四川丹巴县典型滑坡GPS监测效果研究

本文介绍了利用GPS监测丹巴县甲居滑坡、干桥沟滑坡、红军桥滑坡和亚喀则滑坡昕获得的速度矢量图。监测结果表明：2006年8月～2007年12月甲居滑坡位移量北侧较南侧大,干桥沟滑坡位移量较小;2007年5月～12月红军桥滑坡位移量较小,亚喀则滑坡部分测站位移量较大,变形严重。     

四川丹巴县甲居滑坡GPS监测结果及分析

对四川丹巴县甲居滑坡开展的GPS监测表明,甲居滑坡可以分为南北两个区域,其中北部区域滑动较为明显;滑坡体北部水平位移速度53mm/a～200mm/a,垂直位移速度-3 mm/a～-21mm/a;滑坡体南部水平位移速度12mm/a～36mm/a,垂直位移速度-1mm/a～-5mm/a。GPS提供的水平位移量趋势性较好,而垂向位移量结果异常较多,反映出GPS的水平监测优势。GPS监测精度达到毫米级,完全满足滑坡监测的精度要求。     

Kinematics of the Cerca del Cielo, Puerto Rico landslide derived from GPS observations

Global positioning system (GPS) technologies have been increasingly employed to monitor landslide movements. This paper demonstrates the use of GPS in the study of a creeping landslide in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The landslide is primarily composed of chalk colluvium that extends to depths of about 30 m at the head zone and 2 to 3 m at the toe zone. The slip surface lies at the base of the chalk colluvium, which slides southeast over a weathered brown mudstone unit. GPS monitoring of the landslide began in March 2008. Both campaign rapid static and continuous static GPS surveying methods were applied. Precision at the level of 0.5 mm horizontally and 1.3 mm vertically was achieved through 24-h continuous GPS monitoring. Rainfall data from a local weather station was also integrated into the study. Rainfall heavily influenced the movements of the landslide. A heavy rainfall in September 2008, which dumped 50 cm rain on the landslide area over a 4-day period, temporarily accelerated the sliding and generated rapid movement of 1 m horizontally and 0.5 m vertically. The slide slowed markedly after this significant movement. A prolonged moderate rainfall in November 2009 also temporarily accelerated the sliding. The landslide remains active. The creeping appears likely to continue in the future with short bursts of rainfall-induced rapid movements. Potential landslide causes are investigated, and two measures to minimize future risk are proposed at the end of the article.     

基于InSAR形变监测的四川甲居古滑坡变形特征

位于四川省丹巴县聂呷乡甲居村的甲居古滑坡主要由甲居滑坡(H01)、聂呷坪滑坡(H02)、小巴旺村滑坡(H03)、聂拉村滑坡(H04)和山顶滑坡(H05)等5个次级滑体组成.受区域构造、强降雨、河流侵蚀、地层岩性等因素影响,甲居古滑坡次级滑体持续发生蠕滑变形,对位于滑体上的村庄、道路和前缘大金河等具有较大危害,2020年遭受50年一遇的强降雨后,古滑坡变形速率有进一步增大的趋势.采用SBAS-InSAR技术,结合遥感解译和现场调查,获取了甲居古滑坡2018年6月至2021年8月的地表变形特征,通过二维形变速率转换获取了甲居古滑坡沿斜坡向(slope)和垂直向(vertical)的形变速率.研究认为,甲居古滑坡沿雷达视线方向(V_LOS)形变速率最大达-179 mm/a,沿斜坡方向的形变速率(V_s)最大为-211 mm/a,沿垂直方向的变形速率(V_v)最大为-67 mm/a.甲居滑坡的北侧区域、聂拉村滑坡的南侧区域和山顶滑坡后缘变形较大,总体上位于强变形-极强变形区.甲居古滑坡的变形机制具有一定差异,其中甲居滑坡以牵引式变形为主,聂拉村滑坡以推挤式变形为主.由于古滑坡地质构造复杂、新构造活动强烈,在强降雨和河流侵蚀作用下极易导致滑坡蠕滑速率加快并进一步失稳,形成堵江溃坝等灾害.建议加强次级滑体的地表变形监测,为流域性地质安全风险防灾减灾提供技术支撑和科学依据.      

Measuring displacements of the Thompson River valley landslides,south of Ashcroft,BC, Canada,using satellite InSAR

The Thompson River valley, south of Ashcroft in British Columbia, Canada, has experienced several landslides since the mid-1800s. The national railways that run along the valley cross a number of these landslides. All the landslides occur in glacial deposits, typically sliding on weak clay layers. Some have failed rapidly to very rapidly and are currently inactive or showing deformation rates from a few millimeters to centimeters per year. An evaluation of satellite InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) using RADARSAT-2 images between September 2013 and November 2015 provides new insight into landslide displacements in the Thompson River valley. This information enhances the ongoing hazard management of unstable terrain. This paper presents the comparison of the InSAR measurements with other instrumentation (GPS and ShapeAccelArrays? -SAA) installed at one moving landslide and then addresses the extent and magnitude of the slope movements observed. InSAR was found to provide similar displacement values to those measured otherwise. The stable location showed displacements of +/?1 mm with an average near zero during the whole monitoring period. Six areas of slope movement were identified within the study area, all within or adjacent to the footprints of past landslides. The average line of sight (LOS) displacement rates range between 11 and 39 mm/year. Most of the landslides exhibited seasonal variations in velocity that corresponds to changes in river elevation in the valley.     

滑坡灾害InSAR应急排查技术方法研究

研究探索了一条以InSAR变形为主,辅助光学遥感、地貌和地质条件特征,进行活动性滑坡快速排查的技术方法,并以四川省雷波县域为例进行了实验。应用4种SAR数据（PALSAR-1升轨、Sentinel-1 A/B升、降轨和PALSAR-2降轨数据）进行合成孔径雷达干涉（Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR）处理,共解译活动性地质灾害163处,并分析了其时空分布规律,获得了几点认识:（1）InSAR技术能够追溯滑坡长期微小变形,从而实现活动性滑坡的有效识别;（2）多时段、多角度和多分辨率SAR数据的综合使用,可以有效克服滑坡观测的阴影叠掩、失相干等问题,提高滑坡（尤其是高位滑坡）识别的效果、效率和时效性;（3）与地面调查结果比较,InSAR识别的滑坡更全面、规模更准确,对高位滑坡和集中分布滑坡识别更有效,可以作为现今地质灾害排查的重要手段之一;（4）雷波县地质灾害主要分布在金沙江及美姑河沿岸,北向坡和30°~40°坡度是地质灾害高发区,除寒武系、奥陶—志留系地层发生地质灾害比例较高,其它各地层总体分布较均一。      

The national landslide database of Great Britain: development, evolution and applications

Landslide inventories are essential because they provide the basis for predictive landslide hazard and susceptibility assessments and because they allow for the manipulation and storage of temporal and spatial data. The National Landslide Database has been developed by the British Geological Survey (BGS). It is the most extensive source of information on landslides in Great Britain with over 15,000 records of landslide events each documented as fully as possible. This information is invaluable for planners and developers as it helps them investigate, avoid or mitigate areas of unstable ground in accordance with Government planning policy guidelines. Therefore, it is vital that the continual verification, collection and updating of landslide information is carried out as part of the Survey’s ‘National Capability’ work. This paper describes the evolution from a static database to one that is continually updated forming part of a suite of national digital hazard products. The history of the National Landslide Database and associated Geographical Information System (GIS) is discussed, together with its application and future development.     

Landslide Research at the British Geological Survey:Capture,Storage and Interpretation on a National and Site-Specific Scale

Abstract: Landslide research at the British Geological Survey (BGS) is carried out through a number of activities, including surveying, database development and real-time monitoring of landslides. Landslide mapping across the UK has been carried out since BGS started geological mapping in 1835. Today, BGS geologists use a combination of remote sensing and ground-based investigations to survey landslides. The development of waterproof tablet computers (BGS·SIGMAmobile), with inbuilt GPS and GIS for field data capture provides an accurate and rapid mapping methodology for field surveys. Regional and national mapping of landslides is carried out in conjunction with site-specific monitoring, using terrestrial LiDAR and differential GPS technologies, which BGS has successfully developed for this application. In addition to surface monitoring, BGS is currently developing geophysical ground-imaging systems for landslide monitoring, which provide real-time information on subsurface changes prior to failure events. BGS’s mapping and monitoring activities directly feed into the BGS National Landslide Database, the most extensive source of information on landslides in Great Britain. It currently holds over 14?000 records of landslide events. By combining BGS’s corporate datasets with expert knowledge, BGS has developed a landslide hazard assessment tool, GeoSure, which provides information on the relative landslide hazard susceptibility at national scale.     

Rainfall-induced landslide event of May 2010 in the eastern part of the Czech Republic

More than 150 landslides originated in the eastern part of the Czech Republic (region of the Flysch Outer Western Carpathians—hereinafter, OWC) due to soil saturation caused by antecedent precipitation and long lasting and intensive rainfalls on 16–18 May 2010 (>300 mm as measured by some stations). As a consequence, a multitude of small failures originated 88% of which was smaller than 10⁴ m². Most landslides are characterised as shallow (<10 m) or middle–deep (10–30 m) incipient (rather short travel) landslides, debris slides and soil slips spatially clustered to a geological domain underlain by rather weak thin-bedded flysch and unconsolidated Quaternary deposits. An exception to this is represented by a kilometre-long rockslide (∼2–3 mil m³) affecting tectonically weakened and weathered claystone/mudstone-dominated flysch on the southern slope of Mt. Girová (the Beskydy Mountains). The rockslide is one of the largest long runout landslides in the territory of the Czech Republic activated over the past few decades as it reaches the dimensions of the largest documented Holocene long runout landslides in the Czech part of the OWC. A majority of the May 2010 landslide events developed inside older (Holocene or historic) landslide terrains, which points to their spatial persistency and recurrent nature. In spite of the fact that the May 2010 landslide event was not as destructive as some previous landslide activisation in the OWC region (e.g. July 1997 event), it left many slope failures at the initial stage of their potential future reactivation.     

Evaluation of TRIGRS (transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional slope-stability analysis)’s predictive skill for hurricane-triggered landslides: a case study in Macon County,North Carolina

The key to advancing the predictability of rainfall-triggered landslides is to use physically based slope-stability models that simulate the transient dynamical response of the subsurface moisture to spatiotemporal variability of rainfall in complex terrains. TRIGRS (transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional slope-stability analysis) is a USGS landslide prediction model, coded in Fortran, that accounts for the influences of hydrology, topography, and soil physics on slope stability. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate the spatiotemporal predictability of a Matlab version of TRIGRS (MaTRIGRS) in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina where Hurricanes Ivan triggered widespread landslides in the 2004 hurricane season. High resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data (6-m LiDAR), USGS STATSGO soil database, and NOAA/NWS combined radar and gauge precipitation are used as inputs to the model. A local landslide inventory database from North Carolina Geological Survey is used to evaluate the MaTRIGRS’ predictive skill for the landslide locations and timing, identifying predictions within a 120-m radius of observed landslides over the 30-h period of Hurricane Ivan’s passage in September 2004. Results show that within a radius of 24 m from the landslide location about 67% of the landslide, observations could be successfully predicted but with a high false alarm ratio (90%). If the radius of observation is extended to 120 m, 98% of the landslides are detected with an 18% false alarm ratio. This study shows that MaTRIGRS demonstrates acceptable spatiotemporal predictive skill for landslide occurrences within a 120-m radius in space and a hurricane-event-duration (h) in time, offering the potential to serve as a landslide warning system in areas where accurate rainfall forecasts and detailed field data are available. The validation can be further improved with additional landslide information including the exact time of failure for each landslide and the landslide’s extent and run out length.     

Mechanism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukushima Prefecture,Japan

Heavy rainfall from 26 to 31 August 1998 triggered many landslides in Nishigo Village of southern Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Hiegaesi landslide, a long-runout landslide with travel angle of 11°, which occurred in loamy volcanic-ash/pumice layer and was deposited in a nearby rice paddy, was investigated. In an observation pit dug in the middle part of the landslide deposit, the sliding zone just above the deflected rice plants was observed, and it was confirmed that grain crushing occurred in the sliding zone. The triggering and sliding mechanisms of this landslide then were investigated by ring-shear tests in laboratory. For the triggering mechanism, one saturated naturally drained test (test A: torque-controlled test) and one saturated undrained test (test B: speed-controlled test) were conducted on the samples taken from the source area of the landslide. Even in the naturally drained test opening the upper drain valve of the shear box, a temporary liquefaction occurred. In the undrained test, excess pore-pressure was generated along with shearing, and “sliding-surface liquefaction” phenomenon was observed. The effective stress and shear resistance finally decreased to near zero. These results can explain the observed phenomenon of small friction resistance like a flow of liquid when the sliding mass slid out of the source area. For the sliding mechanism of the landslide in the rice paddy, saturated undrained test (test C: speed-controlled test) was performed on soil sample above the deflected rice plants. The apparent friction angle obtained in this test was 8°. In addition, the residual friction angle measured after test B and test C was the same value of 41°. Combining with the observation on the shear zone in the ring-shear box after test C, it is concluded that, during the sliding in rice paddy, the undrained shear strength of the soil layer itself mainly influenced the high mobility of the landslide, probably because the friction between rice plants and soils is greater than the undrained shear strength inside the soil mass.     

Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissures in Xian,China 2005–2006: mapped by SAR interferometry

The City of Xian, China, has been experiencing significant land subsidence and ground fissure activities since 1960s, which have brought various severe geohazards including damages to buildings, bridges and other facilities. Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissure activities can provide useful information for assessing the extent of, and mitigating such geohazards. In order to achieve robust Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) results, six interferometric pairs of Envisat ASAR data covering 2005–2006 are collected to analyze the InSAR processing errors firstly, such as temporal and spatial decorrelation error, external DEM error, atmospheric error and unwrapping error. Then the annual subsidence rate during 2005–2006 is calculated by weighted averaging two pairs of D-InSAR results with similar time spanning. Lastly, GPS measurements are applied to calibrate the InSAR results and centimeter precision is achieved. As for the ground fissure monitoring, five InSAR cross-sections are designed to demonstrate the relative subsidence difference across ground fissures. In conclusion, the final InSAR subsidence map during 2005–2006 shows four large subsidence zones in Xian hi-tech zones in western, eastern and southern suburbs of Xian City, among which two subsidence cones are newly detected and two ground fissures are deduced to be extended westward in Yuhuazhai subsidence cone. This study shows that the land subsidence and ground fissures are highly correlated spatially and temporally and both are correlated with hi-tech zone construction in Xian during the year of 2005–2006.     

地震在滑坡体上的响应形式研究:以苦地瓜子滑坡为例

地震滑坡分为三大类,即高度破裂或严重高度破裂滑坡、存在分离剪切面的滑坡以及以流相为主的滑坡。在中国西
南地区,根据地震滑坡特点,按其运动方式划分为：推移式滑坡、牵引式滑坡、溜滑性滑坡和崩塌性滑坡四大类。在四川
省茂县苦地瓜子滑坡特征的调查中,发现了一些较为特殊的地质现象,主要包括以下几点：（1） 滑坡上游边界冲沟中湖相
沉积和滑坡体上分布的湖积物表明苦地瓜子滑坡曾经发生过堵江事件,部分为堵江后的堰塞湖区域,在此区域发生河湖相
沉积,其结果是滑坡此部分被湖积物所覆盖,呈现出了与其他几个区覆盖物截然不同的现象;（2） 苦地瓜子滑坡中下部发
现砂土液化现象及规律性排列的裂缝;（3） 踏勘时在滑坡中下部发现直立错坎,错坎两侧土性不同,在颜色和物质组成上
都有较明显不同。错坎左侧为粉土状物质,而右侧以碎石土为主;（4） 在滑坡的中部以及中偏下部位都发现有平行于滑动
方向的裂缝;（5） 现场调查时在坡体中上部发现有充填楔,充填物颗粒较大、磨圆度较好,与地面盖层的颜色、岩性条件
相同。综合各种现象进行分析,室内试验和数据统计,认为茂县苦地瓜子滑坡为地震诱发的滑坡,并且可以从此滑坡中发
现地震滑坡与普通滑坡明显不同,往往在现场留下自重引起的滑坡不好解释的现象,主要有砂土液化迹象、充填楔、地震陡
坎、平行于滑动方向的裂隙;此外地震滑坡还具有等时性和群发性的特点。     

水在滑坡变形过程中所起作用的探讨

文章以黄腊石滑坡群中的两个相邻滑坡(大石板滑坡和石榴树包滑坡)为例,研究了水在这两个滑坡产生过程中的作用,结论为:长江水位的抬升一方面抬高了滑体中的地下水位,另一方面使石榴树包滑坡约1/3的滑体浸泡在江水中,造成其发生多次滑塌;降水一方面引发坡面泥石流,另一方面使滑体的地下水位出现变化,增加滑体重量,软化滑带;地下水的静水压力和动水压力是促使大石板滑坡产生变形的主要影响因素,却是石榴树包滑坡变形的次要影响因素,地下水在石榴树包滑坡变形中的作用主要表现为软化滑带、降低滑带的抗剪强度。     

Recent landslides on the Istrian Peninsula, Croatia

This study presents a review of recently recorded instability phenomena on the flysch slopes of Istria, Croatia. The northeastern part of the Istrian Peninsula, the so-called Gray Istria, is built of Paleogene flysch deposits, where instability phenomena are frequent and where a large number of landslides, with significant consequences, have been recorded over the past 35 years. Based on field investigations conducted for the purpose of remedial study design, a database of these landslides was created. An investigation of the documented landslides and their elements found some common features that enabled general conclusions about the conditions and causes of landslide occurrence. In total, 19 documented landslides have been analyzed as individual phenomena, and from the results of these analyses, general conclusions were drawn about sliding conditions and the main triggering factors. Geological conditions and processes on slopes where landslides occurred are shown in detail, and geotechnical properties have been systematically represented. The sliding conditions and dimensions of four recent landslide occurrences, specifically by type, have been described in detail and analyzed.     

甘肃通渭黄土滑坡二维形变时序监测

时间序列合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术能有效反应滑坡形变过程。2019年9月14日,甘肃省通渭县发生山体滑坡,但该滑坡灾前是否已经发生缓慢形变以及滑坡原因值得追溯和探讨。文中基于欧洲航天局发布的哨兵一号升/降轨数据,利用SBAS-InSAR技术分析甘肃通渭滑坡灾前二维形变特征以及滑动的因素。结果表明,2018年9月—2019年9月此滑坡存在连续形变,且随时间推移形变量不断增大,因此该滑坡为非突发型事件。在滑坡发生前,垂直向与东西向上最大累计形变量分别达18.25 mm和32.85 mm。基于二维时间序列结果进行距离分析与降雨量对比分析,显示苦水河与降雨量是该滑坡发生的两大诱因。该InSAR追溯结果进一步验证了星载雷达干涉测量技术在滑坡探测方面的应用潜力,是滑坡灾前识别、预警、防灾等减灾工作的有力工具。     

云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征

小江断裂为川滇地块、华南地块的边界断裂,是一条重要活动断裂。本文利用GPS监测结果,综合处理得到了欧亚框架下的运动速度场,并以此为基础,采用刚性假设下最小二乘法,对小江断裂中南各段的运动速度进行计算。计算结果表明:断裂中段东支断裂运动速度为3.37±3.20mm/a,西支断裂为3.29±2.73mm/a;断裂南段为3.63±1.76mm/a。整个断裂表现为左行走滑为主兼有挤压活动的特征。这一结果与大的构造环境一致,表明在印度板块与青藏高原的挤压碰撞下,高原东部川滇地块受华南地块、印支地块的阻挡作用,小江断裂产生逆时针移动,呈左行走滑特征。     

Three-dimensional analyses of the sliding surface distribution in the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China

The Huangtupo landslide is one of the largest and most destructive landslides still deforming in the Three Gorges area of China. In recent years, most studies on this landslide have been based on the data obtained from an investigation conducted in 2001. To further elucidate the geological structure and evolution of the landslide, we began building a field test site in the area of the sliding mass with the fastest deformation velocity in 2009. A group of tunnels with a total length of 1.1 km has been excavated, and nine boreholes with depths between 76.8 and 127.1 m have been drilled into the sliding body. Additionally, relative monitoring devices, such as borehole inclinometers and crack meters, have been installed. Based on the findings of the previous investigation and the latest tunneling, drilling, and monitoring data, a spatial distribution model of the sliding surfaces of the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass has been established using the discrete smooth interpolation (DSI) method. Significant differences are revealed between the previous proposed sliding surface and the latest monitoring data. We propose that the Huangtupo No. 1 sliding mass has two sliding surfaces. Thus, the sliding mass can be further divided into two secondary sliding bodies, which are named the No. 1-1 (east) and No. 1-2 (west) sliding masses. The No. 1-1 sliding mass slid first, and the material along the western boundary slid later, producing the No. 1-2 sliding body, which has a smaller volume and shallower depth. The areas, volumes, and thicknesses of each sliding body have been calculated using a digital 3D model.     

三峡库区范家坪滑坡地表形变InSAR监测与综合分析

位于湖北省秭归县的范家坪滑坡是长江三峡库区干流上的大型岩质滑坡之一。阐述了高分辨率合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)监测滑坡地表形变的工作方法与技术体系,采用22景3m空间分辨率的TerraSAR-X数据,辅以人工反射体布设和GPS测量,对范家坪滑坡变形进行监测,发现滑坡处在缓慢匀速变形状态,其谭家河滑坡体的形变比木鱼包滑坡体更为强烈,形变最大处的雷达视线向形变速率达到300mm/a。通过综合分析滑坡区2012年大气降雨和长江水位资料,发现年度内范家坪滑坡变形受水位变化和大气降雨影响微弱。     

Interpretation of landslide distribution triggered by the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake using SPOT 5 imagery

The 2005 northern Pakistan earthquake (magnitude 7.6) of 8 October 2005 occurred in the northwestern part of the Himalayas. We interpreted landslides triggered by the earthquake using black-and-white 2.5-m-resolution System Pour l’Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT 5) stereo images. As a result, the counts of 2,424 landslides were identified in the study area of 55 by 51 km. About 79% or 1,925 of the landslides were small (less than 0.5 ha in area), whereas 207 of the landslides (about 9%) were large (1 ha and more in area). Judging from our field survey, most of the small landslides are shallow rock falls and slides. However, the resolution and whitish image in the photos prevented interpreting the movement type and geomorphologic features of the landslide sites in detail. It is known that this earthquake took place along preexisting active reverse faults. The landslide distribution was mapped and superimposed on the crustal deformation detected by the environmental satellite/synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, active faults map, geological map, and shuttle radar topography mission data. The landslide distribution showed the following characteristics: (1) Most of the landslides occurred on the hanging-wall side of the Balakot–Garhi fault; (2) greater than one third of the landslides occurred within 1 km from the active fault; (3) the greatest number of landslides (1,147 counts), landslide density (3.2 counts/km²), and landslide area ratio (2.3 ha/km²) was found within Miocene sandstone and siltstone, Precambrian schist and quartzite, and Eocene and Paleocene limestone and shale, respectively; (4) there was a slight trend that large landslides occurred on vertically convex slopes rather than on concave slopes; furthermore, large landslides occurred on steeper (30° and more) slopes than on gentler slopes; (5) many large landslides occurred on slopes facing S and SW directions, which is consistent with SAR-detected horizontal dominant direction of crustal deformation on the hanging wall.