History of Geology in Norden

The Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden have been closely connected for many centuries, not least from a geological point of view. Scientific cooperation as well as contentions have been common. The earliest known records of ＂geological＂ treatises are from the 16th century, but especially in the 18th century, when the natural sciences flourished all over Europe, Nordic scholars were in the forefront in geochemistry, mineralogy, and paleontology. This was also the century when ＂geology＂ started to be taught at the universities, and science academies were founded in Norden, adding greatly to ＂geological＂ studies. In the 19th century, like in so many other countries, national geological survey organizations and geological societies were founded. In Norden, geological research has long traditions within mineralogy and ore geology, paleontology and stratigraphy, tectonics and structural geology. During the last century, focus has turned also to Quaternary and glacial geology, igneous and metamorphic petrology, geochemistry, micropaleontology, petroleum geology, sedimentology, marine geology, geophysics, geochronology, and research related to geothermal energy and deposition of radioactive waste products. In many of these research areas, Nordic geoscientists have contributed greatly over the years to the development of the science of geology.     

Current Status of the Research on Coal Geology in China

Coal is the main energy in China, which has already played and will continue to play an important role in the national economy. Coal geology, as a practical science, has an access to gradual development with the growth and prosperity of China. From the meaning of the coalfield geology, this paper introduces the research progress and status of coalfield geology, including the research on coal basin, stratigraphy of coal-bearing stratigraphic sequences, coal-forming process, structural geology of coalfields, and exploration and development status of coal resources. The paper specially focuses on coal-forming process, including coal formation in terrestrial facies and transgressive / regression events, and introduces new technology which has been applied to research progress in structural geology of coalfield. This paper puts forward a new comprehensive exploration system for coal exploration and reviews regional coal geological exploration results in recent years, such as coal-poor regions of seven provinces in southern China and the coal resources area in northwest China, which will be an important coal-producing area in the future.     

Investigation of esophageal cancer with medical geology aspect in Golestan Province, lran

Background ＆ objective： Medical geology is a discipline of environmental health dealing with the impacts of geological relationship between loess deposits and certain endemic diseases such as esophagus cancer. This article deals with loess deposits with medical geology aspect toward diagnosis and prognosis. Materials ＆ Methods： In this study sampling from loess deposits from East towards West has been done. Collected samples have been undergone X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDAX） for determination of minerals, surface morphology of minerals and chemical analysis for further studies, respectively. Results： In mineralogical studies dominated minerals are quartz, feldspar and calcite. Clay minerals are illite and chlorite, which are about 9.3%. The amount of quartz is variable from 56.3 to 45.4. The grains sizes are decreasing from northeast to southwest. Chemical analysis showed that loess deposits contain Si, Al, K and Ca, which are related to the presence of quartz, feldspar, calcite, illite and chlorite minerals. Conclusions： According to medical geology evidence, loess deposits of Gloestan Province could be closely related to the incidence of esophagus cancer due to effect of clay minerals on biochemical cycle, direct relation of grain size with the incidence of esophagus cancer and chemical composition of loess deposit for its high silica are also taken into consideration. As the esophagus cancer belt coincides with the loess deposits belt of the world.     

The medical geology revolution

Because of the importance of geological factors on health an International Working Group on Medical Geology was established in 1998, with the primary aim of increasing awareness of this issue among scientists, medical specialists, and the general public. In 2000 a new project was established by UNESCO. The primary aim of the projects was to bring together, on a global scale, scientists working in this field in developing countries with their colleagues in other parts of the world. The International Council of Scientific Unions （ICSU） also sponsored international short courses in this subject, a cooperation involving The Geological Survey of Sweden, US Geological Survey and the US Armed Forces of Pathology. In 2006 a new association was established： International Medical Geology Association, IMGA. Regional Divisions all over the world have been established. Two text books have been published, the most recent one by Elsevier 2005： Essentials of Medical Geology which has received two prestigious international awards. A website （ http：//www.medicalgeology.org ） and regular newsletters have been published. Short courses on medical geology, have been held since 2001 in more than 30 countries. Medical geology will also be one of the ten main topics within the Year of Planet Earth declared by UN General Assembly December 22, 2005. Medical geology is also one of the five topics within the GeoUnion initiative. The international impact has been tremendous. Universities all around the world are starting courses and education in medical geology, the first centers are under construction, symposias have been held and a world wide collaboration has started between geoscientists, environmental researchers, epidemiologists, toxicologists, pathologists and other scientists.     

Potential and Suitability Evaluation of CO2 Geological Storage in Major Sedimentary Basins of China, and the Demonstration Project in Ordos Basin

From 2010 to 2012, the China Geological Survey Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey (CHEGS) carried out the project “Potential evaluation and demonstration project of CO2 Geological Storage in China”. During this project, we developed an evaluation index system and technical methods for the potential and suitability of CO2 geological storage based on China’s geological conditions, and evaluated the potential and suitability of the primary basins for CO2 geological storage, in order to draw a series of regional scale maps (at a scale of 1:5000000) and develop an atlas of the main sedimentary basins in China. By using these tools, we delineated many potential targets for CO2 storage. We also built techniques and methods for site selection and the exploration and assessment of CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers. Furthermore, through cooperation with the China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Ltd., we successfully constructed the first coal-based demonstration project for CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers in the Yijinhuoluo Banner of Ordos in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which brought about the basic preliminary theories, techniques, and methods of geological CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers under China’s geological conditions.     

Potential and Suitability Evaluation of CO2 Geological Storage in Major Sedimentary Basins of China, and the Demonstration Project in Ordos Basin

From 2010 to 2012, the China Geological Survey Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey (CHEGS) carried out the project “Potential evaluation and demonstration project of CO2 Geological Storage in China”. During this project, we developed an evaluation index system and technical methods for the potential and suitability of CO2 geological storage based on China’s geological conditions, and evaluated the potential and suitability of the primary basins for CO2 geological storage, in order to draw a series of regional scale maps (at a scale of 1:5000000) and develop an atlas of the main sedimentary basins in China. By using these tools, we delineated many potential targets for CO2 storage. We also built techniques and methods for site selection and the exploration and assessment of CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers. Furthermore, through cooperation with the China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Ltd., we successfully constructed the first coal-based demonstration project for CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers in the Yijinhuoluo Banner of Ordos in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which brought about the basic preliminary theories, techniques, and methods of geological CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers under China’s geological conditions.     

Modeling and predicting of drainage quality for sulfide mine tailings impoundments

Effluent from tailings impoundments of sulfide mine is an important environmental problem. The oxidation of sulfide minerals in tailings impoundments and consequent release of acid and contaminants, including heavy metals and arsenic, to tailings pore-water can last for decades to centuries. Pollution of water bodies including surface water and groundwater occurs when infiltration of precipitation is unhindered, bottom liners are absent and no drainage collection is installed. So there is a great need to develop reliable modeling techniques for characterizing geochemical interactions taking place within the tailings and predicting potential future environmental hazard which favor further prevention and remediation of the acidic mine drainage （AMD）. In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic model for tailings-water interaction was established on the basis of considering the coupling and feedback among many factors and processes such as sulfide oxidation, gangue dissolution, oxygen diffusion, water flow and mass transport,     

Coordinated Exploration Model and its Application to Coal and Coal-associated Deposits in Coal Basins of China

China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM), an unconventional natural gas resource. Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare, precious, and scattered metal minerals, including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li. High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos, Junggar, and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources. Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits, such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal, achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources. Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins, the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed, and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed. Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series, extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits. Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal, unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a 'one-time approach' ―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction. According to the differences of geological background in China's coal basins, four coordinated exploration model types, including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas, coal and solid minerals, coal and metal minerals, and coal with water resources are established. Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal, coal-associated gas, solid minerals, and metal minerals accordingly. The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys, drilling, logging, and geochemical exploration. Particularly, applying the 'multi-purpose drill hole' or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells, adding sample testing and logging wells, determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement, jointly measuring multiple logging parameters, sampling, and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources, coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources, and coal-associated element minerals. Accordingly, a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established. This includes high-resolution, hyperspectral remote-sensing technique, high-precision geophysical exploration and fast, precise drilling, testing of experimental samples, as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors, multi-exploration means, multi-parameter configuration and optimization, big data fusions and interpretation techniques. In recent years, the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces, discovering several large, ten-billionton coalfields, such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins, and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang, Xinjiang, discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia, the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit, Lincang, Yunnan, and the Wulantuga, Inner Mongolia, Ge-bearing coal deposits, and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.     

The Status Quo and Outlook of Chinese Coal Geology and Exploration Technologies

Coal is China＇s dominant energy resource. Coal geological exploration is the basis of sustainable development of coal industry. Since the late 1990s, the advances in Chinese coal geology and exploration techniques have been shown in the following aspects. （1） The basic research of coal geology has changed from traditional geological studies to earth system science; （2） Breakthroughs have been achieved in integrated exploration techniques for coal resources; （3） Evaluation of coal and coalbed methane resources provides important basis for macropolicy making for China＇s coal industry and construction of large coal bases; （4） Significant advances have been made in using information technology in coal geological exploration and 3S （GPS, GIS, RS） technology. For the present and a period of time in the future, major tasks of Chinese coal geological technology are as follows： （1） solving resources replacement problem in eastern China and geological problems of deep mining; （2） solving problem of integrated coal exploration of complex regions in energy bases of central China, and resources problems induced by coal exploitation; （3） making efforts to enhance the level of geological research and resources evaluation of coal-accumulation basins in western China; （4） strengthening geological research of clean coal technologies; （5） strengthening geological research of the problems in modern coal mining and safe production; （6） promoting information technology in coal resources and major geological investigations.     

Heavy metal retention by soil mineral phases during a potential soil contamination by sewage sludge

The immobilization conditions of heavy metals （Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb） potentially released from sewage sludge to soils were examined. Competitive adsorption experiments, sequential extraction and analytical electron microscopic studies were performed on soils with different compositional characteristics to gain information about the interaction and association of metals with soil minerals. The results showed that Cu and Pb can be characterized by a preferred adsorption in contrast to Zn and Ni independent of initial metal concentrations, ratios, and soil composition. Precipitation is the dominating retardation process in the sample containing carbonates, but it is also characteristic of metals with inhibited adsorption in samples free of carbonate. Both Cu and Pb show high affinity towards organic matter. Differences in metal affinities towards different clay minerals show the immobilization of Cu rather by specific adsorption and that of Pb rather by ion exchange. According to the sequential extraction studies the role of ion exchange is the most important process for the retardation of Zn, and in the sample containing montmorillonite. The specific adsorption is significant mostly for Cu and Pb, and primarily in samples rich in organic matter and containing vermiculite. The co-precipitation of metals with Fe-Mn oxides is significant primarily for Cu, but in some cases Pb and Zn can be also found in this fraction. In general, the strength of immobilization for the studied metals is as follows： Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Ni. Significantly higher metal adsorption was found by the phases in the sample containing carbonates, as well as in samples characterized by the close association of clay minerals and iron oxides. Smectite and vermiculite are the most important adsorbents in soils for all of the metals. Additionally, iron-oxides immboilize significant amounts of Cu and Zn, too.     

PREFACE

The Abstracts of Chinese Geological Literature is edited and published by China Geological Library with an aim to provide bibliographic information to foreign geological circles on Chinese geological literature. The Abstracts is published in four numbers per annum. It gives references to more than one hundred Chinese periodicals and serials of geology and other interdisciplinary sciences, each issue containing about 500 citations. Information is arranged in the entries as follows: Entry nu…     

Chemical origin of acid mine drainage and its computer simulation with Phreeqc——-A case study of Zibo coal mining district

Research on the origin of acid mine drainage （AMD） is helpful to find a way to avoid and remediate AMD and its pollution. AMD is mainly from pyrite （FeS2）-containing minerals （such as coal and ore） during mining process and reproduction, and is common and dangerous to water environment in the world. The results of research showed that ions of calcium and magnesium in AMD came mainly from calcite and dolomite. To my knowledge, other sources （such as chlorite） for the ions and their chemical origin were not studied. In this paper, the AMD in the Zibo coal-mining district as a case, its chemical characteristics and its origin were determined. And based on the analysis of the regional geological conditions, Phreeqc was used to stimulate the AMD＇s chemical origin. The results showed that acidification and neutralization are two processes, and the characteristics depended upon chemical reactions that occurred in the two processes. In the AMD, sulfate ion came from FeS2 and is an indicator of acid process, and ions of calcium and magnesium originated from calcite and chlorite and were indicators of neutral process.     

PREFACE

<正>The Abstracts of Chinese Geological Literatureis edited and published by China Geological Library with an aim to provide bibliographic information to foreign geological circles on Chinese geological literature. The Abstracts is published in four numbers per annum.It gives references to more than one hundred Chinese periodicals and serials of geology and other     

Relationship between Granite and Eclogite on the Southern Margin of the Qilian Mountains: Evidence from Zircon SHRIMP Agesof the Aolaoshan Granite

Zircon SHRIMP ages of the Aolaoshan granite on the south margin of the Qilian Mts. range from 445±15.3 to 496±7.6 Ma (averaging 473 Ma), belonging to the Early Ordovician. Geochemically, the granite is similar to I-type granite and, tectonically, was formed in an island-arc environment based on relevant diagrams for structural discriminations. Considering also the regional geology, the authors suggest that the granite is part of an ultrahigh-pressure belt on the south margin of the Qilian Mts. and that its formation bears a close relationship to this belt.     

Quantitative Geoscience and Geological Big Data Development: A Review

After long-term development, mathematical geology has today become an independent discipline. Big Data science, which has become a new scientific paradigm in the 21 st century, gives rise to the geological Big Data, i.e. mathematical geology and quantitative geoscience. Thanks to a robust macro strategy for big data, China’s quantitative geoscience and geological big data’s rapid development meets present requirements and has kept up with international levels. This paper presents China’s decade-long achievements in quantitative prediction and assessment of mineral resources, geoscience information and software systems, geological information platform development, etc., with an emphasis on application of geological big data in informatics, quantitative mineral prediction, geological environment and disaster management, digital land survey, digital city, etc. Looking ahead, mathematical geology is moving towards "Digital Geology", "Digital Land" and "Geological Cloud", eventually realizing China’s grand "Digital China" blueprint, and these valuable results will be showcased on the international academic arena.     

Heavy metal distribution and evolution in acid mine drainage system developed from nickel sulfide tailings （Western Australia）

Compared to the regional groundwater, at B. S. nickel mine （W. Australia）, the groundwater in the vicinity of the tailings storage facility displays low pH （minimum 2.9, mean 4.95）, high electrical conductivity, and elevated concentrations of A1 and heavy metals （Co, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cu）. Contours of heavy metal concentrations and pH values show that the acid drainage, which was developed from sulfide tailings and confined to the tailings storage facility, is concentrated at the northwest comer of the facility, moving northwest-southeastward across the northeast part of the facility. There has been no significant rainfall to contribute to the groundwater recharge in the study region, thus groundwater fluctuations around the facility are from infiltration through the evaporation pond and tailing slurry in the facility. Infiltration waters continuously leach the tailing pile which contains sulfide minerals including pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and trace amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, etc. Oxidation of these minerals led to the formation of acidic water and this acidic water assists the dissolution of sulfide minerals, which are transported into the groundwater. Therefore, it is no surprise that the heavy metals tend to move down the tailing profile, as opposed to being concentrated on the upper part of the regional weathered profile （by adsorption of weathered clay that normally resides on the surface）. Quarterly monitoring （from November 2003 to August 2004） of the contaminated groundwater showed median pH values about 5, groundwater levels and heavy metal concentrations remained stable except for May 2004, when both decreased simultaneously.     

Mercury and lead in a single strand of pinnule of snow petrel （Pagodroma Nivea） in the Antarctic

In this study, we applied synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique （SR-XRF） to investigate the heavy metals including Hg and Pb in a few single strands of pinnule of the outermost wing feather of snow petrel （Pagodroma Nivea） collected in the Antarctic. The microscopic distributions of Hg and Pb along with the strand of pinnule show significant variation and the types of distribution are different for pinules, suggesting that external contamination may have an important impact on the levels of Hg and Pb, rather than reflecting levels in the blood during feather formation. This should be taken into account in future monitoring studies. The sources of Hg and Pb detected in the feather were also discussed. Using feathers of snow petrel to investigate the springtime mercury depletion events （MDEs） in the Antarctic were proposed.     

PREFACE

正The Abstracts of Chinese Geological Literatureis edited and published by China Geological Library with an aim to provide bibliographic information to foreign geological circles on Chinese geological literature.The Abstracts is published in four numbers per annum.It gives references to more than one hundred Chinese periodicals and serials of geology and other interdisciplinary sciences,each issue containing about 500citations.     

Foreword

The International Geological Congress held every four years is a grand event for displaying the latest achievements in geological science and technology and carrying out academic exchange.After the 31st IGC, the Chinese geologists, like their counterparts in the rest of the world, started to pay more attention to the issues facing the world today, including the shortage of energy and resources, geological hazards, environmental degradation and sustainable socio-economic     

Foreword

The International Geological Congress held every four years is a grand event for displaying the latest achievements in geological science and technology and carrying out academic exchange.After the 31st IGC, the Chinese geologists, like their counterparts in the rest of the world, started to pay more attention to the issues facing the world today, including the shortage of energy and resources, geological hazards, environmental degradation and sustainable socio-economic