面向对象的红树林信息提取

红树林是世界上最重要的生态系统之一,对于海岸带的保护起着非常重要的作用。然而,由于红树林所处的地理环境,对其进行实地调查是很困难的。遥感的出现,为我们研究红树林提供了一个很好的技术手段。但由于红树林的光谱信息与其他植被光谱信息的相似性,给红树林信息的提取带来了很大的困难。基于IKONOS卫星影像,采用面向对象的信息提取方法,利用简单的决策树分类方法进行了海岸带红树林信息提取的实验,得到了很好的结果,并与其他方法进行了比较。     

基于CU-Net模型的红树林自动识别方法研究——以广东省珠海市淇澳岛为例

红树林对维护生物多样性以及生态平衡等具有重要意义。因此,高效、精确地提取红树林植被信息以及实时对其进行监测十分必要。本文提出了一种高分辨率遥感影像红树林像素级精确提取的深度学习方法。针对红树林遥感分类精度不高的问题,通过强化图像中心信息,弱化边缘信息的方法引入CLoss损失函数,添加Dropout、Batch Normalization层构建了适用于红树林识别的CU-Net模型,采用滑动重叠拼接方法构建了新的预测模型,有效解决了预测结果边缘信息不足以及有拼接痕迹的问题。将本文方法的识别结果与U-Net、SegNet、DenseNet模型的预测结果以及传统的SVM、RF方法进行对比,结果表明,本文模型相较于其他深度学习模型泛化能力更强,识别效果更好,在两个测试区域的平均总体精度、平均交并比分别达到了94.43%、88.12%,平均F1-分数在红树林和普通树木的精度分别达到了95.96%、90.49%,精度明显高于传统的SVM、RF方法,也高于其他几种神经网络方法,验证了该模型在红树林识别领域的有效性,可为高分辨率遥感红树林识别领域提供一条新的思路。     

红树林防灾减灾功能研究进展及保护修复建议

本文全面总结分析了国内外关于红树林在消浪（波）弱（缓）流、抵御风暴潮灾害、防风,以及减轻海啸灾害和适应海平面上升等领域的研究进展。结果表明,100 m宽度的红树林带可消减13%～66%的海浪波高,每千米宽度的红树林带可将风暴潮最高水位消减4～48 cm,数百米宽度的红树林可以使海啸引起的淹没深度降低5%～30%。红树林植被密度、植被带的宽度、植被形态特征、地形与高程等因素是影响其减灾功能的关键因素。红树林减灾作用机理研究和定量评估方法主要包括基于现场观测数据分析、物理模型试验和数值模拟3类方法。众多学者开展了红树林对水体流动的拖曳力系数研究,模拟了红树林中的水体运动的波流运动模型。然而,目前红树林减灾功能的现场观测数据仍然偏少,物理模型试验和数值模型中采用的红树模型较为简单,对不同种类红树林的复杂特征以及植被柔性作用的考虑尚显不足,需要进一步研究。此外,红树林保护修复应该充分考虑生态和减灾协同增效的因素,构建基于自然解决方案的海岸综合防护体系,提出红树林生态系统修复的优化布局。     

基于HY-1C CZI影像光谱指数重构数据MNF变换的红树林提取

本文基于广西山口国家红树林生态自然保护区的HY-1C卫星的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)影像,分析了红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱特征及其光谱指数的相关性,采用归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、归一化差异水分指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)、大气阻抗植被指数(Atmospheric Impedance Vegetation Index,ARVI)及利用CZI波段构建的光谱斜率比(CZI Visible Spectrum Slope Ratio,CVSSR)4个指数替代CZI原始波段形成重构数据,基于重构数据的最小噪声分离变换(Minimum Noise Fraction Rotation,MNF)结果分量,建立决策树并实现了红树林信息的自动提取。研究结果表明:结合本文所选光谱指数重构数据及MNF变换方法,能够有效增强CZI影像上红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱差异,基于MNF变换分量建立的决策树可有效提取红树林信息,经与专家解译结果比对,...     

中巴资源卫星在红树林遥感调查中的应用研究

利用资源卫星信息提取技术，探讨中巴资源卫星(CBERS-1 CCD)数据在红树林资源调查中的应用能力。由于红树林群落间光谱特征的近似性和数据本身光谱信息的限制，给分类信息提取带来了困难。将红树林植被分布区与陆地植被分开，结合实地调查结果准确选取各群落训练区，采用神经网络分类法分类，获得了精度较高的分类结果。在此基础上，对主要群落的空间分布特征进行了简要分析。     

基于多源遥感数据的淇澳岛红树林范围提取研究

本文使用Landsat-8影像、Sentinel-2影像、高分6号影像和ASTER GDEM数据等多源遥感数据,采用随机森林监督分类方法提取珠海淇澳岛红树林分布范围,对比不同影像数据提取红树林的精度及适用性。实验结果表明：使用三类遥感影像分别进行红树林范围提取,Sentinel-2影像提取红树林范围总体精度最高;在三类遥感影像中分别增加DEM数据、波段指数和纹理信息后,红树林范围提取精度可进一步提升;增加DEM数据后,精度提升最明显,高分6号影像增加纹理信息后,精度也有较大提升。通过对比可知,Sentinel-2影像拥有较多的光谱波段及适中的空间分辨率,是最合适的红树林范围提取数据源,而ASTER GDEM数据便于区分红树林和陆生植被,是比较好的辅助数据。通过对多源遥感影像及辅助数据提取红树林范围进行对比分析,为红树林遥感提取数据源选取及红树林提取精度提升提供了参考和借鉴。     

基于国产高分遥感的人工种植红树林种间分类方法研究——以广西茅尾海红树林为例

红树林的种间结构组成对红树林生态系统的健康和发展至关重要,而红树林种间分类问题一直以来都是基于遥感手段的红树林监测中的难点。针对该问题,以人工种植为特点的广西茅尾海红树林遥感种间分类为例,基于面向对象的分类思想,提出了一种现场样本与分割对象相结合的红树林种间分类方法。利用GF-2 PMS1高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,开展了广西茅尾海红树林湿地典型植被精细分类和空间分布研究,并将分类结果与基于像素和传统面向对象SVM分类方法进行了对比。结果显示:总体上,面向对象分类方法更适合用于茅尾海红树林湿地典型植被分类;对于局部混生明显的区域使用基于像素SVM分类方法效果会更好;传统面向对象分类方法中将整个影像分割对象单元作为训练样本可能会在某种程度上造成负面影响。因此,使用文中提出的样本选择新方法进行面向对象分类精度最高,总体精度达到了93.13%,Kappa为0.89。     

广东红树林的现状与保护

红树林是热带滩涂特有的植被和植物资源之一,是全球的珍稀植物。一般所称的红树林,是指海潮所能到达(包括特大潮)的地方生长的乔木灌木植物群落,统属红树林。 红树林在热带潮间带环境中维持较高的毛初级生产力。其生产力传递给以甲壳类动物为主的无脊椎动物群,很多无脊椎动物直接吃红树林的叶子和嫩枝碎屑,且红树林系统为幼苗阶段的鱼和虾在洄游时提供了一个隐蔽和食物丰富的栖息场所。没有这些红树林,水域就会缺少营养物质,使海产品产量下降。     

基于GF-2影像的广西茅尾海红树林物种分类及盖度估算分析

为了掌握茅尾海红树林种类和盖度情况,基于GF-2 PMS1高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,使用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和回归模型方法开展了茅尾海红树林物种分类和植被盖度估算研究,并对其分布特征展开了详细分析。研究表明:(1)广西茅尾海红树林共有4个种类,分别是桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)。桐花树作为茅尾海红树林的优势种,面积为1228.612 ha,占总面积72.5%,散布在茅尾海潮间带。秋茄面积最少,仅有1.976 ha,零星分布于茅岭乡和尖山镇沿岸,多数与无瓣海桑和桐花树混生。(2)基于GF-2 PMS1卫星影像的NDVI植被指数建立的二次多项式盖度回归模型效果最好,决定系数最大为0.7644,均方根误差RMSE最小为0.0680。(3)植被盖度分布状况与植被类型有密切关系,植被种类纯生区的盖度要明显大于植被混生区的盖度。本研究结果为茅尾海国家海洋公园和自治区级自然保护区管理部门的决策提供理论基础。     

雷州半岛红树林边缘效应及其对海岸有机碳库的影响

作为滨海湿地与邻近海区之间物质循环、能量和物种流动及其相互作用的重要界面,红树林的边缘效应对研究海陆生态系统相互作用,滨海湿地生物地貌形成过程以及海岸带有机碳库分布格局等方面的具有重要意义。文章以雷州半岛东岸红树林4种典型地貌分布区为重点,通过调查红树林前缘光滩,林缘及林内植被及土壤理化特征的变化,探讨红树林边缘效应的表现及其对土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明,不同地貌类型红树林边界区的群落结构及土壤理化因子分布特征有所不同。边界区群落特征表现为林缘的冠层低于林内,叶面积指数低于林内,物种丰富度林内高于林缘(除河口区外),且林缘的植被盖度受风浪影响显著,表现出河口区>内湾区>岛屿区>前沿浪击区。土壤理化性质边缘效应表现为林缘的pH值、粒度低于光滩,氧化还原电位、盐度高于光滩(除内湾区外),而林内的土壤理化性质波动较大,可能受林缘植被演替及地貌双重影响。不同地貌单元红树林边界区的土壤表层有机碳含量,有机碳密度均表现为林内>林缘>光滩。综合影响表层土壤有机碳的主要生物及非生物因子进行主成分分析和相关分析,结果显示土壤表层有机碳密度与环境第一主成分呈显著负相关,即受植被盖度,叶面积指数和土壤pH因子影响密切。红树林土壤有机碳沉积虽然受到不同水文地貌的影响,但总体而言,红树林初级生产输入和土壤酸性环境对红树林林下土壤有机碳库的富存贡献显著。     

厦门西港红树林的卫星遥感测绘

厦门西港原有大面积红树林，几十年来受到很大破坏，需采取措施进行监测绘和管理，卫星遥感宏观大尺度，可以快速，准确地进行红树林的监测测绘，比传统的人工调查方法省时省力。本项目运用Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ卫星ＴＭ－ＣＣＴ数字影像磁带为信息源。通过图像计算机系统进行几保精校正，假彩色合成，ＳＣＡＬＥ线性增强和一阶直方图分段线性拉伸；训练区监督分类，以及红树林区的面积积分运算等步骤，获得了厦门西港红树林区１：５０００     

Vegetation of Mangroves： Spatial and Temporal Pattern of itsDominant Populations in Futian National Nature Reserve

The community characteristics of mangroves in the Futian Nature Reserve,Shenzhen, China are given based on surveying of 33 quadrats in 4 transects which stretch from the higher tidal zone to the lower tidal zone. The results show that there are 6 community types in this area: Kandelia candel association, Avicennia marina association, A egiceras corniculatum association, Kandelia candel Aegiceras corniculatum association,degiceras corniculatum Kandelia candel association and Acanthus ilicifolius association.Kandelia candel, degiceras corniculatum and dvicennia marina dominate the typicalquadrats. Kandelia candel can be seen at almost all quadrats, Aegiceras corniculatumdistributes mostly toward the estuary and the higher tidal zone, Avicennia marina distributesmostly toward the bay and the lower tidal zone, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza occasionally occurs toward the Estuary with one or several individuals, Acanthus ilicifolius was common towardthe higher tidal zone, as an accompanying species, Derris trifoliata was common in manymature ouadrats. Totallv. 6 snecies of man~rove plants and 3 soecies of semi-mangrove plants appear in this research area. From the higher tidal zone to the lower tidal zone, the average diameter and basal area of mangrove trees increase gradually. According to the results, the dvicennia marina dominates in average diameter and basal area, and the degicerascorniculatum trees are on the contrary. From the transect ! to the transect 4, the importance value ot dvicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel decreases, and degiceras corniculatum increases. In this area, the Kandelia candel population and Ae giceras corniculatum population are developing populations with many seedlings and saplings, but the Avicennia marina population is in a mature stage with few seedlings and not so many total individuals. According to this research, we suppose that Aegiceras corniculatum should be developed toward the estuary and the dvicennia marina association should be protected.     

Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay,South China

A change in the elevation of bare tidal flats outside a mangrove area is an indispensable factor for the sustainable development of mangroves. Waterline extraction, as an effective and economical tool used in reconstructing the terrain of an intertidal zone, has been widely applied to open-coast tidal flats by constructing a digital elevation model (DEM). However, mangrove wetlands are usually located in wave-sheltered sites, such as estuaries and bays that have narrow tidal channels flanked by tidal flats. Changes in water level are affected by the dry-wet processes of complex landforms caused by tides. This article takes as a study case the area of Yingluo Bay, which covers the core region of the Zhanjiang and Shankou National Mangrove National Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Waterline extraction based on seventeen multisource and multispectral satellite images obtained from December 2014 to April 2015, combining the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) hydrodynamic model in an iterative process, was used to generate a topographical map of the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove area in Yingluo Bay. The quality of the iterative DEMs was evaluated via six transects of a ground-based survey using Real - time kinematic (RKT) GPS in May 2015. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the DEM decreased with an increase in the number of iterations. In this study, the DEM in the third iteration was used as the final output because the difference from the previous iterative DEM satisfied an inversion-stopping criterion. The MAE and RMSE of the final DEM with the measured data were 0.072 and 0.09?m, respectively, without considering small tidal creeks. The method used in this study can be an effective and highly precise approach for detecting and reconstructing the historical terrain of a bare tidal flat outside a mangrove area. This work also has great importance regarding intertidal resource management and the sustainable development of mangroves facing the vulnerable coastal ecological environment.     

粤港澳大湾区红树林时空分布演变及现存林龄遥感分析

红树林作为热带、亚热带以红树植物为主体的海岸带生态系统,是重要的海岸湿地类型之一。本文使用多源、多时相遥感数据,形成了1969-2020年粤港澳大湾区岸线、围填海、养殖区、红树林分布数据图集,并利用联合红树林识别指数(CMRI)对大湾区现存红树林进行时序分析得到红树林林龄数据集。结果表明,通过多源遥感数据解译得到现存红树林数据集,结合CMRI时序数据可以建立现存红树林变迁历史,进而有效估算红树林林龄。粤港澳大湾区红树林的时空分布发生了明显变迁,现存红树林面积约为3 316 hm²,大湾区内部各地区存量林龄差异较大,整体林龄均值为20 a。近50年间,岸线整体向海移动,岸线变迁、围填海和养殖区变化显著影响红树林面积、空间分布及林龄大小,人工种植是近20年红树林恢复的主因。     

福建红树林上钻孔动物的生态

福建红树林上的钻孔动物共发现了５种，其中软体动物的龙骨节铠船蛆Ｂａｎｋｉａ ｃａｒｉｎａｔａ、裂铠船蛆Ｔｅｒｅｄｏ ｍａｎｎｉ和甲壳动物的光背团水虱Ｓｐｈａｅｒｏｍａ ｒｅｔｒｏｌａｅｖｉｓ是破坏红树林的主要的钻孔动物。钻孔动物钻凿红树茎的基部和裸露的根部，垂直分布受潮汐水位制约，在红树林区的纵深分布与水流畅通程度有关。     

基于资源三号的雷州湾红树林分类研究

基于面向对象的分类方法,不同参数组合会对红树林分类精度产生影响。以雷州半岛东岸附城镇沿海一带为研究区域,探索最优的参数组合以实现红树林的精确分类。利用资源三号(ZY-3)高分影像,基于图像光谱、形状和空间关系特征,对红树林进行分层次提取。结合红树林种类的光谱、空间特征差异,对比分析面向对象方法下不同因子、分割尺度及分类器对应下的分类精度,得出该研究区红树林树种在面向对象分类方法中的最优参数组合。结果表明:基于形状因子0.6+紧致度因子0.6、分割尺度为46的条件下,随机树分类器能有效区分无瓣海桑、白骨壤和秋茄三种红树林,总体精度为87.55%,Kappa系数为0.81。     

Nutrient fluxes in a semi-arid microtidal mangrove wetland in the Gulf of California

Nutrient (C, N and P) fluxes were monitored in a microtidal semi-arid mangrove system, which links a semi-enclosed shallow coastal lagoon with the Gulf of California. We assessed the role of the mangrove ecosystem as a nutrient sink/source and determined how mangrove litterfall rates, tidal regime and climate factors influence these fluxes. Despite high seasonal differences in DOC, POC, N-NO₃⁻ and TP levels, nutrient concentrations were only marginally influenced by either hydrological variables or the concentration of these fractions in the adjacent lagoon. The carbon budget appeared to be balanced throughout the study. Retention rates in the mangrove system were related to litterfall rates. Export of DIN was observed mainly in the wet season due to the low nitrogen assimilation efficiency of the system. Import of organic nitrogen was related to the high retention efficiency of particulate organic nitrogen. Phosphorus fractions were imported and retained in the mangrove supporting previous findings that mangroves are phosphorus sinks. Finally, through a simple meta-analysis we tested the quantitative importance of main variables (tidal flow, tidal elevation, tidal range, rainfall, mangrove catchment area, litterfall) controlling mangrove nutrient dynamics. Although results suggest that generalizations can be made about factors regulating nutrient export from mangroves, the lack of statistical significance highlights the relative importance of the local environment for the magnitude of nutrient exchange in mangroves. Future research should focus on finding mechanistic models to explain these general patterns, taking into account the main biogeochemical processes and their roles in coastal ecosystem ecology.     

北部湾大风江与南流江河口红树林空间分布格局研究

生长在潮间带的红树植物在河口植物群落构成、海岸防风消浪中具有重要价值。本文基于本地种桐花树胚胎浸泡下沉实验与北部湾南流江和大风江河口段水体盐度、沿线潮间带植物群落结构与地貌分析,探讨红树林在河口空间分布及影响因素。结果主要表明:南流江河口和大风江河口红树林自海向陆基本展现"红树林纯林(桐花树、秋茄、无瓣海桑种类混生)→红树植物与半红树植物(黄槿、苦朗等)混生→红树植物、半红树植物与非红树植物混生→红树植物镶嵌→稀疏红树林小苗"的分布格局,但大风江河口向陆界限主要以红树、红树幼苗及半红树混生为主。此外,红树被浸淹时长是控制河口红树空间分布结构的主要因素。潮水上溯时长影响红树向陆生长的极限位置,宜林滩地是红树发育生长的必要条件。     

Sedimentation within and among mangrove forests along a gradient of geomorphological settings

Coastal wetlands provide important ecological services to the coastal zone, one of which is sediment retention. In this study we investigated sediment retention across a range of geomorphological settings and across vegetation zones comprising coastal wetlands. We selected six coastal wetlands dominated by mangroves over a gradient from riverine to tidal settings in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Each site was comprised of three distinct vegetation communities distributed as parallel zones to the coast line: seaward fringe mangroves, landward scrub mangroves and saltmarsh/ cyanobacteria mat of the high intertidal zone. We measured suspended sediment retention and sedimentation rates. Additionally, in order to assess the origin of sediment transported and deposited in the mangroves, glomalin, a novel terrestrial soil carbon tracer, was used. Our results show a mean average sedimentation of 0.64 ± 0.01 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, which was variable within sites, regardless of geomorphological setting. However, geomorphological setting influenced spatial patterns of sediment deposition. Riverine mangroves had a more homogeneous distribution of sediments across the intertidal zone than tidal mangroves, where most sedimentation occurred in the fringe zone. Overall, the fringe zone retained the majority of sediment entering the coastal wetland during a tidal cycle with 0.90 ± 0.22 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, accounting for 52.5 ± 12.5% of the total sedimentation. The presence of glomalin in suspended sediments, and thus the relative importance of terrigenous sediment, was strongly influenced by geomorphological setting, with riverine mangroves receiving more glomalin in suspended solids than tidal mangroves. Glomalin was also differentially deposited within the vegetation zones at different geomorphological settings: primarily at the fringe zone of tidal mangroves and within the scrub zone of riverine mangroves. The differences we observed in the spatial distribution of sedimentation and the difference in the origin of the sediment deposited in riverine and tidal mangroves are likely to have an impact on ecological processes.