Barium Increasing Prior to Opal during the Last Termination of Glacial Ages in the Okhotsk Sea Sediments

Ba and Ti in a sediment core (10 m long) from the Okhotsk Sea, covering the last 120 kyrs, were measured. The authigenic Ba (Ba_ex) contents were calculated and compared with the opal. The correlation coefficient between Ba_ex and opal was quite small (r = 0.34), but it greatly grew larger (r = 0.90), if the Ba_ex contents were multiplied by a simple function increasing with depth, except for two intervals. This may be due to the gradual change in the sedimentation environment during the glacial ages. One of the exceptional interval is found at 60–170 cm in depth, corresponding to 10–17 calendar kyr ago, the last termination period of glacial ages, where the Ba_ex began to increase prior to opal. Since the calcium carbonate contents similarly increased prior to the opal increase, the Ba_ex may be also related to calcareous organisms besides siliceous ones. The other is the last interglacial period around 120 kyr ago when the opal contents were high, but those of the Ba_ex were not increased. This can be explained, if the Ba_ex was reduced to sulfide and dissolved away in a strongly anoxic environment during the biologically productive period. During the glacial ages, the mass accumulation rate (MAR) of lithogenic Ti was about twice the amount of that during the interglacial ages. For opal, however, the contrast between the glacial and interglacial ages was more remarkable in its MAR than in its concentration in sediments, due to the larger variation in the bulk sedimentation rates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Bantry Bay, Southwest Ireland

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that bivalve molluscs routinely ingest zooplankton. To elucidate further these observations, a 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels was conducted using mussel long-lines in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Stomach content analysis of the mussels showed that there was evidence of zooplankton ingestion throughout the sampling period, but that highest mean numbers of zooplankters were ingested by mussels in the spring and summer months. Various zooplankton species were present in mussel stomachs. Harpacticoid copepods were found more often in stomach contents than calanoid copepods, probably due to their proximity to the bivalves' inhalent siphons. Barnacle cyprids featured in large numbers in stomach contents, but only for a period of 3 months which broadly corresponded with their pelagic phase. Sizes of ingested zooplankton ranged from 126 μm to 6 mm, but more of the smaller zooplankters (e.g. crustacean nauplii) were ingested. When lengths of ingested copepods were compared with those found in plankton net samples, it was found that the net-sampled copepods were significantly larger than those found in mussel stomachs, suggesting that mussels select for smaller categories within the zooplankton available to them. Soft bodied zooplankton was rarely found in mussel stomachs but their absence may be due to rapid digestion or they may have been destroyed in the preservation process. Ingestion of zooplankton by bivalves is discussed in the context of the impacts mussel farms have on resident zooplankton populations.     

小浪底水库关键水体环境要素的时空变化特征及其影响因素

基于2017年6和12月、2018年5和9月在黄河小浪底水库开展的4次水体环境的综合观测,获得了悬浮颗粒物含量(SPM)、水温、溶解氧(DO)、pH和叶绿素a含量等数据,研究了不同季节和不同运作方式下黄河小浪底水库关键水体环境要素的分布特征及其影响因素。水库放水时期(2017年6月和2018年5月)和洪水调控期(2018年9月),随距坝距离越近,SPM含量逐渐降低,但在蓄水末期(2017年12月),库区水体SPM整体分布均匀,洪水调控期入库水体含沙量较高,最大达到了7894.7 mg/L。水库放水时期存在热分层现象,表底层温差最大达到了12.4℃,而在蓄水时期和洪水调控期水温分布较为均匀,平均温度分别为12.5和26.8℃。2017年6月库区水体DO平均为6.36 mg/L,层化现象较显著,表底层最大相差8.01 mg/L,其余时间DO整体上分布较均匀,无明显层化现象,平均分别为7.56、8.10和6.13 mg/L。库区水体pH只在2017年6月存在明显的全库区分层现象,平均为8.38,表底最大相差0.85;2018年5和9月坝前区域pH较高,并存在从表至底逐渐降低的现象;2017年12月蓄水末期则整体分布较均匀,在放水期和洪水调控期,库区水体叶绿素a含量整体上表层较高,从表至底逐渐降低,2018年9月叶绿素a含量较高,最大达到了10.50μg/L,而在蓄水末期,叶绿素a含量偏低且分布较均匀,平均含量仅为0.70μg/L。上述结果表明,受气温、上游来水、水库调控和生物过程等的多重影响下,小浪底水库内各种环境因子时空变化剧烈,是研究气候变化和人类活动对河流物质输运影响的良好载体。     

Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Grain Size of Sediments from Hailing Bay, China

Introduction Hailing Bay located in western Guangdong province is an important marine aquaculture base and a famous scenic spot. Moyang River which flows across Yangjiang is the major runoff and polluted source in the sea area of Hailing Bay. Hailing Bank ( approximately 5 000 m ) which was built to connect Hailing Island and the continent in 1964 has blocked the natural circulation of suspended sand and pollutants in seawater. Water flux through the Yangjiang harbor extensively decreases …     

防城港水化学要素含量的分布特征及相互关系

本文利用1996年12月和1997年7月的调查资料，首次对防城港水化学要素含量的变化特征及相互关系进行了研究。结果表明：该港湾水化学要素含量具有明显的河口区特征，pH值和DO含量呈枯水期高于丰水期，营养盐含量则与此相反；物理混合作用对该港湾水体营养盐含量的分布起主导控制作用；各营养盐含量之间具有很好的同源性，尤以枯水期的较显著。     

青海省长宁遗址沉积物元素对晚全新世人类活动和气候变化的响应

通过对青海省长宁遗址晚全新世沉积剖面OC、P、Ba、Mn、S、K2O、Pb、As、Al2O3、Fe2O3和Cu的化学成分分析及磁化率分析,研究了该时期沉积物元素含量对人类活动和气候变化的响应。结果表明,齐家文化时期(4300～3900aBP)至汉代(202BC—220AD)之间的气候恶化使沉积物中上述元素含量显著下降,齐家文化时期和汉代的人类活动也对沉积物元素含量产生了影响,不同方式的人类活动对沉积物元素含量的影响存在差异。     

Minor and rare elements in manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises

Six manganese crusts, 13 manganese nodules, and 16 sediments were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Data were generated on selected major and minor elements but geochemical evaluations are based only on Fe, Sc, U, Th, and the rare earth elements (REE). Manganese crusts and manganese nodules have comparable trivalent REE contents and show a shale‐like distribution pattern. Both crusts and nodules are characterized by a positive Ce anomaly but the anomaly is higher in nodules. REE contents in manganese nodules show a linear dependence on the Fe content, and it is concluded that these elements are incorporated in the Fe‐rich (δ‐MnO₂) phase. In the crusts, the REE correlate with Sc and are therefore assumed to be associated with the clay minerals. Uranium contents are significantly higher in the crusts than in nodules whereas Th is slightly higher in the nodules. There is a clear positive correlation between U and Th in nodules but there are too few data to make a similar conclusion for crusts. Compositional data suggest a division of the sediments into two groups. The carbonate sediments have much lower REE contents and a more pronounced negative Ce anomaly than the clays, while both show a lithogenous component as indicated by a slight negative Eu anomaly.     

东北太平洋胡安·德富卡隆起西翼晚第四纪以来的碳酸盐记录

通过对东北太平洋胡安·德富卡隆起西翼沉积柱样中的碳酸盐含量和浮游有孔虫氧同位素测试以及浮游有孔虫丰度、溶解指数和粗组分的统计,发现在晚第四纪约65 ka以来碳酸盐含量变化幅度大(0 4%~77 2%),相差非常悬殊,但其变化未呈现出冰期时溶解作用减弱、间冰期时溶解作用强烈这样明显的旋回性。粗组分分析结果显示,地层中有明显的浊流沉积发育。另外,碳酸盐含量和浮游有孔虫丰度分析结果揭露了研究区的 CCD在3 500 m左右。研究认为,在约65 ka来水深浅于3 500 m的区域碳酸盐含量的无规律性变化应与浊流沉积影响有直接的关系,而水深深于3 500 m的区域碳酸盐含量主要受控于深海碳酸盐的溶解作用。     

西太平洋边缘海区元素地层学研究及其古海洋学意义

应用X射线萤光能谱对西太平洋边缘海区的4个钻孔的沉积物进行了元素分析。结果表明,元素在地层中的分布方式与气候变化有极大关系,存在两种模式:CaCO_3溶解区元素高含量与气候暖期一致;CaCO_3保存区,元素高含量段与气候寒冷区相对应,因此元素在地层中的分布有明确的古海洋学意义。利用元素在地层中的分布,对深海地层进行气候地层学划分与对比精度很高,称之为元素地层学。     

底质细化对厦门潮下带文昌鱼栖息地大型底栖动物群落的影响

本文根据2014年至2017年在厦门文昌鱼保护区黄厝、南线十八线、鳄鱼屿和小嶝岛四处潮下带以及参照点白城潮下带获得的大型底栖动物和沉积物粒径数据,探讨底质细化对厦门潮下带文昌鱼栖息地大型底栖动物群落的影响。聚类分析表明个别黏土含量较高的取样站没有发现文昌鱼且大型底栖动物种数少。单因素方差分析表明,厦门潮下带部分大型底栖动物群落参数和优势种数量存在显著差异。底质粒径分析表明, 2017年9月,鳄鱼屿和白城潮下带黏土和粉砂含量高于黄厝、南线十八线和小嶝岛潮下带的黏土和粉砂含量。2016年夏季黄厝、南线十八线潮下带黏土和粉砂含量明显高于2014年夏季的黏土和粉砂含量。相关分析表明,5个大型底栖动物群落参数如物种数、栖息密度、生物量、多样性指数(H′)和丰度指数(d), 7个常见种的栖息密度和生物量与粉砂和黏土含量呈显著正相关,均匀度指数(J)和4种常见种的数量与粉砂和黏土含量无显著相关,白氏文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)的栖息密度和生物量与粉砂和黏土含量呈显著负相关。上述结果证实,黏土含量增加到15%和粉砂含量增加到60%有利于多数大型底栖动物栖息密度和生物量的增加,但导致白氏文昌鱼栖息密度和生物量的减少,而红角沙蚕(Ceratonereiserythraeenis)、滑指矶沙蚕(Eunice indica)、光滑倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus laevis)受底质细化的影响较小。     

Comparison of the effects of water-soluble (EDTA) and particulate (Chelex-100) synthetic ligands on the growth of phytoplankton population in the disphotic zone seawater

To clarify the beneficial roles of naturally occurring organic ligands on the growth of phytoplankton in newly upwelled water, phytoplankton culture experiments using disphotic zone water were conducted to discriminate between the effects of EDTA in the detoxification of certain toxic metal ions and increasing the availability of essential metals. Culture media were prepared by adding EDTA and Chelex-100, separately or in combination, to disphotic zone water samples. Our proposed working hypothesis is that phytoplankton growth can be enhanced by removing toxic metal ions from culture media by Chelex-100 and by detoxification of toxic metal ions or increasing the availability of essential metals by EDTA. A shortening of the lag period and an increase of the specific population growth rate were clearly observed after the addition of Chelex-100; nd EDTA. The effects of EDTA were more considerable than those of Chelex-100; a 17 to 44% in shortening the lag period and a 35 to 56% increase in the growth rate, when comparing the effects of Chelex-100 with those of EDTA. The similar effects of removing toxic metal ion by Chelex-100 as those of detoxification by EDTA suggested that EDTA has a role not only of detoxification but also of increasing the availability of essential metals. The present study suggests that the low productivity in newly upwelled water observed by Barber and Ryther (1969) can be ascribed to both toxic metal ions and a lack of available forms of essential metals because of their low contents of free natural organic ligands.     

赤道东北太平洋沉积物中生物钡的分布特征

分析了赤道东北太平洋海域沉积物中Ba、Ti、Al和有机碳(Corg)的含量。研究表明,研究区沉积物中钡为0.198%~0.792%;采用标准陆源物质扣除法获得的生物钡(Babio)的含量为0.162%~0.764%,占沉积物中总钡含量的81.6%~96.5%,平均为88.7%,其在沉积物中的分布表现为上部一致,下部变化较大;有机碳(Corg)的含量为0.18%~0.58%,并表现为随沉积物深度的增加而降低。沉积物中Babio/Ti的比值表现为东区高于西区,且向高纬度降低的特点,而沉积物中Corg/Ti和Babio/Ti则表现为负相关关系,表明研究区沉积物中钡可能和上层海洋生产力的相关性不明显。     

生物样品中重金属含量的分析测试法比较研究

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪 (ICP AES)和石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪 (GAAS)分别测定河蚬样品中镉和铬的含量 ,以比较不同测试方法对这两种重金属测定的影响。结果表明 :2种测试法对生物样品中镉和铬含量的测定结果都有显著的影响 ,同一样品中镉和铬含量的ICP AES测定值均显著高于其相应的GAAS测定值。相比ICP AES法 ,GAAS法对河蚬样品中镉和铬含量的测定更为准确。不同方法测定的镉和铬含量的差异程度分别为 1 8.8%和1 36.4 %。本研究显示 :不同测试法对铬含量测定结果的影响比对镉含量测定结果的影响更大。     

泥蚶快速生长季生化代谢物的变化特征

研究了象山港泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)快速生长季(2020年5—11月)糖原、游离氨基酸和脂肪酸等代谢物的组成、含量及其变化,并对其营养特征变化进行了分析。结果显示,7—9月为泥蚶快速生长期,此期前后泥蚶生长缓慢。泥蚶肌肉糖原含量约5.6~11.1mg/g;牛磺酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是其主要的游离氨基酸;不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,且主要为多不饱和脂肪酸。生长过程中几种生化代谢物含量变化显著:5—7月间,糖原含量显著降低、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成发生显著变化。7—9月间,糖原含量、生糖和呈味氨基酸含量显著升高、饱和及单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低,但脂肪酸组成结构无显著差异。11月,氨基酸及多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著升高。11月泥蚶具有高的营养品质。本研究为泥蚶养殖管理及水产品营养研究提供参考。     

9810号台风过程厦门近岸海域POC的变化特征

本文研究了９８１０号台风影响下九龙江口及厦门西港表层海水颗粒有机碳（ＰＯＣ）的变化特征及其与某些环境因子的关系,除厦门西港低潮水外,台风期间ＰＯＣ含量的迅速增大,此“冲击期”共维持３ｄ后ＰＯＣ值迅速回落,进入“恢复期”。台风期间,九龙江口高低潮,厦门西港高潮表层水ＰＯＣ含量分别为０．７３９、１．３１９和０．８４８ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３,是非台风状况下的１．１、１．９和１．４倍,陆源有机物的输入和底质再悬浮作用是控制表层水ＰＯＣ含量的主要因素,而厦门西港低潮水ＰＯＣ含量受台风作用影响较小,碎屑ＰＯＣ为厦门近岸海域表层海水ＰＯＣ的主要组成部分。ＰＯＣ与溶解态Ｎ、Ｐ营养盐有一定正相关性,暗示其可能来自颗粒物有机Ｎ、Ｐ的生物降解。     

西南印度洋脊49.6°E热液区热液产物和玄武岩地球化学特征

利用X射线荧光法和ICP-MS等方法对取自超慢速扩张的西南印度洋脊(SWIR) 49.6°E热液区的热液产物和玄武岩样品进行元素地球化学特征分析研究,结果表明:(1)与亏损型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相比,研究区玄武岩样品的主量元素组成显示其偏碱性,而微量元素对比表明该区玄武岩明显富集Pb元素;(2)对热液产物的综合分析表明这些样品多为Fe-Si-Mn氧羟化物且都为热液来源;(3)热液产物的∑REE含量介于玄武岩和海水之间,经球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素(REE)分布模式均表现出Eu正异常和轻稀土(LREE)富集的特征。另外,本研究还表明,利用玄武岩和热液产物地球化学指标不仅能够模拟出以热液喷口为中心的元素地球化学晕,而且能反映出热液活动的影响范围。     

几种饵料浮游动物脂肪酸组成分析及营养效果评价

本文采用气相色谱分析法对海水鱼类育苗常用的4种饵料浮游动物的脂肪酸组成和含量进行了测定分析.结果表明卤虫无节幼虫、皱褶臂尾轮虫、蒙古裸腹溞和太平洋纺锤水蚤的粗脂肪含量分别占其体重的21.54％、9.70％、6.67％和4.66％.单不饱和脂肪酸的含量排序分别为蒙古裸腹溞＞纺锤水蚤＞轮虫＞卤虫；多不饱和脂肪酸含量则为卤虫＞裸腹溞＞轮虫＞纺锤水蚤.此外，太平洋纺锤水蚤尚含有C226(DHA)高不饱和脂肪酸，这在其它饵料生物中并未检出.卤虫无节幼虫和褶皱臂尾轮虫的脂肪酸组成中，油酸(C181)、亚油酸(C182)和亚麻酸(C183)占有较大比例，而二十碳以上的不饱和脂肪酸含量很低.文中讨论了脂肪酸组成和含量与营养效果的关系.     

Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River,New Zealand

Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish species were collected at monthly intervals during a 12‐month period, from 3 areas of the lower Rakaia River. The composition and abundance of the benthos and stomach contents of the fish were analysed for seasonal trends, food niche breadth and overlap between pairs of fish species, and overlap between the benthos and the diet of each fish species. The diets of bluegilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), upland bully (G. breviceps), juvenile longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Galaxias brevipinnis, G. paucispondylus, and juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were similar to the proportions of prey species in the benthos. Deleatidium and chironomid larvae dominated the benthos in all seasons and formed the majority of food items in the diet of these species. Food niche overlap between these species was high, indicating potential competition, but preferred habitat and feeding habit differences plus low fish population density and abundance of main prey items probably eliminate the occurrence of any serious competition. The diet of the other fish species differed from this pattern. The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae and fish eggs than occurred in the benthos; torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae than occurred in the benthos; and quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) depended largely upon prey species of terrestial origin, such as adult Deleatidium and dipterans.     

The life history of the giant octopus Octopus magnificus in South African waters

Octopus magnificus is a regular bycatch of traps set for spiny lobsters and bottom trawls for Cape hakes Merluccius spp. on the continental shelf of South Africa. Octopuses were collected from rocky substrata (traps) and soft sediments (research trawls) during a three-year period (2002–2005) and over a wide geographical and depth range to investigate their basic biological and life-history characteristics. Octopuses collected from trawl nets were smaller than those from traps. Males from traps and trawl nets were larger than females, with males being more frequently caught in traps than females. Size distributions were seasonally cyclical, increasing from a small mean size in the austral winter to a peak in summer, and receding during autumn. No mature females were found on soft sediments. The female gonadosomatic index peaked during summer, and sperm were found in oviducts year-round. Males reached 50% maturity at a weight of 4.6kg compared with 5.8kg in females. Mature females produced up to 10 000 medium-to-large (4–9mm maximum length) eggs, and potential fecundity was positively related to female body and ovary weight. Feeding rates were highest in trap-caught octopuses and gut contents consisted mainly of bait, spiny lobsters and teleosts (mainly jacopever Helicolenus dactylopterus). The gut contents of trawl-caught octopuses consisted mainly of crustaceans (84%), mostly portunid crabs but no spiny lobsters, teleosts (15%) and molluscs (1%). The results suggest that O. magnificus has a short (c. 1 year) lifespan, with winter/spring recruitment, a summer spawning peak, and post-spawning mortality in autumn. Alternatively, the species may have a longer lifespan with seasonal migrations between rocky and soft substrata.     

条斑星鲽幼鱼变态期间核酸及蛋白的变化

本试验测定了条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)幼鱼变态过程中DNA、RNA、蛋白及其比值的变化,作为评价幼鱼变态阶段生长潜能的指标。结果表明,试验期间培育水温为16.5～18.0°C,DNA、RNA及蛋白的变化都带有发育阶段特异性。DNA含量在34～42日龄增加缓慢,然后快速增加直至44日龄,在45日龄和46日龄分别保持下降和上升趋势。蛋白含量和RNA含量的变化趋势相似,在试验期间保持快速增长的趋势。RNA/DNA比值从试验开始至35日龄呈上升状态,36日龄时下降,38日龄时达到最高值5.01,然后显著下降(P0.05),在试验结束时达到最低值1.76。蛋白/DNA在40日龄时达到最高值58.64,在46日龄时达到最低值21.28。RNA、DNA及蛋白含量跟全长和体质量有明显的线性关系(P0.05)。RNA/DNA与全长和体质量的关系比蛋白/DNA与全长和体质量的关系密切。蛋白/DNA比值的变化趋势跟RNA/DNA比值类似,但前者的变化滞后于后者,表明RNA/DNA比值是评价条斑星鲽生理状况的更有效的生理指标。