Electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of the humic acids from a podzol

A study has been made of solid and solution electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of humic acids from different horizons in a podzolic soil. Hyperfine splitting was observed in the solution spectra of humic acids from all horizons and depended on the strength of alkali and the period of dissolution. The upper organic horizons L, F and O₁ contained humic acids with some spectral characteristics in common with lignin. Humic acid from the lower horizons showed different spectra. At least 5 different radical signals were present.     

腐植酸改性强化磁铁矿吸附水体中铅镉的实验研究

磁铁矿是一种绿色廉价的矿物材料,对水体中重金属离子具有良好的吸附性,但吸附容量低,选择性差,易团聚,通过改性可以克服该缺点并提高其吸附性能。本文以腐植酸为改性剂,采用常温水相反应制备了腐植酸改性磁铁矿吸附材料。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征研究其表面形貌和微观结构。采用静态平衡实验考察了pH、吸附时间等因素对铅、镉吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学规律,拟合了吸附等温线。结果表明:腐植酸上的羧基、羟基被成功地接枝到了磁铁矿表面。在室温下,溶液初始pH对Pb~(2+)的吸附率几乎无影响,对Cd~(2+)的影响较大,当pH=7时,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附率均达到了95%。对初始质量浓度为10mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)最佳吸附平衡时间为360min,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。吸附等温线实验得到的竞争吸附顺序为Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+),由Langmuir等温吸附模型得到Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)饱和吸附容量分别为39.27mg/g、28.95mg/g,显著大于磁铁矿的饱和吸附容量,表明磁铁矿经腐植酸改性后增强了对水中铅镉的吸附能力。     

关于瑞利散射在九寨沟、黄龙水体颜色形成中作用的讨论

分析了可见光在大气和水体中的瑞利散射效应和吸收、反射效应特征,提出了九寨沟、黄龙水体颜色主要源自水体对可见光的选择性吸收和反射,否定了广泛采用九寨沟、黄龙水体的“瑞利散射成因”说和“元素离子呈色”说。     

On the influence of wavelength-dependent light scattering on the UV-VIS absorption spectra of oxygen-based minerals: a study on silicate glass ceramics as model substances

 The Mie scattering theory shows that the presence of randomly distributed submicroscopic inclusions with narrow size distribution and a refractive index n _i in a matrix with different refractive index n _m may give rise to a λ-dependent, band-like scattering (e.g., Kortüm 1969). Intensity and spectral position of this scattering depend on a combination of several independent parameters, such as size and number of inclusions, their form and n _i /n _m ratio (Kortüm 1969). Recently, it was confirmed that at a certain inclusion size and n _i /n _m ratio the scattering bands can contribute to the UV-edge in the electronic absorption spectra of garnets, influencing their colour (Khomenko et al. 2001). In natural minerals, however, it is impossible to differentiate between individual influence on scattering of the above mentioned parameters because of complex and interconnected variations in number, size and type of inclusions. Additionally, in most natural minerals variable amounts of transition metal ions are present. They may cause UV-VIS absorption due to ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) in the same region where band-like scattering may occur (Khomenko et al. 2001). At least some of these difficulties may be avoided in the case of some glass ceramics where number and size of crystalline microinclusions can be controlled by varying ceramization conditions such that fine-grained homogeneous microstructures are formed (e.g., James 1982; Petzoldt and Pannhorst 1991). Thus, glass ceramics of known composition, containing different amounts of microcrystals of specified size, may serve as unique patterns for the experimental study of effects caused by submicrocrystals on bulk properties of transparent solid materials, such as scattering, UV-VIS transparency and colour. Four types of parent glasses and a series of glass ceramic materials produced from them by heat treatment were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These materials were also studied by transmission spectrometry in the range 35 000–20 000 cm⁻¹. Different inclusions, from five to several hundred nm in size, were observed in the glass matrices depending on their compositions and heating history. These inclusions represent two groups: early very small crystals of Ti, Zr oxides and relatively large crystals of stuffed high-quartz type or keatite. The absorption spectra of the glass ceramics show largely varying long-wavelength slopes of the UV absorption. UV-edge intensity correlates mostly with the size of the inclusions and changes drastically when larger keatite-type microcrystals are growing. Small variations in the UV edges also follow the early process of Ti-phase separation and nucleation. This may be explained by Ti depletion from the glass matrix and, thus, by reducing the measured intensity of LMCT in the first co-ordination sphere of Ti⁴⁺ ions. The different yellowish colourations of unheated glasses studied here are caused by this effect, whereas developing several hundred-nm-large keatite crystals leads to a strong scattering effect and a milky colour in glass ceramics. Received: 15 February 2002 / Accepted: 11 November 2002 Acknowledgements M. Garsche and A. Kisljuck generously provided the base glass and glass ceramic samples. F. Galbert and S. Herhing-Aghte, both at the Technical University Berlin, helped with electron microprobe analyses and refractive indices measurements, respectively. The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, provided financial support through grant La324/35. To all these individuals and this institution our sincere thanks are due.     

酸污染原状黄土渗透微观特征演变规律试验研究

研究污染黄土的渗透特性能够为污染场地的治理提供经济高效的方案措施。以蒸馏水作为渗液,采用GDS三轴渗透仪通过室内试验研究了盐酸、硝酸和硫酸侵蚀黄土的渗透特性变化规律,并从微观结构的变化进行机制分析。试验结果表明:相同固结应力条件下,不同类型污染土的渗透系数均随酸液浓度的增大而降低;随着酸液浓度增大,污染土骨架连接方式由点-点接触向点-面接触、面-面接触转变,土体内部大孔隙消散、小孔隙增多使得有效渗流孔隙减少,导致污染土渗透系数降低;相同试验条件下不同类型污染土渗透性能变化规律为:硫酸<硝酸<盐酸<水,即酸液增强了黄土防渗及防污性能。研究结果以期为黄土地区的工程活动和防污治理提供有效参考。     

胡敏酸对高岭石吸附铜离子的强化作用

考察酸性条件特别是在近中性 pH范围内胡敏酸对高岭石吸附铜离子的强化作用。研究表明 ,胡敏酸的加入可以提高高岭石对铜离子的吸附率 ,甚至在pH 5～ 6附近高岭石对铜离子的吸附率也从约 5 0 %提高到约 6 5 %。当 pH <4时 ,由于高岭石表面铝的高溶出或胡敏酸阴离子基团离解程度降低等因素 ,使其表面对胡敏酸的吸附率有所降低 ,但与高岭石样品相比 ,胡敏酸高岭石复合体对铜离子的吸附仍然有明显的增加。胡敏酸对高岭石吸附铜离子的强化机制是 ,高岭石端面形成了Al—HA—Cu三元配合物 (B型 ) ,与传统的诸如pH、离子强度与离子初始浓度等介质条件影响不同。在 pH >7时高岭石端面及腐殖质基团去质子化增强 ,因而静电排斥降低了高岭石对胡敏酸的吸附 ,从而使得胡敏酸对铜离子在高岭石表面上的吸附作用有所减弱 ,此时可能出现胡敏酸铜及氢氧化铜的沉淀 ,铜离子的表观吸附率可能不会有明显变化     

基于实测波谱标识的Hyperion数据岩性识别方法

以中甸普朗典型斑岩铜矿区和松诺典型矿点的2种主要含矿岩性为实验研究对象,将特征岩性实测波谱数据转换为Hyperion影像像元数据,并利用MNF变换对高光谱数据进行降噪和降维,以第一个MNF变换主成分作为分析数据,以所构建像元的亮度值为参考分割点,通过密度分割,进行岩性识别,并通过与已有的地质资料的对比分析和野外调查,验证结果的精度。实验结果证明,在影像处理过程中有机地融入地面实测波谱,可较有效地识别中甸地区与矿相关的石英二长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩。     

滩涂沉积物中腐殖酸对Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附平衡实验

近海滩涂是一类集中反映人类活动对地区环境影响的特定环境系统，其沉积物中腐殖质对排入重金属的迁移规律有显著影响。本文以渤海近岸滩涂沉积物为分析对象，提取其中腐殖酸，对Cr（Ⅲ）进行吸附性能实验分析，结果表明：0．1g的腐殖酸在室温条件下（20～25℃），pH值在4～5之间，在Cr（Ⅲ）的浓度达到800μg/mL时可达到饱和吸附，吸附量为6．5mg/g；腐殖酸对Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。     

A study on the sensitivity of the radar scattering coefficient to oceanic winds

Sensitivity of the radar scattering coefficient to the oceanic wind vector in the midangular range for frequencies from L- to Ku- band is studied. This is based on computations of scattering coefficient via the two-scale scattering theory employing a semi-empirical model for the ocean spectrum suggested by Fung and Lee and the slope distribution by Cox and Munk. Higher frequency and incident angles of over 45 degrees seem to yield better wind sensitivity.     

Petrophysical characterisation of tight sandstone gas reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance: a case study of the upper Paleozoic strata in the Kangning area,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,China

Residual and movable porosity are significant parameters for characterising petrophysical properties, especially in tight reservoirs. Eight tight sandstone samples from the upper Paleozoic gas-bearing strata in the Kangning area, from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and porosity and permeability tests. The lithology and pore types were identified and classified using petrography and SEM. The residual and movable porosity were obtained with NMR. In addition, NMR was used to visualise pore structure and pore size distribution. The results suggest that the upper Paleozoic sandstones in the study area mainly comprise feldspathic litharenite and litharenite. The sandstone porosity and permeability are low, with means of 5.9% and 0.549 mD, respectively. Four pore types exist in the tight sandstones: residual primary pores, grain dissolution pores, micropores (clay-dominated) and microfractures. The T₂ spectra under water-saturated conditions correlate with pore size and can be used to distinguish small and large pores based on the transverse relaxation time cutoff value of 10 ms, which corresponds to a pore diameter of 0.232 μm. Small pores account for 72% of the pores in the tight sandstones. The continuous bimodal T₂ spectra suggest good connectivity between small and large pores, despite the low porosity and permeability. In this study, the movable porosity of the major tight sandstone gas reservoirs is higher than the residual porosity, which confirms the effective evaluation of movable porosity to tight sandstone reservoirs, based on NMR experiments.     

浙江青田单斜晶系叶腊石微结构的高分辨透射电镜研究

采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)及X射线荧光光谱(XRF)对青田叶腊石的矿物学特征进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明:叶腊石矿物颗粒微结构中最基本的构成单元为纳米板片,且该板片多呈聚集态,单层板片面积大小不一,厚度为(8±2)nm。XRF分析结果表明青田叶腊石原矿混合物中SiO2与Al2O3的分子个数比为6.2,明显高于纯叶腊石中SiO2与Al2O3的分子个数比4.0。HR-TEM对叶腊石晶体结构的研究证实青田叶腊石具有典型的单斜晶系特征,该结论与叶腊石XRD结论一致;且XRD分析结果证实其伴生矿为石英,该结论与XRF所获得的青田叶腊石的"富硅"特征吻合。此外,叶腊石微结构中存在着较明显的晶体缺陷。在高能电子束辐照作用下,叶腊石晶体结构发生明显的破坏,并最终转变为非晶态结构。     

和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉的拉曼光谱研究

拉曼光谱测定的28件闪石岩类玉石样品中,除玛纳斯碧玉是阳起石外,其他均为透闪石.其拉曼光谱图基本一致,但因受其含FeO量多少的控制,拉曼光谱图也存在一些差别.     

2－（2－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸与镍显色反应及应用

２－（２－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸与镍显色反应及应用郑恩铭，孙维林台州师范专科学校生化系浙江临海３１７０００２－（２－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸￣［１］（简称ＰＡＢＡ）的结构式为：本文试验了Ｎｉ￣（２＋）与ＰＡＢＡ的显色反应条件，所拟方法结合预分离技术用于钴精矿和铝合...     

凹凸棒石与酸反应纳米尺度研究——反应机理和表面积变化

利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和BET-比表面积分析(BET-SSA)技术调查了沉积型凹凸棒石与酸作用过程中形态和比表面积变化,并探讨了凹凸棒石与酸反应机理。对不同条件下凹凸棒石与酸反应产物纳米尺度观察表明,凹凸棒石的酸溶反应既表现出棒状晶体端部四面体和八面体一致溶解,也表现出柱面位置四面体和八面体不一致溶解。纳米尺度观察揭示出凹凸棒石与酸反应机制是质子从外表面扩散渗透,而不是质子从晶体孔道的渗透,反应速率主要受穿过酸溶产物硅酸层扩散速率控制。凹凸棒石的酸溶反应过程中,酸处理凹凸棒石的纳米孔结构现象与柱面位置四面体硅局部溶蚀有关。酸处理凹凸棒石比表面积增加归因于凹凸棒石中八面体不均匀、不连续溶解和局部四面体硅的溶蚀导致凹凸棒石孔道开放和直径扩大,从而使N2分子更多的进入凹凸棒石的孔道。部分八面体残留对四面体片起支撑作用,当凹凸棒石中八面体阳离子近于完全溶解时,四面体片失去支撑,结构塌陷,内孔孔道消失,比表面积再度下降。     

利用尾矿砂制备镁铁氢氧化物实验研究

以金川铜镍矿尾矿酸浸液为原料,根据矿物沉淀pH值区间的不同,分步分离Fe、Mg的沉淀物以及有价金属Al、Co、Ni、Cu的混合沉淀物,进而制备具有高附加值的Fe(OH)3和Mg(OH)2,同时富集Co、Ni、Cu等有价金属。结果表明,当溶液pH值为3.8时可沉淀分离出主要成分为施威特曼石(schwertmannite)的氢氧化铁前驱体,pH值达到9.8时沉淀富集出Al、Co、Ni、Cu的混合氢氧化物,随即得到只含有Mg离子的溶液。在60℃条件下,将施威特曼石在pH值为12的NaOH溶液中老化36h,可以得到Fe(OH)3。同时,以NaOH调节只含有Mg离子的溶液至pH值为12.4时可获得Mg(OH)2。本研究为金属矿山尾矿的资源化综合利用提供了新的思路与方法。     

A study of the seismic response of the city of Benevento (Southern Italy) through a combined analysis of seismological and geological data

A previous analysis [Improta, L., G. Di Giulio, and A. Rovelli (2005). Variations of local seismic response in Benevento (Southern Italy) using earthquakes and ambient noise recordings, J. Seism. 9, 191–210.] of small magnitude earthquakes recorded at 12 sites within the city of Benevento has stressed the significant role played by near-surface geology in causing variability of the ground motion. In this paper, we extend the study of the seismic response from 12 sites to the entire urban area. Based on inferences from the comparison at the 12 sites between earthquake and ambient vibration results, we have collected ambient noise at about 100 sites within the city, intensifying measurements across the main shallow geological variations. We use borehole data to interpret ambient noise H/V spectral ratios in terms of near-surface geology comparing H/V curves to theoretical transfer functions of 1D models along five well-constrained profiles.

On the basis of geological, geotechnical, and seismic data, we identify three main typologies of seismic response in the city. Each type of response is associated to zones sharing common soil conditions and similar soil classes according to building codes for seismic design. Moreover, we find that the spatial variation of the seismic response in the ancient town area is consistent with the damage pattern produced by a very destructive, well-documented historical earthquake that struck the city in 1688, causing MCS intensity of IX–X in Benevento.

Finally, we use ground motions recorded during the experiment by Improta et al. [Improta, L., G. Di Giulio, and A. Rovelli (2005). Variations of local seismic response in Benevento (Southern Italy) using earthquakes and ambient noise recordings, J. Seism. 9, 191–210.] to generate synthetic seismograms of moderate to strong (Mw 5.7, Molise 2002 and Ms 6.9, 1980 Irpinia) earthquakes. We calibrate the random summation technique by Ordaz et al. [Ordaz, M., J. Arboleda, and S.K. Singh (1995). A scheme of random summation of an Empirical Green's Function to estimate ground motions for future large earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 85, 1635–1647.] using recordings of these earthquakes available in Benevento. After a satisfactory fit between observed and synthetic seismograms, we compute response spectra at different sites and speculate on effects of the geology class at large level of shaking, including soil nonlinearity. We find that large discrepancies from design spectra prescribed by seismic codes can occur for a wide sector of Benevento, especially for periods < 0.5 s.     

铑与2-（6-甲基苯并噻唑偶氮）-5-二乙氨基苯甲酸体系极谱波的研究

Rh（Ⅲ）-2-（6-甲基苯并噻唑偶氯）-5-二乙氨基苯甲酸络舍物在pH=5．0的HAc—NaAc缓冲液中有一较灵敏的极谱波,其峰电位EP1为-554mV（vs．SCE）,加入表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠使峰电流增加8．7倍,峰电位EP1负移至-600mV（vs．SCE）。铑的质量浓度在0．05～65μg/L与二阶导数峰电流IP”有良好的线性关系,检出限为7．8ng／L。经多种电化学方法证明该波为络舍吸附波,其电极过程为不可逆,电子转移数为2。此外试验了多种共存离子时峰电流Ip”测量的影响。所拟方法已用于1     

A study on the environmental conditions of the microsparite （Molar-tooth） carbonates

Along with the progress in research on the Precambrian, Molar-tooth carbonates (simplified as MT, or microsparite carbonates or MT structure) which were formed in the Middle-Late Proterozoic have become a hot subject recently. The Proterozoic Molar-tooth (MT) carbonate rocks refer to those Meso- to Neoproterozoic (1600-650 Ma) carbonates with MT structure, i.e., a series of peculiar, ptygmatically folded and spar-filled cracks in fine-grained carbonates of Precambrian age, located in the environment of mid- to inner ramp and shallow platform. MTS, like a bridge connecting the inorganic world with the organic one, are closely related to the evolution of paleo-oceans, atmosphere and biosphere. Their development and/or recession are/is related to the origin of life and the abruption of sedimentary geochemistry events of marine carbonates. By using modern instruments and testing methods adequately, the contents of oxides in sandstones were measured and the REE distribution pattern curves were established; an accurate value of isotopic ratio of 87Sr/86Sr was obtained, that is, the age of MT formation is about 750-900 Ma; C and O isotopes of some fresh micrite limestone samples were analyzed; the energy spectrum analysis revealed that the MT consists mainly of microspar calcite, while as for its chemical composition, the matrix shows outstanding peaks of Ca, Mg, Al, Si, and K. The geochemical indicators proved that Neoproterozoic MT carbonates in the Jilin-Liaoning region were developed at the margin of a stable continent, in the torrid zone where the paleo-temperature was about 50℃, the seawater had normal salinity when MT was formed during the Wanlong period in southern Jilin and during the Yingchengzi and Xingmincun periods in eastern Liaoning. The sedimentary environment was located in the inner ramp. In summary, it is of great importance to understand the origin of MT, ascertain the paleo-climate and paleo-environment characteristics, constrain the age and the stratigraphic division and comparison of the Proterozoic so as to study the geochemical characteristics of MT carbonates and their formation environment.     

A geohazard reconnaissance study based on geoscientific information for development needs of the western region of Istanbul (Turkey)

The role of geoenvironmental information is becoming increasingly important as legislative changes have forced developers and planning authorities to consider more implications and impact on the environment of large-scale development initiatives. Therefore, integration of surface and subsurface geoscientific information for development needs has prime importance and provides a means of identifying potential problems and opportunities at an early stage in any planned development. However, from the experience of recent natural disasters, it is evident that this was not case the taken into consideration in many countries. In addition to thousands of casualties, many urbanized areas, industrial districts and large-scale engineering structures suffered severe damages from the natural hazards due to many reasons including the lack of preliminary engineering geological maps and zoning maps of the settlement areas. Turkey is one of the countries which is exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides and floods. In particular, the devastating 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, which affected the Marmara Region of Turkey, focused the attention on densely urbanized and industrialized metropolitan areas such as Istanbul. The rapid growth of Istanbul, particularly towards west with minimal geoscientific information resulted in an overwhelming pressure on the natural environment. In addition, a large earthquake, which is expected to occur in the Marmara Sea within the next 30 years, also pose a threat to the city and its surroundings. In this study, on the basis of the geological, geomorphological and geophysical reconnaissance study, an integrated geoscientific data were collected from the western region of Istanbul and evaluated for geohazards. The paper focuses on the geological and geomorphological aspects that control the occurrence of some geohazards such as earthquake-induced liquefaction, landslides and flooding. In this context, the geological map of the region was revised and Quaternary deposits were classified into 11 units, in detail. Liquefaction-prone areas were evaluated by using geomorphological criteria based on field investigation, by the examination of the available records from 88 boreholes drilled on recent deposits and by the data from resistivity profiles. The landslides within the region were classified according to their type, relative depth and activity. In addition, fluvial and marine flood-prone areas were also delimited within the region. Finally, a series of maps such as landslide inventory maps, and maps showing liquefaction- and flood-prone areas were produced with the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assist in designing further detailed site investigations and to reduce costs by ensuring a more focused approach to strategic planning and site selection.     

砟子煤矿区硬质高岭(土)岩生产高白度煅烧高岭土工艺研究

吉林省地质矿信息中心与白山市八道江区煤管局合作,对山地区石炭、二叠系煤系地层中的硬质高岭（土）岩进行了实验室加工试验,得出了影响砟子煤矿区硬质高岭（土）岩煅烧高岭土白度的六大因素,指出了煅烧工艺对砟子煤矿区硬质高岭（土）岩的关键所在,但各因素之间又是相关连,相互渗透的,对下一步建厂生产指明了方向,清楚地论述了应用砟子煤矿区硬质高岭（土）岩的煅烧加工过程,获得超细双９０型造纸涂料级产品的把握所在,双９０型产品指的是：粒度－２μｍ〉９０％,白度（ＧＥ高度）〉９０度。