江西武山矽卡岩型铜矿床成矿流体演化及其成矿意义

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游多金属成矿带内重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一。文章对该矿床中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,重点分析了成矿流体的演化过程及其成矿意义。根据野外地质产状和室内岩相学特征,将武山矽卡岩型铜矿床热液成矿过程分为气成-高温热液期和热液期,前者包括矽卡岩阶段和磁铁矿阶段,后者包括石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。其中,石英-硫化物阶段是该铜矿形成的主要阶段,可进一步细分为辉钼矿-石英和黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英2个阶段。岩相学观察显示,包裹体类型有Ⅰ型含子矿物包裹体(L+V+S)、Ⅱ型气液两相包裹体(L+Ⅴ)和Ⅲ型气相包裹体(Ⅴ)。气成-高温热液期的石榴子石中流体包裹体数量不多,但Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型包裹体都有;而热液期的石英与方解石中流体包裹体数量众多,以Ⅱ型包裹体为主。从早期矽卡岩阶段至碳酸盐阶段,成矿热液经历了从高温(378~518℃)、高盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于17.3%~45.1%)向低温(113~250℃)、低盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于3.4%~11.9%]的持续演化。热液演化过程中发生了流体沸腾作用和岩浆热液与大气降水的混合作用。其中,矽卡岩阶段的水-岩作用、沸腾作用与矽卡岩的形成密切相关,而成矿阶段的沸腾作用与混合作用可能是铜矿床形成的重要机制。H、O同位素研究表明,各成矿阶段的成矿流体以岩浆水为主,但随着成矿作用的进行,大气降水在成矿流体中的体积质量逐渐增大。     

西藏班-怒带西段荣那铜（金）矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

荣那铜(金)矿床是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段新发现的矿床,是多龙矿集区的重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模,具有超大型矿床的成矿潜力。荣那铜(金)矿床矿石矿相学与岩相学研究显示其具有典型高硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床的矿物组合(明矾石、硫砷铜矿等)和矿化蚀变特征。通过资料收集与野外观察,本文将荣那铜(金)矿床的成矿过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段与碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。为查明该矿床的成矿流体特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的石英脉(均为主成矿阶段含黄铁矿、黄铜矿石英脉)开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:80~440℃和4.63%~11.95%NaCl eqv;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:320~440℃和5.55%~10.74%NaCl eqv;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为200~400℃和29.4%~32.56%NaCl eqv;富液相与富气相包裹体的气体成分除少量N2外,气体成分均为H2O。综合分析认为,荣那矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。可见,荣那矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合及蚀变特征,但主成矿阶段石英脉流体包裹体特征与典型斑岩型铜(金)矿床的流体包裹体特征相似。因此,推测荣那高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿的深部存在斑岩型铜金矿化,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型-斑岩型铜金矿床。     

内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子铅锌矿床流体包裹体及矿床成因类型研究

内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子铅锌矿床是大兴安岭南段新发现的一个矿床,矿体赋存于下二叠统大石寨组海相火山岩建造中,矿体受夕卡岩控制。根据手标本中脉体穿插关系和岩石薄片中观察的矿物共生组合特征,文中将长岭子铅锌矿的成矿过程划分为4个阶段：干夕卡岩阶段、湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段,分别以石榴子石±透辉石±硅灰石、石英+绿帘石+电气石+磁铁矿、石英+黄铁矿±磁黄铁矿±黄铜矿±方铅矿±闪锌矿和石英±方解石的矿物组合为标志。长岭子矿床主要发育水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子矿物多相包裹体(S型),前者可进一步划分为富液相(WL型)和富气相(WV型)两个亚类。干夕卡岩阶段辉石中主要发育S型和WL型包裹体,湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段绿帘石和石英中主要发育WL型、WV型和S型包裹体,石英硫化物阶段石英中可见所有类型的包裹体,石英碳酸盐阶段的石英±方解石脉中仅见WL型包裹体。干夕卡岩阶段辉石中流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为387~524 ℃和10.7%~52%(NaCleqv.);湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段包裹体均一温度为312~533 ℃,盐度为11.3%~60%(NaCleqv.);石英硫化物阶段包裹体均一温度介于182~329 ℃,盐度介于4.7%~38%(NaCleqv.);石英碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度为124~199 ℃,盐度介于3.1%~22.4%(NaCleqv.)。上述矿床地质和成矿流体特征表明长岭子铅锌矿为夕卡岩型矿床。成矿流体经历了自夕卡岩阶段高温、高盐度岩浆热液向石英碳酸盐阶段低温、低盐度大气降水热液的转变。石英硫化物阶段发育沸腾包裹体组合,表明成矿流体发生了沸腾作用,这可能是成矿物质沉淀的主要机制。     

延边五凤─五星山金（银）矿床的流体包裹体特征及成因模式

延边五凤五星山金(银)矿床是一个大型的典型低硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床。矿床由石英-方解石脉、石英脉以及细脉浸染状硫化物角砾状蚀变岩等矿体所组成;矿化可分为含黄铁矿块状石英、玉髓状石英脉、方解石-石英脉、方解石-沸石4个阶段,其中玉髓状石英脉阶段和方解石-石英脉阶段为主要成矿阶段。矿物流体包裹体的研究表明:(1)以气液两相包裹体为主,由孤立的原生包裹体和沿裂隙成串分布的次生包裹体构成;(2)均一温度为180~280℃;(3)盐度(w(NaCl))和密度分别为4.8%~7.02%,0.75~0.92 g/cm3;(4)成矿深度为0.15~0.32 km;(5)激光拉曼光谱实验获得流体包裹体的气相主要成分为水。结合氢氧同位素地球化学特征(δD值为-66‰~-98‰,平均为-87‰;δ18O值为3.18‰~-7.2‰,平均为-5.1‰),确定成矿流体是以水为主的循环大气水,受深部热流作用形成含矿热液,在伸展环境下沿断裂上升,在浅部由充填作用形成五凤石英-方解石脉、石英脉,深部通过沸腾作用形成五星山浸染状硫化物以及角砾状蚀变岩矿体。这与前人认为两矿区仅是通过沸腾作用而造成成矿物质沉淀的成矿观点有所不同。     

安徽安庆铜铁矿床成矿流体演化特征及其成矿意义

安庆铜铁矿床是长江中下游成矿带内重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一。本文对该矿床中的成矿流体进行了系统研究,分析 了成矿流体性质、来源及其演化过程,探讨了成矿机制。流体包裹体岩相学观察显示,矿床中的包裹体类型有Ⅰ型含子矿 物三相包裹体（L+V+S）、Ⅱ型气液两相包裹体（L+V）及少量Ⅲ型气相包裹体（V）;气成- 高温热液期的透辉石与石榴子 石中流体包裹体数量相对较少,以Ⅰ型包裹体为主;而热液期的石英与方解石中流体包裹体大量发育,以Ⅱ型包裹体为主。 激光拉曼探针分析和流体包裹体显微测温结果表明,成矿流体可近似地看作不饱和的NaCl-H2O 体系。从早矽卡岩阶段至碳 酸盐阶段,成矿流体经历了从高温（456.1~578.1℃）、高盐度（39.37%~54.58% NaCleq）向低温（112.3~312.4℃）、低盐度（7.59%~31.75% NaCleq）的持续演化。演化过程中经历了流体沸腾作用和岩浆热液与大气降水的混合作用,其中,早矽卡岩阶段的水- 岩作用、沸腾作用与矽卡岩成岩作用有关,水- 岩作用,而石英- 硫化物阶段的沸腾作用与混合作用可能是铜矿形成 的重要机制。氢、氧同位素研究表明气成- 高温热液期的成矿流体以岩浆水为主,而在热液期中石英- 硫化物阶段至碳酸 盐阶段大气降水在成矿流体中的比重逐渐增大。     

藏南扎西康矿集区姐纳各普金矿床地质与流体包裹体特征

姐纳各普金矿床位于藏南金锑成矿带东段,是近年来在扎西康矿集区内新发现的岩金矿床。矿床产于蚀变辉绿岩中,矿体受北西-南东向韧脆性断裂及层间破碎带控制。矿石类型有蚀变岩型和石英脉型2种,呈网脉状、角砾状及定向构造,土状、结晶、碎裂、糜棱结构;矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿及自然金,脉石矿物以石英、绢云母及绿泥石为主;围岩蚀变主要为黄铁绢英岩化和绿泥石化;据脉体穿插和矿物共生组合,将原生热液成矿期分为石英-黄铁矿(早)、石英-金-贱金属硫化物(中)和石英-碳酸盐矿物(晚)3个阶段。对矿石中石英流体包裹体研究显示,矿床主成矿阶段(中)流体包裹体主要为由纯CO_2、水溶液和富CO_2-水溶液流体包裹体3种所构成的非均一捕获流体包裹体组合(F.I.A.),均一温度为221.7~279.4℃,盐度为1.57%~6.74%,流体密度为0.58~0.88 g/cm~3,属中低温、低盐度、低密度、富CO_2的H_2O-Na Cl-CO_2±CH_4±N_2体系。主成矿阶段内见均一温度相近的不同类型包裹体和同类型具不同气液比的包裹体共存于同一视域,显示成矿流体的不混溶性,成矿温度为218.6~280.4℃,成矿压力为73~93 MPa。据成矿压力估算得成矿深度为5.8~7.9 km,成矿时的地温梯度为35~45℃/km。矿床地质特征及成矿流体性质表明,姐纳各普金矿床为与岩浆或岩浆热液活动有关的造山型金矿床,成矿与中新世印度—欧亚大陆碰撞挤压向伸展作用的转换有关。     

河南灵宝董家埝银矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

董家埝银矿位于小秦岭南缘,受小河断裂的次级构造控制,是小秦岭南带首次发现的大型贵金属矿床。矿床的热液成矿期分为3个阶段：石英—黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英—多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)和石英—碳酸岩化阶段(Ⅲ),其中石英—多金属硫化物阶段为主要成矿阶段。矿体主要发育气液两相包裹体(W型)、含CO₂包裹体(C型)及纯CO₂包裹体(PC型)3种类型,石英—黄铁矿阶段主要发育C型、W型和少量PC型包裹体,石英—多金属硫化物阶段主要发育W型和少量C型包裹体。第Ⅰ及第Ⅱ成矿阶段的石英流体包裹体的均一温度范围分别为151～270℃和126～240℃,且呈降低趋势;盐度范围分别为3.8%～22.42%NaCleqv和4.16%～20.48%NaCleqv,整体变化不大,属于低盐度环境;CO₂由富转贫。估算成矿压力为22.08～76.6 MPa,成矿深度3.77～7.13 km,矿床类型为低盐度中低温中深成热液型银矿床。     

大兴安岭北段古利库金(银)矿床流体包裹体特征与成矿机制

古利库金(银)矿床位于中生代大杨树火山断陷盆地北东缘与新元古代-早寒武世落马湖隆起的接壤部位。矿体主要赋存于下白垩统龙江组火山岩及其与新元古界-下寒武统落马湖群变质岩接触带附近,严格受古火山机构及其外围的环形断裂控制。热液成矿阶段分为早期石英阶段、玉髓-黄铁矿阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段。对古利库矿床进行的系统岩相学和流体包裹体研究表明,流体包裹体类型为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体和纯气相包裹体,以富液相包裹体为主。成矿温度为136~367℃,从成矿早期至晚期分别为270~367,255~304,179~318,136~279℃。盐度w(NaCleqv)为1.4%~8.0%,成矿深度为1.0km,成矿流体以大气降水为主,显示低硫型浅成低温热液金矿成矿特征。含矿石英脉中广泛发育冰长石和叶片状方解石-石英,结合流体包裹体特征表明,流体的沸腾作用是引起成矿流体中矿质发生沉淀富集的主要成矿机制。     

延边五凤——五星山金(银)矿床的流体包裹体特征及成因模式

延边五凤五星山金(银)矿床是一个大型的典型低硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床.矿床由石英-方解石脉、石英脉以及细脉浸染状硫化物角砾状蚀变岩等矿体所组成;矿化可分为含黄铁矿块状石英、玉髓状石英脉、方解石-石英脉、方解石-沸石4个阶段,其中玉髓状石英脉阶段和方解石-石英脉阶段为主要成矿阶段.矿物流体包裹体的研究表明:(1)以气液两相包裹体为主,由孤立的原生包裹体和沿裂隙成串分布的次生包裹体构成;(2)均一温度为180～280 ℃;(3)盐度(w(NaCl))和密度分别为4.8%～7.02%,0.75～0.92 g/cm3;(4)成矿深度为0.15～0.32 km;(5)激光拉曼光谱实验获得流体包裹体的气相主要成分为水.结合氢氧同位素地球化学特征(δD值为-66‰～-98‰,平均为-87‰;δ18O值为3.18‰～-7.2‰,平均为-5.1‰),确定成矿流体是以水为主的循环大气水,受深部热流作用形成含矿热液,在伸展环境下沿断裂上升,在浅部由充填作用形成五凤石英-方解石脉、石英脉,深部通过沸腾作用形成五星山浸染状硫化物以及角砾状蚀变岩矿体.这与前人认为两矿区仅是通过沸腾作用而造成成矿物质沉淀的成矿观点有所不同.     

黑龙江宁安英城子金矿床的地质、流体包裹体特征与成因研究

英城子金矿床是典型的浅成热液型矿床,为确定矿床成矿条件,结合矿床地质特征同时对不同深度的同一条含金石英脉中的流体包裹体分别进行了显微测温和激光拉曼光谱的分析研究。研究结果表明:英城子金矿床矿石类型主要为蚀变岩型,其次为石英脉型;成矿过程分为以下4个阶段:(Ⅰ)石英-毒砂-黄铁矿阶段、(Ⅱ)石英-黄铁矿阶段、(Ⅲ)石英-多金属硫化物阶段、(Ⅳ)石英-硫化物阶段;流体包裹体的类型多数为气液两相,少数为气、液单相或三相包体,均一温度变化范围247.9℃~400.0℃,盐度[w(NaCl)]为3.15%~7.70%,成矿流体密度为0.65 g/cm3~0.87g/cm~3;结合包裹体激光拉曼光谱数据确定成矿流体属于中低温,中低盐度的CO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系;根据测温数据,该矿床的成矿压力为6~50 MPa、相应就位深度为0.11~0.65 km;由此可推测该矿床是与韧性变形作用有关的中温中压热液金矿床。结合前人有关成矿年代学的研究成果,可以进一步确认成矿作用发生在晚二叠世末亚洲洋壳俯冲作用晚期,且与陆内松嫩板块和佳木斯板块碰撞过程中构造体制的转换紧密相关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the