南沙海区沉积物沉积速率的测定和沉积环境探讨

运用~(230)Th_(ex)和~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th方法测定柱状样NS87—11样品的沉积速率分别为1.51cm/10~3年,1.06cm/10~3年,结合N元素的含量以及Th/U比值,氧同位素资料等讨论本沉积区的沉积环境和古气候的变化特征,认为本柱样中更新世以来经历海平面上升→下降→上升→下降→上升的格局,古气候反映暖→冷→暖→冷→暖。     

中国近海沉积物中钍同位素的分布

本文对采自中国7个近岸海域的沉积物中钍(铀)同位素的分布进行了研究。发现表层沉积物中,~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)均小于1.0且呈均匀分布的态势。但~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)的数值及其深度分布特征与深海沉积物截然不同。~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)与水深呈良好的正相关。钍系不平衡普遍存在,其特征是~(228)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)<1.0,据此推测了沉积物中可溶化学物质与上覆海水发生交换的深度。研究了沉积物中~(232)Th的含量、比度和~(232)Th/~(238)U)_(C.R.)的分布特征。从~(234)Th_(ex.)的深度分布求出秀屿站的表层混合系数(0.49×10~(-6)cm~2/s)和沉积柱中~(234)Th_(ex.)的总量。     

中太平洋北部锰结核生长速率的测定

本文论述了锰结核样品中U,Th同位素的溶剂萃取—阴离子交换—电沉积制源的分析方法及其在中太平洋北部锰结核生长速率测定中的应用。利用~(230)Th法测得两个站位中三个锰结核的生长速率分别为2.9,4.3和1.9mm/Ma。这些结果与其他研究者对采自北太平洋的另一些锰结核测得的数据相比,非常一致。     

海洋放射年代学的若干问题

海洋放射年代学是同位素地质学的一门分支学科.它主要是应用天然放射性核素:230Th、231Pa、234U、238U、232Th、226Ra、210Pb、14C测定珊瑚礁、鲕岩、海泥、软体动物贝壳的年龄,测定锰结核和海洋沉积物积累的速度;研究放射性元素在海水、悬浮物和沉积物中垂直和空间分布的特征;讨论放射性元素和同位素存在形式和沉淀机理;阐述海洋物质来源;探讨锰结核成因等.     

深海锰结核的放射化学研究

本文采用单柱的阴离子交换技术和α能谱测定法测量了取自中太平洋北部海域的深海锰结核样品中铀、钍同位素的放射性.结果表明,锰结核表层的231Pa和230Th放射性比它们的母体高2-3个数量级,并且由表及里换指数关系衰减.锰结核的生长速率测定为0.8-7.4mm/106a,这与锰结核本身的Fe、Mn含量及下覆沉积物的类型有关.锰结核的翻转时间测定为104-105年数量级.     

西北冰洋中^231Pa（钋）和^230Th（钍）的丰度及其高清除率

在由235U和234U衰变恒速生成的海洋中,231Pa（半衰期为32800a）和230Th（半衰期为75400a）,在几十年的时间尺度上迁移到沉积物中,对研究清除和沉积过程十分有用。在海水中231Pa的滞留时间比‘230Th的滞留时间长,大约分别是100a和20a,这样它在迁移前通过混合和平移可分布到更大的区域。在海洋边缘和其它高颗粒通量地区发现的Pa迁移的一般模式产生这样一种结──利用沉积物中320Th和231Pa的记录重建古生产力。研究表明,（水体）交换的年龄和颗粒的组成也影响这些同位素的分布和迁移,使对它们在现代和古海洋中分布的解释复杂化,但…     

东太平洋多金属结核中放射性核素的不破坏γ谱分析

用HPGeγ谱仪不破坏地直接测定了采自东太平洋的20个多金属结核样品,样品中可探测到的核素有238U,230Th,226Ra,210Pb,228Ra,228Th,235U,227Ac(或231Pa)和40K.对样品顶侧和底侧分别面对探测器的计数率和计数率比进行了分析,获得了其所蕴含的多金属结核生长、运动、放射性核素来源及其与环境关系的信息.提出了判断多金属结核顶、底侧的新方法.并根据顶、底侧230Th计数率比推测多金属结核不同的滚动时间.     

Radiochemical studies of deep-sea manganese nodules

Five manganese nodules collected from the Northern Mid - Pacific have been analysed for their U and Th isotopes.lt is found that the enrichment of thorium compared to uranium is universal in deep- sea manganese, nodules and in the top sides of the nodules there are large excesses of Th and Pa decreasing exponentially with depth. For each of the nodules, the concordant growth rates are obtained from three different methods: 230Thex 230Thex/232Th and 231Paex.The growth rates of manganese nodules are closely related to the chemical compositions of the nodules and the types of the underlying sediments. The growth rates of five nodules are determined to be in the range of 0.79-7.4 mm/106a, in agreement with those predicted from the chemical compositions of the nodules. By the comparison of the extrapolated 230Thex,230Thex/232 Th and 231PaeX data from the top and bottom surfaces of the nodule from Site M21 yields, the nodule turnover time is (9.83-13.7)×104a.     

Non-destructive γ spectrum analysis of polymetallic nodules from the eastern Pacific

Non-destructive 7 spectrum analyses of 20 polymetallic nodules from the eastern Pacificwere carried out. Numerous nuclides, such as 238U,230Th,226Ra,210Pb,228Ra,228Th,235U,227Ac (or 231 Pa) and 40K were detected. The count rates of the nuclides in the top or bottom side of nodules facing detector were measured and the ratio R of the count rates of nuclides in the top and the bottom sides was obtained. From counts and ratios, some useful information relating to the growth and movement of the nodules, the source of nuclide and relationship between those and environment can be gotten. A new method for clear distinction between the top and bottom sides of the nodule based on the R value of 226Ra or 210Pb was developed. In addition, one can infer the turnover of nodules according to the R value of 230Th.     

质谱同位素稀释法同时测定海水中痕量铀和钍

取水样10l,用0.45μm滤膜过滤,加入适量235U和230Th稀释剂,以Fe(OH)₃沉淀载带法富集U,Th,进而在CL 5209型萃淋树脂柱上完成U、Th及Fe的分离,并在同一条样品带上完成U和Th的质谱测定,方法的检出限是2.4×109g钍和1.1×10-8g铀,测定海水中铀和钍的精密度分别为±1.7%和±3.6%。     

Content of plutonium,thorium and protactinium in sea water and recent coral in the North Pacific

The contents of plutonium isotopes (²³⁹Pu and²³⁸Pu), thorium isotopes (²³²Th,²³⁰Th and²²⁸Th) and protactinium-231 in sea water collected in the North Pacific, the East China Sea and the Japan Sea were determined. These nuclides were sequentially analyzed byα-ray spectrometry after separating them mainly with solvent extraction technique. The contents of²³⁹Pu in surface sea water ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 pCi/10001,²³⁸Pu/²³⁹Pu activity ratios being 0.2～0.7. The²²⁸Th/²³²Th activity ratios for the North Pacific waters varied between 7.6 and 30, whereas the sample from the East China Sea showed the very high value, 65. The contents of²³¹Pa are less than 6 percent of that in equilibrium with its parent²³⁵U. Furthermore, the analysis of plutonium isotopes in recent coral from Yoron Island was carried out and it was confirmed that plutonium isotopes have concentrated in recent coral with the concentration factor of about 1～2×10³.     

Incorporation rate measurements of <Superscript>10</Superscript>Be, <Superscript>230</Superscript>Th, <Superscript>231</Superscript>Pa,and <Superscript>239,240</Superscript>Pu radionuclides in manganese crust in the Pacific Ocean: A search for extraterrestrial material

In order to estimate the deposition rate of extraterrestrial material onto a manganese crust in a search for supernova debris, we analyzed the contents of ¹⁰Be, ²³⁰Th, ²³¹Pa, and ^239,240Pu in a sample of manganese crust collected from the North Pacific Ocean. On the basis of the depth profile of ¹⁰Be, the growth rate of the manganese crust was determined to be 2.3 mm Myr⁻¹. The uptake rates of ¹⁰Be, ²³⁰Th, and ²³¹Pa onto the manganese crust were estimated to be 0.22–0.44%, 0.11–0.73%, and 1.4–4.5%, respectively, as compared to the deposition rates onto the deep-sea sediments near the sampling station, while that for ^239,240Pu was 0.14% as compared to the total inventory of seawater and sediment column. Assuming that sinking particles represent 0.11–4.5% of the uptake rates, the deposition rate of extraterrestrial material onto the manganese crust was estimated to be 2–800 μg cm⁻²Myr⁻¹ according to the uptake of ¹⁰Be onto the manganese crust. Further, our estimate is similar to the value of 9–90 μg cm^{− 2}Myr⁻¹ obtained using the integrated global production rate of ¹⁰Be and the deposition rate of ¹⁰Be onto the manganese crust.     

Th and Pa isotopes in the waters of the western margin of the pacific near Japan: Evidence for release of228Ra and227Ac from slope sediments

Using the moored MnO₂-fiber method, we have obtained 38 determinations of Th and Pa isotope concentrations from 18 sites along the margin of the western North Pacific near Japan, from water depths of 1,330 to 5,873 m. From our data, we are able to show that (1)²²⁸Ra and²²⁷Ac are being supplied to the seawater from the slope sediments of Honshu, Japan, (2) our²³⁰Th and²³¹Pa concentrations match those obtained byin situ pumping with a MnO₂-fiber adsorber in the Japan and Izu-Ogasawara trenches but are significantly higher than those from the Panama and Guatemala basins, and (3) our²³²Th concentrations show a similar systematic decrease with depth as do those of trace metals like Mn, Al, Te and Bi whose concentrations are strongly controlled by particulate matter scavenging.In contrast, our data fail to show (1) that enhanced removal of²³⁰Th and²³¹Pa by scavenging from the water column is taking place near the western margins and (2) that²³¹Pa is being removed in preference to²³⁰Th from the water column to the marginal sediments. This is probably due to rapid mixing of the deep waters as compared to the scavenging rates of²³⁰Th and²³¹Pa in the water column and at the sediment/seawater interface.     

加速器质谱法测定深海锰结核样品中的^10Be

本文研究深海锰结核中＾１０Ｂｅ的加速器质谱法分析。提出了ＮａＯＨ和ＥＤＴＡ分离纯化－ＢｅＯ制样－加速器质谱法测量＾１０ＢｅＯ制样－加速器质谱法测量＾１０Ｂｅ的分析程序。研究结果表明,该法回收率较高,分离效果较好,按该法制备的ｅＯ靶能较好地满足加速器质谱法对测量＾１０Ｂｅ的要求。利用该法测得北太平洋两个锰结核的生长速率分别为２．７ｍｍ／Ｍａ和１．５ｍｍ／Ｍａ。这些结果与其他研究者所测数据相比,非常一     

Deep Seabed Mining: Past Failures and Future Prospects

The first attempt to exploit deep-sea manganese nodules ended in failure as a result of the collapse of world metal prices, the onerous provisions imposed by the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the overoptimistic assumptions about the viability of nodule mining. Attention then focused on Co-rich manganese crusts from seamounts. Since the mid-1980s, a number of new players have committed themselves to long-term programs to establish the viability of mining deep-sea manganese nodules. These programs require heavy subsidy by the host governments. Au-rich submarine hydrothermal deposits located at convergent plate margins are now emerging as a more promising prospect for mining than deep-sea manganese deposits.     

A NEW METHOD FOR SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF U AND Th IN DEEP-SEA MANGANESE NODULES

A new and simple method for separation and determination of U and Th in manganese nodules has been developed. The results show that the addition of NH4NO3 to the dilute HNO3 medium increases the selectivity of anion-exchange separation of U and Th. The simple procedure and high recoveries of the method make it valuable to the analyses of U and Th in manganese nodules.