于岩浆-热液过渡阶段。其中,斑状细粒富云母碱长花岗岩铌铁矿边部Ta含量增加与铁锂云母的分离结晶作用有关,斑状细粒碱长花岗斑岩铌铁矿族矿物边部Ta含量的突变与岩浆-热液过渡阶段的水硅酸盐液体中Ta溶解度的增加...     

Bowing of dimensional granitic stones

Bowing is a well-known phenomenon seen in marbles used as building veneers. This form of rock weathering occurs as a result of external factors such as temperature, humidity, the system for anchoring the marble slabs or the panel dimensions. Under the same external conditions, many factors will determine the degree of deformation including petrography, thermal properties and residual locked stresses. The usual way to solve the problem of bowed marble slabs is to replace them with other materials, such as granites, in which the deformation still exists but is less common. In this study, eight ornamental granites with different mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, porosity and fabric were tested in a laboratory to assess their susceptibility to bowing. Three slabs of granite, each cut with a different orientation, were studied under different conditions of temperature (90 and 120°C) and water saturation (dry and wet) to investigate the influence of these factors together with that of anisotropy. At 90°C, only the granite with the coarsest grain size and low porosity exhibited deformation under wet conditions. At 120°C and wet conditions, three of the granites showed evident signs of bowing. Again, the granite with the coarsest grain size was the most deformed. It was concluded that the wide grain size distribution influences microcracking more than other expected factors, such as the quartz content of the rock. Also, mineral shape-preferred orientation and porosity play an important role in the bowing of the studied granites.     

Occurrence of zinc in granitic biotites

37 granitic plutons in Great Britain and the United States were sampled and biotite separates prepared. These biotites were analysed for zinc and iron and a modal (point-count) analysis was conducted on the granitic samples. The results of these analyses were examined for differences that would characterise mineralised and non-mineralised granites, and for differences between biotites coexisting with muscovite and those coexisting with hornblende. The possibility of differentiating between mineralised and non-mineralised granites on the basis of the zinc content of biotites is rejected, but significant differences in composition are found between biotites from muscovite-biotite-granites and those from hornblende-biotite-granites. Muscovite-bearing granites have low biotite contents, these biotites having high iron and low zinc concentrations; hornblende-bearing granites have high biotite contents but these biotites, in contrast, have comparitively low iron and high zinc concentrations.

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Zusammenfassung Biotitkonzentrate aus 37 granitischen Plutonen aus Großbritannien und den U.S.A. wurden auf ihre Zn- und Fe-Gehalte analysiert. Granite, mit denen Zn-Vererzungen zusammenhängen, können nach diesen Untersuchungen nicht aufgrund der Zn-Gehalte ihrer Biotite von Graniten ohne Zn-Vererzungen unterschieden werden. Die Biotite aus muskovit- und aus hornblendeführenden Graniten unterscheiden sich hingegen: Erstere haben hohe Fe- und niedrige Zn-Konzentrationen bei geringem Biotitanteil am Gestein; bei letzteren ist es umgekehrt.

     

Phosphorus in granitic rocks of Colombia

One hundred and three samples of granitic rock taken systematically from the Andean part of Colombia reveal that the observed variation in phosphorus content reflects the variation observed for the wholerock chemical composition. This relationship was established using a form of trend analysis termed COMTRENA and information-theory statistics.     

Formation and ascent of granitic magmas

New results obtained by the investigation of liquidus and solidus phase relationships in the haplogranite system Qz-Ab-Or are used to discuss the evolution of magmas during their ascent in the crust. It is assumed that the magmas are formed at 720°C, 820°C, 920°C and at a depth corresponding to a pressure of 8 kbar. The starting composition of the magma is taken as 50% melt plus 50% quartz and feldspars. In case of a closed system (no heat exchange and no transfer of elements) the melt fraction of magmas, the water activity and the viscosity increase with decreasing pressure. The temperature slightly decreases. At 700°C the viscosity is approximatively 2 orders of magnitude lower than at 900°C. This is related to the higher amount of water in the (H₂O-undersaturated) melt at low T. It is also shown that dehydration melting is only realistic at high T (900°C). At lower temperatures water has to be added from outside to obtain an intrusive magma with approximatively 50% melt.

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Zusammenfassung Neue Ergebnisse, erzielt durch Untersuchungen von Liquidus und Solidus Phasenbeziehungen des Granitsystems Qz-Ab-Or, werden benutzt, um die Entwicklung eines granitoiden Magmas während seines Aufstiegs zu diskutieren. Es wird vorausgesetzt, daß die Magmen bei Temperaturen von 720°C, 820°C und 920°C gebildet werden, sowie in einer Tiefe die einem Druck von 8 kbar entspricht. Die anfängliche Zusammensetzung des Magmas wird mit einem Verhältnis von 50% Schmelze sowie 50% Quarz und Feldspäten angenommen. Im Falle eines geschlossenen Systems (kein Austausch von Wärme und Elementen) steigt die Teilschmelzbildung von Magmen, die Aktivität des Wassers und die Viskosität bei abnehmenden Druck; hierbei sinkt die Temperatur leicht. Bei 700°C ist die Viskosität um ca. 2 Größenordnungen geringer als bei 900°C. Dies wird bedingt durch den höheren Gehalt an Wasser in der (H₂O-untersättigten) Schmelze bei tieferen Temperaturen. Es wird außerdem gezeigt, daß Magmenbildung durch Dehydratation nur bei hohen Temperaturen realistisch ist (900°C). Bei tieferen Temperaturen muß Wasser von außen zugeführt werden um ein intrusives Magma zu erhalten, das ungefähr 50% Schmelze besitzt.

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Résumé L'évolution des magmas granitiques au cours de leur ascension dans la croûte est discutée à la lumière de données nouvelles relatives aux relations entre phases liquides et solides dans le système Q-Ab-Or. On suppose que les magmas se forment à des températures de 720°C, 820°C, 920°C et à une profondeur correspondant à une pression de 8 Kb. On admet pour leur composition initiale un mélange de 50% de liquide et 50% de quartz + feldspaths. Dans le cas d'un système fermé (pas d'échange de chaleur ni de matière), la fraction liquide du magma, l'activité de l'eau et la viscosité augmentent quand la pression diminue; en même temps, la température décroît légèrement. A 700°C, la viscosité est d'environ 2 ordres de grandeur plus basse qu'à 900°C. Cette propriété est en relation avec la teneur en eau plus élevée dans le liquide (sous-saturé en eau) à basse température. On peut également montrer qu'une fusion déshydratante n'est vraisemblable qu'à haute température (900°C). Aux températures plus basses, de l'eau doit être apportée de l'extérieur pour l'obtention d'un magma à 50% de liquide.

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Fragmentation of granitic quartz in water

Studies of grain fragmentation in natural streams have the limitation that the full size range of the debris produced is virtually unobtainable. Experiments described here for grain fragmentation in a rotating drum permitted the study of all of the debris, and a fragmentation load technique was used to relate experimentally and naturally fragmented material. The present investigation has been focused on granitic quartz. Relatively gentle collective movement in water can cause significant fragmentation of coarse, nascent, granitic quartz grains. The debris produced by rotating in a drum a range of single sieve fractions, taken from gravel in the headwaters of a stream draining granite, had continuous size distributions down to (and probably beyond) 0·06 μm. Quartz was the dominant fragmentation product in all fractions down to 2 μm and present in finer fractions. When pebbles moved with sand in these experiments, breakage of the latter was greatly increased. In comparison with that of breakage, the effect of attrition on granitic quartz was negligible. At least a proportion of granitic quartz grains are subject to a fatigue effect as a result of impacts in water. Evidently they are thus progressively weakened prior to being broken. Size analysis of debris showed a significant break at 20 μ, suggesting some special production of quartz particles just below this size. Granitic quartz is criss-crossed with partially healed cracks acquired before the zone of weathering is reached. The wholesale breakage that affects it, particularly in pebbly streams, is largely due to the reopening of these cracks. Progressive fragmentation of this material must eventually reach a stage wherein grains comprising single original crack-bounded volume elements are produced. Such grains, lacking significant internal weaknesses, must strongly resist further breakage. Possibly the preferential production of quartz grains just below 20 μm in size may represent an accumulation of these single, crack-bounded volume elements.     

The production of granitic melts during ultrametamorphism

Data concerning the occurrence and mineralogy of granitic rocks and migmatites indicate that granitic liquids are not generally water saturated and do not form on minimum melting curves. Experiments on the partial fusion of crustal materials containing water only in hydrated phases demonstrate that water undersaturated melts with compositional affinities to the granite family are produced at temperatures and pressures in accord with observations on the metamorphio state of migmatite terrains.     

Experimental deformation of partially melted granitic aggregates

Abstract The effects of varying amounts of partial melt on the deformation of granitic aggregates have been tested experimentally at conditions (900°C, 1500 MPa, 10^-4 to 10^-6/s) where melt-free samples deform by dislocation creep, with microstructures approximately equivalent to those of upper greenschist facies. Experiments were performed on samples of various grain sizes, including an aplite (150 μm) and sintered aggregates of quartz-albitemicrocline (10–50 and 2–10 μm). Water was added to the samples to obtain various amounts of melt (1–15% in the aplite, 1–5% in the sintered aggregates). Optical and TEM observations of the melt distribution in hydrostatically annealed samples show that the melt in the sintered aggregates is homogeneously distributed along an interconnected network of triple junction channels, while the melt in the aplites is inhomogeneously distributed. The effect of partial melt on deformation depends an melt amount and distribution, grain size and strain rate. For samples deformed with ? 1% melt, all grain sizes exhibit microstructures indicative of dislocation creep. For samples deformed with 3–5% melt, the 150 μm and 10–50 μm grain size samples also exhibit dislocation creep microstructures, but the 2–10 μm grain size samples exhibit abundant TEM-scale evidence of dissolution-precipitation and little evidence of dislocation activity, suggesting a switch in deformation mechanism to predominantly melt-enhanced diffusion creep. At natural strain rates melt-enhanced diffusion creep would predominate at larger grain sizes, although probably not for most coarse-grained granites. The effects of melt percentage and strain rate have been studied for the 150 μm aplites. For samples with ? 5 and 10% melt, deformation at 10^–6/s squeezes excess melt out of the central compressed region allowing predominantly dislocation creep. Conversely, deformation at 10^-5/s produces considerable cataclasis presumably because the excess melt cannot flow laterally fast enough and a high pore fluid pressure results. For samples with 15% melt, deformation at both strain rates produces cataclasis, presumably because the inhomogeneous melt distribution resulted in regions of decoupled grains, which would produce high stress concentrations at point contacts. At natural strain rates there should be little or no cataclasis if an equilibrium melt texture exists and if the melt can flow as fast as the imposed strain rate. However, if the melt is confined and cannot migrate, a high pore fluid pressure should promote brittle deformation.