The piezomagnetic computation of magnetic anomalies due to ground loading by a man-made lake

Summary A method has been developed to determine the stress distribution and resultant piezomagnetic surface anomaly field due to the load imposed on the earth's crust from filling man-made lakes of variable depths and arbitrary geometries but uniform elastic properties. The dam-magnetic effect observed byDavis andStacey [1] on Talbingo reservoir in the Snowy Mountains of SE Australia is adequately explained in terms of the piezomagnetic effect if more highly magnetic rock than that measured on the surface is present at depth.     

Field measurement and associated controlling factors for ground water seepage in a piedmont impoundment

Knowledge of groundwater seepage to and from lakes can be an important component of scientific investigations involving water and geochemical budgets. Measurements of groundwater seepage at Lake Anna, a man-made lake in central Virginia, show that inflow to the lake occurs even under dry summer conditions. Seepage rates were found to be correlated with the elevation of the near-shore water table, which responded rapidly to rainfall events in the fractured rock terrane in which Lake Anna is located. Seepage rates did not decline uniformly with distance offshore. This result contrasts with those for lakes underlain by relatively homogeneous porous media where measurements generally confirm the prediction that seepage rates drop off exponentially with distance from shore. The along shore variability of seepage rates in Lake Anna was related to a topographic index that is used to describe drainage from hillslopes. This suggests that seepage in impoundments such as Lake Anna may be strongly controlled by drainage pathways that pre-date the lake.     

The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater

Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma–water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled.     

鄱阳湖流域大型湖库水生生态环境变化及驱动力分析——以柘林湖为例

鄱阳湖流域内湖库资源众多,柘林湖作为鄱阳湖最大的入湖湖库,是鄱阳湖流域内最大的调节湖库,对鄱阳湖入湖径流有一定的影响,在鄱阳湖的入湖流量中占重要地位.本文以鄱阳湖流域内纳入水质良好湖泊的柘林湖为例,通过对柘林湖的形成及湖泊水系生态环境演变进行探讨,分析近30年来该湖水生生态环境的变化及其关键驱动力因子.综合研究表明:柘林湖水生生物多样性有下降趋势,水质有先变差后改善的趋势,其变化的驱动力主要是流域内人口数量增加、城镇化工业化进程加快、入湖污染负荷逐年增长、滨湖区生态安全屏障受人为破坏以及资源开发不合理等.只有处理好"人湖"和谐、"三次飞跃"和"四大转变",并采取科学合理的措施进行集成研究和综合治理,才能行之有效地改善柘林湖水生生态环境,并发挥其应有的生态效应,从而保障鄱阳湖入湖"一湖清水".     

Polar lakes of the World: Current data and status of investigations

Current bathymetric and limnologic data on natural polar lakes of the World is discussed. The principal limnologic data on the largest polar lakes and also on the saline, cold amictic, and meromictic polar lakes are generalized. The geographic, “national”, and “administrative” distributions of polar lakes and also their distribution by the genesis of lake basins are analyzed. The distribution functions of polar lake areas and the regressions relating the water areas of lakes and the storages of lakes are calculated. The total water area and storage of polar lakes are estimated. The study is based on published data for 1432 Arctic and 174 Antarctic lakes, which are collected in the authors’ WORLDLAKE database. Attention is called to the inadequate knowledge of polar lakes.     

Seasonal Variation in Primary Productivity and its Interrelationship with Chlorophyll in the Lake Jaisamand (Rajasthan,India)

Lake Jaisamand near Udaipur (Rajasthan) is one of the oldest man-made lakes in India. The primary productivity of the lake showed a bimodal pattern with a first peak of a higher magnitude in July (7.605 g/m₂d C) and the second of a lower magnitude (5.851 g/m₂ dC) in December. The minimum production was 2.455 g/m₂ dC in November. The chlorophyll values were high during low water levels of summer and low during monsoon months when the water level rises, thereby dispersing the phytoplankton biomass and decreasing its density per unit of water volume. From the results obtained it appears that beside temperature and transparency, the trophogenic area and seasonal water level fluctuations have a considerable influence on the primary productivity in this lake. Based on annual production rates and chlorophyll values lake Jaisamand could be regarded as an eutrophic waterbody.     

Estimation on dynamic release of phosphorus from wind-induced suspended particulate matter in Lake Taihu

The internal source, especially resuspension process of the sediments in lakes and its environ- mental effect has been paid shining attention in the West as well as in China[1—6] although the influence of external source is important to water environment[7]. S鴑dergaard et al. compared the releases of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the surface sediments of Lake Arres before and after disturbance and they found that disturbing can increase the release by 20—30 times[3]. Robarts and ot…     

气候变化对湖库水环境的潜在影响研究进展

本文着重归纳气候变化对湖库热力特性、冰期、溶解氧、营养盐、浮游植物和水生植物等方面的影响规律,探讨气候变化对湖库水环境潜在影响的区域差异,讨论现有研究方法的优缺点和发展前景.研究表明,气候变暖对湖库物理过程的影响最为显著;热带草原气候和温带海洋性气候对于气候变暖和降雨变化的响应较其他气候类型突出;气候变化对湖库水环境的影响效果具有两面性.通过分析各气候类型中气候变暖对磷水平的潜在影响差异表明,亚热带季风气候的湖库更可能受气候变暖的影响趋于富营养状态.在今后研究中,建议深入开展各气候类型中区域性气候变化对湖库水环境影响的实例研究.     

1973-2010年巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊面积空间变化的遥感分析

利用1973、1990、2000、2010年4个时期遥感影像数据,提取并统计了1973-1990、1990-2000、2000-2010、1973-2010年4个时期湖泊面积变化信息,分析了巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊面积变化的空间特征.结果表明,湖泊数量与面积整体表现为减小,同时也存在湖泊面积增大与湖泊新增;1973-2010年间,沙漠腹地共干涸19个湖泊、新增7个湖泊,43个湖泊萎缩、6个湖泊扩张,26个湖泊面积基本保持稳定;从湖泊面积的空间变化看,面积减小的湖泊在整个湖泊区域均有分布,面积增大的湖泊较多分布于研究区东侧,且多在中东部区域外围,面积减小剧烈的湖泊在空间上有聚集分布的态势;湖泊面积变化量在整个空间上并没有表现出显著的正相关关系.湖泊面积变化所表现的空间特征可能由于不同湖泊区域补给来源不同或不同湖泊补给方式存在差异造成的.     

EFFECT OF ICE ON LAKES LEVEL

ABSTRACT

This report describes an analytical approach to the problem of defining changes in the water levels of two lakes or reservoirs connected by a channel subjected to flow blockages or retardations due to ice. Routing equations for this purpose were derived for Lakes Michigan-Huron and Erie which form a portion of the Great Lakes system. Procedures were developed for computing the monthly winter flow retardation due to ice in the St. Clair River, the outlet channel for Lake Michigan-Huron. An examination of these flow retardations, 1899–1969, indicated that the degree of retardation has progressively diminished since 1920. Utilizing the routing equations derived, the effects of these reductions in the retardations were computed to have lowered the levels of Lake Michigan-Huron by 0·50 ft. Investigation of factors responsible for the reduction in the winter flow retardations lead to the conclusion that the major factor was man-made channel enlargements in the St. Clair River.     

青藏高原盐湖卤水中溴的分布特征及来源初探

溴是完备工业体系的关键必备元素。盐湖卤水是溴的重要来源。青藏高原盐湖众多,富含钾、锂、硼等资源元素,开发潜力巨大。然而,目前针对青藏高原盐湖溴浓度、分布特征及其物源的研究仍然薄弱。本次研究采集了26个青藏高原盐湖表卤水样品并分析其溴浓度,进一步总结其他64个已报道盐湖数据,系统分析了青藏高原盐湖溴浓度分布特征,并进一步探讨了溴的可能物源。结果表明:青藏高原盐湖表卤水溴分布在0.5～246.8 mg/L之间,平均为41.1 mg/L,其中,碳酸盐型盐湖卤水平均溴浓度最高(47.0 mg/L),且集中分布在高原南部,而氯化物型盐湖平均溴浓度最低(30.1mg/L),盐湖溴浓度呈现自南向北降低的趋势;青藏高原盐湖中溴有多种来源,高原南部富溴盐湖溴的来源可能主要与热泉补给有关,而柴达木盆地盐湖高溴来源可能主要与深部地层水(如油田水、背斜构造裂隙孔隙水、砂砾孔隙卤水、气田水等)补给有关。     

土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响:以东北地区连环湖为例

土地利用和水环境因子是影响湖泊生态系统的关键因素,探究大型底栖动物次级生产力受环境因子的作用机制,可揭示底栖动物栖息地的生态系统与外源环境的关系。为了解土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响,2020年对连环湖13个主要湖泊的土地利用类型及6、8和10月的大型底栖动物、水环境因子进行调查,共采集到大型底栖动物75种,隶属于3门32科56属,其中优势种属及重要种属以摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲为主,前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.)为第一优势种。主成分分析表明,土地利用及水环境因子具备明显的时空梯度,而大型底栖动物次级生产力也存在明显的时空变化。春季、夏季、秋季次级生产力和P/B值分别为5.65、6.06、4.31 g/(m²·a)和2.74、2.55、2.40 a^-1,其中春季次级生产力集中于东北部湖区,龙虎泡集中于湖心区;夏季次级生产力逐渐向各湖区扩散,龙虎泡整体偏低;秋季次级生产力集中于西北部及东南部湖区,龙虎泡集中于东北部湖区。P/B值随季节的推移呈现由东部湖区向西部湖区逐渐递增的趋势,而龙虎泡始终集中于南部湖区。次级生产力和P/B值的结构分析表明,春季次级生产力主要由腹足纲构成,进入夏、秋季后以双壳纲对次级生产力的贡献最高。其中腹足纲、双壳纲、摇蚊幼虫和寡毛纲次级生产力主要集中于北部湖区、东南部湖区、中部湖区和龙虎泡,而甲壳纲仅出现于阿木塔泡。寡毛纲和双壳纲P/B 值随季节的推移逐渐降低,摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲P/B 值呈先升后降的趋势。通径分析表明,pH、人造地表和叶绿素a是影响年均大型底栖动物次级生产力的关键环境因子。典范对应分析表明,总磷和电导率是影响不同季节大型底栖动物次级生产力的重要环境变量。耕地、人造地表与总磷、电导率和悬浮物呈显著正相关,农业生产和城镇建设的增加是连环湖呈富营养化状态的重要原因,且此现象已对大型底栖动物次级生产力形成威胁。未来应通过控制农业面源污染、秸秆腐熟还田、鼓励粪便施肥、科学规划用地等措施改善连环湖流域的生态环境,以促进大型底栖动物资源合理的开发利用。     

通河地震台体应变观测干扰分析

利用一元回归、直线拟合、对比理论固体潮汐和潮汐分析等方法,分析并总结通河地震台体应变测项所受自然环境、人为、观测技术系统故障等干扰的特征和量级,发现自然环境干扰对该台体应变影响较大,人为干扰次之。     

蒙新高原湖泊水质状况及变化特征

蒙新高原位于干旱/半干旱气候区,区内湖泊众多,但多为盐湖和咸水湖.近年来,由于湖泊咸化、萎缩甚至干涸的过程加快,区内多数湖泊水资源严重短缺,湖泊及其流域的生态环境遭遇巨大破坏.本文选取蒙新地区11个淡水和微咸水湖泊,通过对不同区域和不同类型的湖泊水质状况分析和对比研究,揭示蒙新地区湖泊水质现状及其变化特征与原因.结果表明,新疆地区湖泊类型多样,湖水阴、阳离子涵盖了各种水化学类型,而内蒙湖泊均为钠组-氯化物型.不同湖泊间湖水离子浓度和矿化度差异较大,湖水交换是蒙新地区湖泊水体矿化度的主要影响因素;与1988年相比,哈纳斯湖、阜康天池和赛里木湖等山地湖泊矿化度无明显变化或呈下降趋势,反映了区域气候变化特征;柴窝堡湖和红碱淖湖水矿化度快速升高,而达里诺尔水体矿化度增幅较小,其差异反映了修筑水库、地下水开采等人类活动在湖泊水环境变化中的不同作用.近50年来,乌伦古湖、博斯腾湖、吉力湖和乌梁素海水体矿化度波动升高,尤其近年来矿化度升高趋势加快,反映了流域内工农业等人类活动增强而导致入湖污染物增加以及气候干旱引起湖水浓缩两个方面所产生的叠加效应.     

Differences and cause analysis of changes in lakes of different supply types in the north‐western Tibetan Plateau

Most lakes of the Tibetan Plateau were experiencing quick expansion in recent decades; a detailed study on the changes in lakes of different supply types will help to understand the cause of the changes by analysing area change of 34 lakes and water level change of eight lakes in the north‐western Tibetan Plateau. All lakes are classified into three types: non‐glacier‐fed lakes, upstream lakes and glacier‐fed lakes. The glacier‐fed lakes are separated into glacier‐fed_P1 (quick expansion region) and glacier‐fed_P2 (slow expansion region). Combining the changes in precipitation, temperature and evaporation, less precipitation may be the main reason for lake shrinkage from 1976 to 1996 and quickly increasing precipitation led to the lakes' expansion from 1996 to 2000. However, after 2000, upstream lakes remained in a stable state with slight variation, non‐glacier‐fed lakes and glacier‐fed_P2 lakes exhibited a slightly increasing rate with high precipitation and high evaporation, and glacier‐fed_P1 lakes still expanded quickly. On the basis of the assumption of same precipitation and evaporation, glacial meltwater may make an important contribution (>52%) to the increase in water storage of Bangdag Co and Meima Co. The results suggest that glacial meltwater augments the increased rate of glacier‐fed_P2 lakes and plays a much more important role in the expansion of glacier‐fed_P1 lakes compared to other lakes.     

我国城市湖泊的环境问题与对策探讨

本文根据我国近期湖泊调查资料分析, 查明了湖泊富营养化、水质污染和湖泊的淤积是我国城市湖泊当前存在的主要问题, 并在总结前期城市湖泊环境综合整治工作经验的基础上, 提出改善我国城市湖泊环境质量工作的建议。     

Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas

Glacial lake outburst floods are among the most serious natural hazards in the Himalayas. Such floods are of high scientific and political importance because they exert trans‐boundary impacts on bordering countries. The preparation of an updated inventory of glacial lakes and the analysis of their evolution are an important first step in assessment of hazards from glacial lake outbursts. Here, we report the spatiotemporal developments of the glacial lakes in the Poiqu River basin, a trans‐boundary basin in the Central Himalayas, from 1976 to 2010 based on multi‐temporal Landsat images. Studied glacial lakes are classified as glacier‐fed lakes and non‐glacier‐fed lakes according to their hydrologic connection to glacial watersheds. A total of 119 glacial lakes larger than 0.01 km² with an overall surface area of 20.22 km² (±10.8%) were mapped in 2010, with glacier‐fed lakes being predominant in both number (69, 58.0%) and area (16.22 km², 80.2%). We found that lakes connected to glacial watersheds (glacier‐fed lakes) significantly expanded (122.1%) from 1976 to 2010, whereas lakes not connected to glacial watersheds (non‐glacier‐fed lakes) remained stable (+2.8%) during the same period. This contrast can be attributed to the impact of glaciers. Retreating glaciers not only supply meltwater to lakes but also leave space for them to expand. Compared with other regions of the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), the lake area per glacier area in the Poiqu River basin was the highest. This observation might be attributed to the different climate regimes and glacier status along the HKH. The results presented in this study confirm the significant role of glacier retreat on the evolution of glacial lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东流溪河水库后生浮游动物生物量谱时空异质性

于2001年4月至2002年12月调查了流溪河水库后生浮游动物,建立后生浮游动物乍物量谱并分析了其时空分布特征．后生浮游动物Sheldon型生物量谱并不是平谱,生物量随着浮游动物粒径(等效球体直径,ESD)的增大而增大．轮虫在粒径大小范围为50-160μm内生物量随着粒径的增大而减少;枝角类(100-512μm ESD)的生物量谱呈‘单峰型’．最大生物量出现在中等大小的粒径组(200-256μm)．桡足类的生物量大约占总后生浮游动物生物量的60％,为水库后生浮游动物最重要的组成部分;粒径分布范围较宽,覆盖了轮虫和枝角类．总体而言,桡足类生物量随着粒径的增大而逐渐增大．河流区后生浮游动物标准生物量谱斜率为-0．75;湖泊区标准生物量谱斜率为-0．58在河流区．后生浮游动物生物量中轮虫和无节幼体所占的比例要高于湖泊区,而湖泊区温中剑水蚤和舌状叶镖水蚤的成体和晚期桡足幼体所占的比例高于河流区．由于河流区小个体的优势度大于湖泊区,因此河流区后生浮游动物标准谱的斜率小于湖泊区.从后生浮游动物大小分布的季节性变化看,湖泊区季节性变化不明显;河流区则变化显著,丰水期标准化谱的斜率大于-0．75．枯水期小于-0.75,斜率的变化与水位波动呈正相关关系．水库库盆的形状及水动力学的时空差异可能是影响浮游动物大小分布时空差异的重要非生物因素之一．     

Chemistry of high mountain lakes in siliceous chatchments of the Central Eastern Alps

Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 eq 1^–1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.