基于地物光谱的赤潮优势种识别研究

利用2001年获取的不同优势种赤潮水体的现场光谱数据，处理得到了不同优势种赤潮水体的遥感反射率光谱曲线；在此基础上，发展了基于光谱角度制图法(Spectral Angle Mapping，SAM)和互相关光谱匹配法(Cross Correlogram Spectral Mapping，CCSM)的赤潮优势种识别算法。数据实验结果表明，上述两种方法对于实现基于光谱数据的赤潮优势种识别是基本有效的，且CCSM方法的识别结果略优于SAM方法。进一步提高上述方法的适用性在于大量获取不同优势种赤潮的光谱数据并建立赤潮光谱数据库。     

紫露草微核对环境污染物的监测法

紫露草微核监测法是业已证实为监测环境污染物最有效的一种技术。这个监测法可以在现场测试空气中气体污染物或放射线，又可测定食品中或药物中有毒或有破坏性的液体或水溶性固体物质。如果要测试气体污染物或放射线时，应将紫露草含有花粉母细胞的花序的枝条放在污染环境的现场或是在密封的处理箱中；如果要测液体之类的污染物时，应使花枝由茎吸收污染物而转运到花粉母细胞申。如此，那些在早期减数分裂过程中所引起的染色体断裂部分，将在四分体时期变成微核。显微镜玻片可用醋酸洋红染色法制成。从大量的四分体中所得到的微核频率，可用作染色体损伤程度的指标。此监测法可直接显示出真核生物的生殖细胞染色体损伤的程度。监测的结果可以在二十四至四十八小时之内分析出来。这个监测法可算是目前最简便、最有效的监测系统．     

海岸线变化速率计算方法及影响要素分析

计算历史时期海岸线变化率常用的数学方法有端点法、平均速率法、线性回归法和折剪法。对于线性均变海岸，这几种方法的计算结果之间差异很小，反映的岸线变化趋势比较一致，但对于振荡性或过渡性海岸，计算结果之间有较大的差异。端点法和平均速率法能较好地反映长期岸线变化的总趋势；线性回归法有助于反映海岸变化的过程和规律性；折剪法则可以发现并删除数据序列中的不稳定因素，减小这些异常值的影响。平均速率法在引入最小临界时间概念后，可以平滑突发事件对总计算结果的影响。若引入最小临界时间前后的计算结果有较大变化，则应引起对海岸变化过程中的短期事件的关注。对线性均变海岸，在实际工作中可以根据从简有效的原则选择计算方法，而振荡性和过渡性海岸则应综合使用各种计算方法，尽量以多元回归法取代线性回归法来反映岸线变化规律。计算中使用的数据总量和取样频度、总采样时间长度及数据的精度均会影响到计算结果的精度。以山东日照的2个岸段为例，分析了过去20a间岸线的长期观测资料。结果表明，影响2个岸段演化的因素和2个海滩的发育过程明显不同。第一岸段为典型的线性均变海岸，各数学方法计算结果基本一致，根据过去20a的资料计算得到的岸线变化率，可以作为未来岸线变化预测的依据。而第二岸段则明显受到人为海岸活动的控制，不同方法计算的岸线变化率明显不同，岸线发展过程中的短期振荡性显著，根据历史观测资料计算的海岸线变化速率，仅可作为未来岸线变化趋势预测的背景资料，进一步的监测是科学预测未来岸线变化的基础。     

聚类算法结果的可视化分析方法

聚类结果的可视化是发现数据规律的有效手段。本文给出的过程法PC(Process Clustergram)通过记录聚类过程中各数据簇的数量变化、拆分和重组的情况,可以显式的看出数据集在聚类过程中数据簇的变化过程以及数据簇之间的数量变化。结果表明,相较于目前的可视化方法,本方法可以发现聚类结果的稳定性与数据集的某个维度的关系,这极大地提高了数据分析的效率。     

关于海水中微量金属离子的浓度

据文献报道，海水中若干微量金属离子的浓度，远低于饱和含量。并认为，对于Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd等许多元素来说，吸附可能是个控制浓度的因素。硫化物沉淀也可能出现，但可能不是浓度的控制因素。 本文用可靠的极谱法，对海水中Zn++、Pb++，Cu++、Cd++的饱和含量进行了研究，并与作者的单池示差反向极谱法现场海水测定数据作比较；进行了Zn++、Cu++的吸附试验；探讨了海水中微量金属离子与环境间可能存在的平衡过程。从而，探明了海水中微量金属元素的离子浓度(包括不稳定络合物)及其控制因素。     

SBE911plus CTD剖面仪的现场校正与数据处理

针对sBE911plus直读式CTD剖面仪在使用过程中传感器受环境等因素的影响而出现漂移的问题,着重阐述了现场分析和校正的方法.通过分析可以找出引起漂移的原因,计算出漂移斜率和漂移偏差.根据计算得到的结果进行现场校正可以消除传感器漂移引起的采样数据错误,为高精度数据的获取提供了保证.并且介绍了SBE911plus原始采样数据的处理方法,以及这个过程中必须注意的问题,如电导单元和水体热交换所引起的误差,以及船身起伏造成的数据"打结"现象的解决等.     

由压力、流速估计波浪方向谱数据处理方法

通过现场观测水底压力和矢量流速，可以估计海面波浪方向谱，此方法称为ＰＵＶ法。本文由不规则线性波浪理论和洪广文［２］方向谱概率模式结合导出ＰＵＶ估计谱的计算式，并针对实测数据受到干扰的问题、依据相关理论与经验，提出了谱估计的数据处理与修正方法     

冰排在锥面上的断裂长度

依据简化的窄锥冰力模型给出了冰排在锥面上弯曲断裂长度的分析解和无量纲参数（长厚比k)形式给出的结果。由此方法可得到与现场观测结果大体吻合的理论预测值。根据分析解，相关影响因素主要是冰排爬坡的阻力；取决于坡角和接触表面性质；其次是极限破坏时的接触宽度，与相互作用的过程相关，与相近分析模型的解及国外模型试验结果进行比较，说明提出的方程适用的主要范围是窄锥结构，并应满足弯曲变形的小挠度条件。     

基于遥感的红树林地上生物量估算研究进展

红树林生态系统地上生物量是碳储量评估和气候变化研究必需的基础数据之一，其估算方法是蓝碳研究的热点。遥感以其宏观、综合、动态、快速、可重复等特点，已成为红树林地上生物量估算的主要技术手段。本文综合国内外相关研究进展，分析了光学遥感、微波雷达、激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）数据源在红树林生物量估算的应用现状，以及多源遥感数据融合应用的优势；总结了基于遥感的统计模型、过程模型和间接法3种生物量估算方法的研究现状；从多源遥感数据的融合、发展机器学习算法和遥感过程模型、长时序分析，以及建立红树林地面调查数据集等角度对红树林生物量遥感估算进行展望。     

海涂围垦工程中悬挂式爆破挤淤基础处理技术探讨

沿海软土地基围涂工程中悬挂式爆破挤淤基础处理断面结构设计中遇到的最大难题是对腰宽的处理,腰宽太窄则工后沉降大,反之,则断面石方量增大,投资增加,因此,试图通过工程实例说明悬挂式爆破挤淤基础处理断面设计及工程实施过程中遇到的问题及对策措施。     

Three-dimensional tidal current numerical model of the Oujiang Estuary

The characteristics of three-dimensional (3-D) tidal current in the Oujiang Estuary are investigated according to in situ observations. The Oujiang Estuary has features of irregular coastline, complex topography, many islands, moveable boundary, and submerged dyke, therefore, a 3-D numerical model on an unstructured triangular grid has been developed. The σ coordinate transformation, the moveable boundary and submerged dyke treatment techniques were employed in the model so it is suitable for the tidal simu...     

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the production and composition of fatty acids in plankton in a sub-Antarctic environment

We investigated the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the natural phytoplankton assemblage in Marine Cove on King George Island, Antarctica, in December 2005. The amount of newly synthesized phytoplankton polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was lower with exposure to full irradiation (PAR+UV-A+UV-B) than without such exposure (exposed instead to PAR+UV-A radiation) in an in situ incubation under the light conditions in two different types of incubation bottles: quartz bottles transmitting all light wavelengths including UV-B and polycarbonate bottles with no UV-B transmission and 20 % reduced PAR compared to the quartz bottle. However, the amount of newly synthesized saturated fatty acids was greater with than without UV-B radiation. Thus, UV-B radiation may have a significant influence on fatty acid synthesis in phytoplankton. In particular, the production of eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] was reduced during incubation under the natural solar radiation including UV-B. To understand the indirect influence of UV-B on herbivores (the secondary producer), we conducted feeding experiments with amphipods fed in situ on the natural phytoplankton assemblage. The amphipods fed on the phytoplankton with the low PUFA values also exhibited a low PUFA accumulation rate, which could negatively affect their growth, development, and reproduction. Consequently, the diminished rate of essential fatty acid synthesis [especially 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] in primary producers caused by UV-B exposure could affect the structure and function of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.     

MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN AN ENCLOSED WATER COLUMN

A CEE (2.5 m by 16 m) has been used to study the budget of organic production by measuring the changes in POC/N, oxygen and 14CO, uptake through three-week period. 14C primary production measurements were conducted with 4-hours and 24-hours incubation periods, and with size fractionation. Different types and sizes of bottle effects were examined. Results showed that the oxygen method production was highest, followed by the 14CO2 uptake method, and POC gain showed the lowest. The value of PQ should be more than 1.7. The ratio of 4-hour incubation to 24-hour incubation was 2.42±0.22, indicating that net daily production is equal to 9.7±0.9 h of illuminated growth. Different types and sizes of bottles had little effect on primary production.     

In vitro O2 fluxes compared with 14C production and other rate terms during the JGOFS Equatorial Pacific experiment

We report rates of gross and net O₂ production measured in vitro during JGOFS cruises in the equatorial Pacific in spring and fall, 1992. We scale O₂ productivities to net and gross C production. We then compare the calculated rates with ¹⁴C production and with new/export production measured by various techniques. ¹⁴C productivities in samples incubated for 24 h are about 45% of gross carbon production rates calculated from gross O₂ production. The difference is compatible with expected rates of the Mehler reaction, photorespiration, excretion, and community mitochondrial respiration. ¹⁴C production rates are similar to net carbon production rates in the upper half of the euphotic zone. At lower irradiances, where net C production can be zero or less, ¹⁴C productivities lie between net community production and gross primary production. Net carbon production rates in vitro are a factor of =4–20 times greater than estimates from drifting sediment trap and tracer transport studies. This difference probably reflects anomalous accumulation of POC in bottles because of the exclusion of grazers.     

A lightweight vertical rosette for deployment in ice-covered waters

A lightweight modular rosette system has been developed that can be launched and recovered from aircraft in ice-covered waters through a 12 in. diameter hole in the ice. The small diameter is achieved by the modular design, in which a CTD module is attached to the end of a conducting cable and water bottle modules (four 4-L bottles per module) are positioned vertically above it. A novel tripping mechanism based on melting a link of monofilament line is used to close the water bottles at the desired depths. After launching the rosette, the cast proceeds like a normal rosette cast with the traces of temperature, salinity, oxygen and other desired sensors being displayed on a computer screen during the down and up casts and tripping the bottles electronically at the desired depths on the up cast. A Seabird 19+ CTD and Seabird 43 oxygen sensor are mounted in the CTD module and data acquisition and bottle tripping are controlled using a Seabird 33 deck unit and Seabird's SeaSave software run on a laptop computer. Deployment and recovery are done in a heated tent attached to the aircraft to prevent the water from freezing. After recovery the bottle modules are placed in coolers with bags of snow to stabilize the cooler temperature close to 0 °C, which is within ±1.8 °C of the in situ temperature, and the modules are transported back to a base camp for subsampling and sample processing. This system has been used to collect over 250 water samples in the ice-covered Lincoln Sea and the quality of the samples for dissolved gases and other constituents has been excellent.     

Mercos — A simple Teflon sampler for ultratrace metal analysis in seawater

This paper describes an uncomplicated sampling technique for ultratrace element analysis of coastal and surface seawaters (maximum depth 100 m). The sampler system is very easy to operate. To prevent contamination problems, interchangeable 500-ml Teflon bottles are used as both sampling and storage vessels. The seawater samples are stabilized in situ by preacidifying the sampling bottles. For the determination of mercury in seawater the desired system has been developed: sampling bottle = storage bottle = reaction vessel.     

东太平洋多金属结核中铁、锰元素的分形演化及其意义

运用分形理论,通过建立不同的相空间,计算了东太平洋多金属结核中的铁、锰元素的时间序列在各相空间中的关联分维,并与其在沉积物岩心中的关联分维进行了对比.通过研究发现,多金属结核中铁、锰元素和沉积物中Fe₂O₃及MnO在分形演化过程中均存在分维吸引子,认为沉积物中的Fe₂O₃和MnO可以用3个变量来描述,它们可能代表了火山、生物和陆地的三种来源,而描述结核中的铁、锰元素却需要14个变量,反映多金属结核中铁、锰元素的来源和/或赋存非常复杂,至少有14个因素在起作用,可能暗示了结核在形成过程中存在复杂的生物化学作用,为多金属结核的生物成因提供了间接的数学证据,同时也合理解释了结核生长结构所具有的自相似韵律现象.     

Determination of benzene at low parts per trillion levels in seawater

This paper reports a sampling and analysis method, incorporating the technique of dynamic headspace sampling, which has been optimized for the rapid and precise determination of low ppt levels of benzene in seawater. One-liter, standard-taper glass reagent bottles are used as the combined sampling container and purge device reservoir. For sampling, the bottle is equipped with a teflon stopcock gas adapter, evacuated, connected via teflon tubing to a piece of glass tubing sealed on one end, and placed in a bucket attached to the ship's hydrowire. Filling is initiated at the desired depth by breaking the sealed glass tube with a messenger. For purging, the gas adapter is replaced with a gas-dispersion tube, a Tenax trap is attached, and the stirred, heated sample is purged with helium. The Tenax traps are designed to fit into the unmodified injection port of the gas chromatograph for thermal desorption. They consist of 6-mm o.d. by 4-mm i.d. glass tubes packed with a 5-cm length of Tenax GC. Sample temperature, purge rate, and purge time are all optimized for maximum benzene recovery, which averages 95%. The chromatographic column used is 0.3% Carbowax 20M on Carbopack C, 3.2 mm × 1.3 m stainless steel, programmed from 0°C to 180°C. Overall recovery precision is 14% RSD at a level of 15 ppt.     

用改进的荧光标记技术测定具沟急游虫的摄食速率

于1997年10月在厦门西海域采集纤毛虫常见种－具沟急游虫，采用改进的荧光标记法的实验室条件下进行纤毛虫的摄食速度研究，结果表明，改进的荧光标记法具有操作简便，节省昂贵的荧光梁料，固定液浓度易掌握等优点，用该方法在常温下（22℃）测得纤毛虫对细菌和微藻的摄食速率分别为4.224pgC/(cell.h)和5.0pgC/(cell.h)，将此实验结果外推至自然海区，可得台湾海峡南部夏季纤毛虫对细菌，微藻的同化率分别为0.0176mgC/(m^3.d)和0.0201mgC/(m^3.d),北部冬季分别是0.0238mgC/(m^3.d)和0.0272mgC/(m^3.d).在实验条件下，温度较低时（14－26℃）对纤毛虫的摄食速度影响较大，但在较高温度（26－34℃）时差异不明显。     

The summertime net transport of dissolved oxygen,salt and heat in a salt marsh basin,North Inlet,S.C.

This study addresses the impact marshes have on the dissolved oxygen content of tidal waters, particularly during summer when respiratory demand for oxygen in adjacent coastal waters is at a maximum and the solubility of oxygen is lowest. The net transports of dissolved oxygen, salt and heat have been measured for 65 tidal cycles during late spring and summer for a small (0·14 km²) salt marsh basin near North Inlet, S.C. The results indicate that export of dissolved oxygen occurs only on tidal cycles that begin between 2:00 am and 10:00 am such that high tide occurs within 4 h of noon. The largest exports of oxygen and heat are produced by spring tides beginning near sunrise. Although the time window for oxygen export is only about 8 h in duration, there is a more or less overall long-term balance between export and import because the magnitude of oxygen export is about 25% greater than import. The magnitude of heat export similarly exceeds heat import but because the time windows for heat export and import are equal, there is an overall export of heat. This study thus suggests that in summer salt marshes of the Atlantic coast export heat and are in balance with respect to the export and import of dissolved oxygen. However, because of the interaction of the diurnal tide with the daily cycle of solar radiation, transient dissolved oxygen concentrations in tidal waters can range from 1.5 to 10.0 ppm. Thus loading of additional oxygen consuming materials to these waters possibly could lead to significant periods of anoxia.