低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫相关基因转录水平表达的影响

为研究低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫功能的影响,将幼鱼暴露于溶氧浓度为(3.15±0.21) mg/L的水体28 d,测定不同时间点肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)、肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白3 (TNFAIP3)、白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素1受体2 (IL-1R2)、白细胞介素17C (IL-17C)和热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)等免疫相关基因在幼鱼鳃、肝脏、肠道和脾脏中的转录水平表达量。结果显示:(1)在幼鱼的鳃中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和14 d时极显著低于对照组(p<0.01),胁迫 28 d则分别表现为极显著(p<0.01)和显著下降(p<0.05);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著升高(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则分别表现为显著(p<0.05)和极显著(p<0.01)下降;IL-1β在胁迫1 d时极显著下降(p<0.01)后极显著升高 (p<0.01);IL-17C在胁迫7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01);HSP70 在胁迫1 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d和28 d时均极显著降低(p<0.01);(2)在肝脏中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和28 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d时则极显著降低(p<0.01);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著上升(p<0.01),在胁迫14 d和28 d时则极显著下降(p<0.01);IL-1β在所有胁迫时间点均极显著上升(p<0.01);IL-17C 在胁迫7 d、14 d和28 d时均极显著低于对照水平(p<0.01);HSP70基因表达量持续上升,并于胁迫28 d时达到顶峰(p<0.01);(3)在肠道中,TNFα、IL-1β、IL-1R2、IL-17C和HSP70基因转录水平表达量在胁迫的所有时间点均极显著高于对照组(p<0.01),TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时表达量极显著升高(p<0.01)后下降,在胁迫7 d和14 d时分别与对照组具有显著(p<0.05)和极显著差异(p<0.01);(4)在脾脏中,TNFα和IL-17C 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫28 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1β在胁迫1 d和28 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1R2在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时极显著下降(p <0.01),在胁迫14 d时则显著下降(p<0.05);HSP70基因表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时均极显著下降(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,28 d的低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼幼鱼免疫基因的转录表达水平发生显著性变化,预示长时间的低氧可能抑制了军曹鱼的免疫功能,引发肠道炎症,并增加了军曹鱼感染病原菌的风险。     

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of phytoplankton diversity and its relation to water environmental factors in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago, China

To study the water quality influenced by the anthropogenic activities and its impact on the phytoplankton diversity in the surface waters of Miaodao Archipelago, the spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton communities and the environmental properties of the surface waters surrounding the Five Southern Islands of Miaodao Archipelago were investigated, based on seasonal field survey conducted from November 2012 to August 2013. During the survey, a total of 109 phytoplankton species from 3 groups were identified in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago, of which 77 were diatoms, 29 were dinoflagellates, and 3 were chrysophytes. Species number was higher in winter (73), moderate in autumn (70), but lower in summer (31) and spring (27). The species richness index in autumn (5.92) and winter (4.28) was higher than that in summer (2.83) and spring (1.41). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was high in autumn (2.82), followed by winter (1.99) and summer (1.92), and low in spring (0.07). The species evenness index in autumn (0.46) and summer (0.39) was higher than that in winter (0.32) and spring (0.02). On the basis of principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), we found that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in spring, COD in summer, pH in autumn, and salinity and oil pollutant in winter, respectively, showed the strongest association with the distribution of phytoplankton diversity. The spatial heterogeneity of the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago was quite obvious, and three zones, i.e., northeastern, southwestern and inter-island water area, were identified by cluster analysis (CA) based on key environmental variables.     

Trace metals in seawater and copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern Taiwan coast

The distribution, partitioning and concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in seawater, including dissolved and particulate phases, and in copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern coast of Taiwan were investigated. Normalization of metal concentrations to the background metal concentration to yield relative enrichment factors (EF), which were used to evaluate the contamination of dissolved and particulate trace metals in seawater around the ocean outfall. The EF results indicated that the outfall area was significantly contaminated by dissolved Fe and Zn, and by particulate Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. In addition, most trace metals were chiefly in the particulate phase. The average percentage of total metal concentrations (dissolved plus particulate phases) bound by suspended particulate matter followed the sequence Al(95%) = Mn(95%) > Pb(88%) > Cu(86%) > Fe(72%) > Zn(32%) > Cr(17.5%) > Cd(3.4%). Therefore, metal contamination is better evaluated in solid phase than in the dissolved phase. The concentration ranges of trace metals in the copepods, Temora turbinata, Oncaea venusta and Euchaeta rimana, near the outfall were: Cd, 0.23-1.81 microg g(-1); Cr, 16.5-195 microg g(-1); Cu, 14-160 microg g(-1); Fe, 256-7255 microg g(-1); Mn, 5.5-80.8 microg g(-1); Pb, 2.6-56.2 microg g(-1); Zn, 132-3891 microg g(-1); and Al, 0.21-1.13%. Aluminum, and probably Fe, seemed to be the major elements in copepods. The concentrations of trace metals in copepods, especially Temora turbinata, near the outfall were generally higher than those obtained in the background station. The mean increase in bioconcentration factor of metals in copepods ranged from 4 to 7 and followed the sequence Al(6.4) > Cu(6.2) > Fe(6.0) > Zn(5.7) > Pb(5.6) > Cr(5.5) > Cd(5.1) > Mn(4.7). Therefore, marine copepods in the waters of northern Taiwan can accumulate trace metals over background concentrations and act as contamination indicators.     

盐度对六株硅藻生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

在温度为22±1℃,盐度为18‰、28‰和38‰的条件下,用F/2培养基对青岛海洋大学微藻种质库保存的6株硅藻(纤细角毛藻Chaetoceros gracilis B13; 筒柱藻Cylindrotheca fusiformis B211;三角褐指藻 Phaeodactylum tricomutum B114, B118,B221;新月菱形藻 Nitzschia closterium B222) 进行培养,在指数生长期末期进行收获,测定了6株硅藻的生长及脂肪酸组成.实验结果表明: 盐度对六株硅藻的生长及脂肪酸组成均有影响,但作用结果因种而异.B13的相对生长率随着盐度的增加而增加;B114和B222的相对生长率随着盐度的增加而降低.B13的干重随着盐度的增加而增加,在盐度为38‰时达到最大值(0.21);B118、B114、B221 和B222的干重均在盐度为28‰时达到最大值;盐度对B211的干重影响不明显(0.35～0.36).六株硅藻的主要脂肪酸为16:0、16:1(n-7)和20:5(n-3),B211还含有较多的20:4n-6(5.6～7.4‰),B13含有较多的14:0 (20.O～30.9%).B211、B221和B222的饱和脂肪酸总合随着盐度的增加而降低,在盐度为18‰时达到最大值(占总脂肪酸的百分比分别为41.7%、37.6%和31.7%).而B13、B118和B114的饱和脂肪酸总合在盐度为28‰时含量最高(分别为48.1%、31.0%和33.0%).B118、B114、B221和B222的单不饱和脂肪酸总合随着盐度的增加而增加,而B13和B211单不饱和脂肪酸总合随着盐度的增加而降低.B13、B118、B114和B222的多不饱和脂肪酸总合在18‰时含量最高(分别为31.3%、23.4%、19.6%和18.6%).B211和B221的多不饱和脂肪酸总合在28‰时含量最高(分别为25.1%和16.3%).     

Effects of cadmium, zinc and nitrogen status on non-protein thiols in the macroalgae Enteromorpha spp. from the Scheldt Estuary (SW Netherlands, Belgium) and Thermaikos Gulf (N Aegean Sea, Greece)

Enteromorpha prolifera (Scheldt Estuary) and E. linza (Thermaikos Gulf) were incubated at three salinities with 100 and 200microgL(-1)Cd and Zn. The objective was to measure effects of Cd, Zn and nitrogen (N) status on the pools of metal-binding non-protein thiols: glutathione and phytochelatins, (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)(n)-glycine (PC). In E. linza, ammonium pools were higher, but amino acid pools, total N and protein contents were lower than in E. prolifera. Reduced glutathione (GSH) pools were positively correlated with free glutamate and protein contents. In E. linza GSH pools increased and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:(GSH+0.5GSSG)), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased with Cd contents, indicating Cd-induced glutathione oxidation. Total glutathione pools (reduced plus oxidized) ranged from 16nmolSgdwt(-1) in controls (at 0.5micromolCdgdwt(-1)) to 179nmolSgdwt(-1) (at 1.9micromolCdgdwt(-1)) at the highest cadmium dosage. Cadmium stimulated PC synthesis in E. prolifera which suggests that in N-rich algae, glutathione pools were high enough for PC synthesis. In both species GSH and protein increased with Zn contents, whereas GSH:(GSH+0.5GSSG) decreased, which would indicate Zn-induced oxidative stress; in E. linza, at the highest salinity the glutathione redox ratio decreased from 0.61 (at 2.9micromolZngdwt(-1)) to 0.26 (at 4.9nmolSgdwt(-1)) (at 0.5molCdgdwt(-1)). PCs were not synthesized in response to Zn, which may have resulted in Zn-induced GSH oxidation. The presence of both oxidative effects (Cd, Zn) and detoxification (Cd) could be identified by observing the responses of glutathione and PC pools to metal stress.     

海洋红藻多管藻内生真菌EN-22 的化学成分研究

对采自广西涠州岛近海多管藻(Poiysiphonia urceolata)分离到的一株内生真菌EN-22的次生代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究.利用正相硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、制备薄层层析(PTLC)以及重结晶等分离手段从该菌发酵液中分离得到15个化合物,通过一维、二维核磁共振技术、质谱技术等鉴定了所有化合物的结构,分别为:4-(4-喹啉)-4-羟基-2-丁酮(1),3-羟基-3-(2-氧丙基)吲哚-2-酮(2),3-吲哚乙醇(3),3-吲哚甲酸(4),2-羟基-3-吲哚丙酸(5),2-酮-3-吲哚乙醇(6),3,3-二吲哚-2-羟基-丙醇(7),β-咔啉(8),尿嘧啶(9),环-(S-脯氨酸-S-异亮氨酸)(10),(22E,24R)-3β,5α,9α-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(11),(22E,24R)-5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8,22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(12),5α,6α-环氧-24(R)-甲基胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(13),胡萝卜苷(14),过氧化麦角甾醇(15);其中化合物1和2为新天然产物,并首次报道化合物1的碳谱数据.     

琉球群岛以东海域表层沉积物元素地球化学特征

对琉球群岛以东海域134个站位表层沉积物的化学元素含量进行了系统测试,结合矿物学资料等,对研究区的表层沉积物元素地球化学特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)琉球群岛以东海域沉积物具有半深海沉积物的地球化学特征;(2)通过元素因子分析,把25种元素或氧化物分为4种组合,每一种组合对应不同的物质来源,分别为陆源成因组合(SiO2,K2O,Zr,TiO2,Y,Sc,Na2O,La,Al2O3,P2O5,Ce),生物成因组合(Sr,CaO,L.O.I,CaCO3),火山源成因组合(MgO,V,Fe2O3,Cr,Li,Co),自生源成因组合(Ni,MnO,Cu,Ba);(3)控制本区元素分布的因素主要是水深、物质来源以及生物和铁锰物质的自生作用。     

春季我国不同纬度河口浮游动物群落变化趋势

根据2010-2012年春季由南向北河口海域:北仑河口、九龙江口、瓯江口、长江口和灌河口的浮游动物调查资料;通过比较不同纬度河口浮游动物群落的生物多样性指数（H'）、物种更替率（R）和群落相似系数（S）;探讨了河口浮游动物群落特征沿着不同纬度变化的趋势。结果表明;自南向北5个河口可以划分为3个不同的浮游动物区系。北仑河口和九龙江口为南部亚热带区系;位于亚热带海域;以亚热带种为主;H'分别为1.01和2.18;两河口之间R值为65.52%;S值为51.28%;瓯江口和长江口为中部过渡区系;位于亚热带和温带过渡海域;亚热带种和暖温带种是主要出现的种类;H'分别为1.31和1.86;两河口之间R值为58.33%;S值为58.82%;灌河口单独为北部温带区系;位于温带海域;暖温带种是主要出现的种类;H'值为1.19;与其余河口物种更替率均高于80.00%;群落相似系数均低于32.00%;表明群落结构由南到北的变化非常显著。线性回归结果表明:我国不同河口之间浮游动物的物种更替率与纬度差（两河口所处纬度的差值;δN）呈正相关关系（R=0.026ΔN+0.608;p=0.002）;群落相似系数与纬度差呈负相关关系（S=0.034ΔN+0.578;p=0.001）。春季;我国不同纬度河口浮游动物群落结构的变化;主要是因为影响各河口的水温和水团存在较大差别所致。     

陆地原位宇宙成因核素(TCN)在地表过程与构造活动关系研究中的应用

大地构造、气候变化和地表过程间的耦合作用被视为今后10年内六大地学新课题之一，而从事这一重大课题研究的有效途经便是陆地原位宇宙成因核素的研究和应用。从目前该领域的研究实践来看，经常使用的是^3He、^10Be、^14C、^21Ne、^26Al和^36Cl核素，其中石英的^26Al和^10Be的配合使用最为普遍。通过陆地原位宇宙成因核素（TCN）方法基本原理的阐释，并结合当今国际上该领域利用^10Be和^26Al在暴露年龄与侵蚀速率、沉积物埋藏年龄以及河流下切速率等方面的工作实例．介绍陆地原位宇宙成因核素在地表过程以及地表过程与构造活动相互关系研究上的应用。     

壳聚糖硫酸酯金属配合物的抗氧化活性

以吩嗪硫酸甲酯-NADH为超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~(·-))产生、检测体系和EDTANa_2-Fe(Ⅱ)-H_2O_2为羟自由基(~·OH)产生、检测体系,对壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物和不同分子质量壳聚糖进行了抗O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的活性研究.结果表明,壳聚糖硫酸酯金属配合物对于O_2~(·-)自由基的清除能力明显高于壳聚糖,在质量浓度为0.025 g/L时,壳聚糖硫酸酯铜配合物对O_2~(·-)自由基的清除能力达到94.18%,壳聚糖硫酸酯锌配合物达到93.19%;壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物对~·OH自由基的清除能力(67.39%、60.46%)低于相同分子质量的壳聚糖(88.06%),而高于高分子质量壳聚糖761 ku(18.71%);壳聚糖分子质量大小对O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的清除能力有较大影响,质量浓度为1.6 g/L壳聚糖分子质量为20 ku时,对O_2~(·-)清除率达54.69%,而分子质量在761 ku时,对O_2~(·-)清除率仅为35.50%;各样品对O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的清除能力均随着质量浓度的增加而上升,壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物在相当低的浓度下(0.025 g/L)就可以达到明显清除O_2~(·-)自由基的效果(≥90%).     

Water masses in the northern South China Sea

Using the fuzzy clustering as the principal method, eight water masses in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) are distinguished. They are Alongshore Diluted Water Mass (F), Nearshore Mixed Water Mass (M), Warm Surface Water Mass(WS), Surface Water Mass(S), Surface-Subsurface Mixed Water Mass(SU), Subsurface Water Mass (U), Subsurface-Intermediate Water Mass (UI) and Intermediate Water Mass (1). A synthertic study is made on the formations, basic properties and modified characters of each water mass and the regularities of their disributions and growth and decline variations . They may be classified into three types; the type of runoff-diluted water (F). the type of shallow sea-modified water (M, WS. S. and SU) and the type of deep sea-oceanic water (U, UI, and I).     

4 种重金属离子对中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)稚鳖的急性致毒效应

以5日龄中华鳖稚鳖为实验动物,采用静水停食实验法,在水温(27.4±1.3)℃条件下,开展了Hg2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+对中华鳖稚鳖的急性毒性和加和等毒性强度联合毒性试验。结果表明,4种重金属离子对中华鳖稚鳖均呈现以蓄积为主导的急性毒发效应,Cr6+、Zn2+对中华鳖稚鳖的急性致毒高峰期明显滞后于Hg2+、Cu2+;4种重金属离子毒性大小依次为Hg2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Zn2+,其对中华鳖稚鳖96h的半致死质量浓度分别为5.98、16.42、28.90和91.88mg/L;所构建的中华鳖稚鳖累积死亡概率与重金属质量浓度和实验时间之间的数学模型,以及半致死时间-质量浓度回归方程,可作为侦查和分析重金属离子排放时间和致中华鳖稚鳖大量死亡时间的重要计算工具;Hg2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+离子两两组合在加和等毒性强度下对中华鳖稚鳖96h联合急性毒性所呈现的致毒特征与离子种类及其毒性强度匹配情形密切相关。     

A comparative study of the differential blood cell counts of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected in New England

Major alterations in the distribution of peripheral blood cells were observed among winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Martha's Vineyard (MV), East Cape Cod Bay (ECCB), Fox Island (FI) (Narragansett Bay), Central Long Island Sound (CLIS), Gaspee Point (GP) (Narragansett Bay), Black Rock Harbor (BRH) (Bridgeport, CT), New Bedford Harbor (NBH) and Quincy Bay (QB) (Boston Harbor). Collection locations ranged from relatively uncontaminated offshore (MV) and nearshore (ECCB) sites to the more contaminated estuarine (FI, CLIS) and urban embayments (GP, BRH, NBH, QB). Differential diagnosis demonstrated a shift in lymphocyte counts from 28% (MV) to 54% (QB) that increased with the incidence of liver lesions in relation to known and suspected levels of sediment chemical contamination. A significant change in the ratio of circulating immature to mature erythrocytes was observed in flounder collected from Boston Harbor. Immature erythrocytes comprised 18% of the total erythrocyte population of fish from QB in comparison to 6% observed in flounder from ECCB.     

表征赤潮水体太阳激发的叶绿素荧光高度的波段优化 --归一化荧光高度法

采用现场实测和室内培养两种方式测定了甲藻、赤潮异弯藻、叉角藻、海洋蓝绿藻等赤潮和新月菱形藻、叉鞭金藻、塔胞藻、扁藻和小球藻等非赤潮藻类光谱曲线.采用度量太阳激发的叶绿素荧光峰高度的归一化荧光高度法,建立了不同藻类归一化荧光高度与叶绿素浓度的关系.荧光高度计算方法是将红光波段的反射率最大值(R_maxred)和R₆₈₅分别归一化到560 nm处的R₅₆₀和560 nm附近整个光谱曲线的最大值R_{560 max}上或675 nm处的R₆₇₅和675 nm附近的最小值R_675mini上.结果表明,不同藻类的R_maxred/R₅₆₀max和R_maxred/R_675mini与叶绿素a的相关系数分别比R₆₈₅/R₅₆₀和R₆₈₅/R₆₇₅与叶绿素的相关系数高,但在海洋现场测量中由于近岸二类水体其他水色组分以及大气校正误差的影响,R_maxred/R_675mini和R₆₈₅/R₆₇₅更适合于实测的叶绿素浓度估算.采用三种统计回归方程建立了不同藻类归一化荧光高度与叶绿素浓度关系,除个别藻种外,大部分的相关系数在0.9以上,其中FLH=a+(Chla)b回归方程得到的相关系数优于其他两种方法,相关系数大于0.93,这表明藻类水体的荧光特性和叶绿素浓度之间的普遍关系是非线性的.     

饲料中添加壳寡糖对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼的生长、消化和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究壳寡糖对花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）幼鱼生长,肠道消化,血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响。本试验选用360尾规格一致的花鲈幼鱼（19.37 g左右）为研究对象。壳寡糖饲料添加浓度设为6组:0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%。设3个平行组,养殖周期45 d。结果显示:（1）生长性能:添加0.6%和0.8%两组的增重率、特定生长率与对照组相比有提高（P>0.05）;（2）肠道消化酶:添加0.6%~1.0%的壳寡糖显著（P<0.05）提高胰蛋白酶活性,0.4%~0.8%的壳寡糖显著（P<0.05）提高了脂肪酶活性;（3）肠道菌群:0.6%~1.0%的壳寡糖显著降低了沙门氏菌数量（P<0.05）,大肠杆菌的数量在0.8%时显著降低（P<0.05）,双歧杆菌的数量在0.2%~0.6%时显著增加（P<0.05）;（4）血清生化指标:壳寡糖显著提高血清总蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量（P<0.05）;（5）血清非特异性免疫:添加0.6%的壳寡糖显著降低丙二醛（P>0.05）,0.2%的壳寡糖增强超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶活性,添加壳寡糖使溶菌酶的活性显著增强（P<0.05）。研究结果表明:饲料中添加0.6%~0.8%的壳寡糖对花鲈幼鱼生长性能、血脂及肠道健康影响效果最佳。     

饲料中添加鲜鱼浆及不同干燥方式对星斑川鲽生长及部分免疫指标的影响

以某鲆鲽类商品饲料的配方为基础,分别添加15%的鲜鱼浆及与鱼浆等蛋白含量的鱼粉,并采用热风及真空冷冻2种干燥方式制作4组等氮等能的饲料(鲜鱼浆热风干燥组SAD、鲜鱼浆真空冷冻干燥组SFD、鱼粉热风干燥组MAD和鱼粉真空冷冻干燥组MFD),投喂初始体重(75.54±0.12)g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus Pallas)幼鱼64d,以考察饲料中添加鲜鱼浆及不同干燥方式对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及部分免疫指标的影响.结果显示:SFD组试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于SAD组、MFD组和MAD组(P<0.05),且后3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);SFD组的饲料系数最低,但与其它3组无显著性差异(P>0.05);试验鱼的肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)在4组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但以SFD组肥满度最高,肝体比最小.真空冷冻干燥的两组(SFD组和MFD组)肌肉和全鱼蛋白含量显著高于热风干燥的两组(SAD组和MAD组)(P<0.05),脂肪含量显著低于热风干燥的2组(P<0.05),蛋白酶活性也以真空冷冻干燥的两组高(P<0.05).SFD组蛋白沉积率显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量以SFD组最高(P<0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加鲜鱼浆并使用真空冷冻干燥技术处理,能显著促进鱼体生长、提高鱼体蛋白含量降低脂肪含量,增强机体免疫力.     

Inhibitory effects of divalent metal ions on liver microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity of leaping mullet

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate in vitro effects of Hg(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) on cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) dependent EROD activities in leaping mullet liver microsomes. Fish captured from the most polluted part of Izmir Bay, had highly elevated EROD activities, and induced CYP1A1 protein levels as determined by Western blotting. Although all of the metal ions caused inhibition of the initial velocity of the reaction, Hg(2+) and Cd(2+) exhibited much higher inhibitory effect at lower concentrations and they were evidently more potent inhibitors than others. The inhibitor concentration giving 50% inhibition (IC(50) values) of Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Cd(2+) and Hg(2+) of initial EROD activity were 107, 16, 1.3 and 0.15 micromolar, respectively. Glutathione (GSH) at 0.5 mM final concentration, completely reversed Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) inhibition of EROD activity indicating the protective action of GSH.     

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the Antarctic amphipod Orchomene plebs: evaluation of toxicokinetic models

Bioaccumulation of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Antarctic gammaridean amphipod collectives, Orchomene plebs (Hurley, 1965), was investigated during a cruise of RV "Polarstern" to the Wedell Sea. With the sole exception of Cd the organisms accumulated metals during exposure and depurated them in uncontaminated seawater. Four independent toxicokinetic experiments and one field study were modelled simultaneously to calculate the following size-dependent bioconcentration factors for organisms with body length 10 mm (BCF(10 mm)): 130 (Co), 4030 (Cu), 190 (Ni), 2900 (Pb), and 5210 (Zn). On the time scale of our experiments the data suggest an increased metal uptake by previously exposed test organisms. The collectives investigated may be regarded as potentially suitable biomonitors for Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn but not for Cd. An approach to evaluate the sensitivity of Orchomene plebs as a biomonitor of waterborne metals in the field indicates minimal increments of the ambient exposure concentrations of 0.01 microg Co l(-1), 0.2 microg Cu l(-1), 0.4 microg Ni l(-1), 0.6 microg Pb l(-1) and 0.3 microg Zn l(-1).     

中国沿海三疣梭子蟹的遗传结构和亲缘关系分析

应用CLUSTAL X 1.81对位排序软件和Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Version 3.1系统发育相关分析软件包,分析了渤海、黄海和东海不同群体的三疣梭子蟹mtDNA D-loop片段序列,(不包括引物)D-loop序列(不包括引物)长约1 241 bp,该片段AT、GC平均含量分别为75.8%和24.2%,AT含量均明显高于GC含量,种群间的遗传距离平均为0.025.依据D-loop序列,应用邻接法(NJ)、最小进化法(ME)及最大简约法(MP),构建中国沿海三疣梭子蟹亲缘关系的系统发生树,MP、NJ和ME树中所显示的三疣梭子蟹亲缘关系基本一致.NJ和ME树中来自东海的XM1与DT5聚为姊妹群;来自渤海的PL1与来自东海的YT1聚为姊妹群;来自东海的DT3与来自黄海的DD1聚为姊妹群,再与来自渤海的PJ1相聚形成一个单系;来自东海的ZS1与来自黄海的QD1聚为姊妹群;来自东海的DT4与来自黄海的YC1相聚,再与来自东海的YT2,YT3相聚.在MP树中,来自黄海的YC1与来自东海的DT4相聚为姊妹群,再与YT2相聚;来自渤海的PL1与来自东海的YT1聚为姊妹群;来自东海的XM1与DT5聚为姊妹群;来自东海的DT3与来自黄海的DD1聚为姊妹群,再与来自渤海的PJ1相聚;来自东海的ZS1与来自黄海的QD1聚为姊妹群;这些群最后再与来自东海的YT3相聚.结果显示中国沿海各海区三疣梭子蟹种群间存在明显的基因交流,亲缘关系的远近并不以海区划分和地理位置的远近为依据.洄游和长期以来跨海区的捕捞作业可能是三疣梭子蟹种群间基因交流的根本原因;蓬勃发展的三疣梭子蟹人工养殖和放流也会导致亲蟹和苗种跨海区交流,对三疣梭子蟹种质资源的保护将产生巨大影响.     

黄河、辽河和鸭绿江沉积角闪石矿物化学特征对比及物源识别

通过提取黄河、辽河和鸭绿江表层沉积物中的碎屑矿物角闪石,对单矿物采用电子探针,对群体角闪石采用ICP-MS和ICP-AES分析其常量元素及微量元素组成。结果表明:角闪石单矿物主成分在一定范围内有较大变化,都具有高Si、Ca、Mg和低Na、K的特征;3条河流的角闪石晶体化学都归属钙角闪石组,半数以上矿物种为镁角闪石;角闪石群体矿物化学显示黄河角闪石的稀土元素浓度明显高于黄土和黄河全岩沉积物,而且重稀土比轻稀土更富集,说明角闪石是黄河和黄土沉积物稀土元素的主要载体之一,角闪石含量变化会对全岩样品稀土元素含量造成重要影响。微量元素特征显示新旧黄河样品间差别很小,与其同一来源物质的事实相符。虽然黄河、辽河和鸭绿江河流样品角闪石主成分相近,但微量元素方面(元素含量、元素含量对比值及特征值)显示较明显不同,样品间多种数值指标相对偏差在20%以上,可作为物源识别的判别标志,如微量元素Ba、Li、Rb、Cs、Ta、Tl、Pb、La、Ce、Pr、Nd等含量的差异,元素对比值c(La)/c(Y)、c(Sr)/c(Rb)、c(Zn)/c(Cu)、c(Gd)/c(Cd)、c(Li)/c(Be)、c(Rb)/c(Cs)、c(Sr)/c(Ba)、c(Hf)/c(Ta)、c(Pb)/c(Bi)等的差异;特征值∑c(REE)、Σc(LREE)、∑c(HREE)、∑c(LREE)/∑c(HREE)、[c(La)/c(Lu)]N、[c(La)/c(Yb)]N、[c(La)/c(Sm)]N等的差异。