马氏珠母贝养殖与育珠笼具的改进

马氏珠母贝（ＰｉｎｏｔａｄａｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉＤｕｎｋｅｒ）生长于亚热带海区 ,主要分布在我国的广东、广西、海南及日本等沿海地区 ,是目前世界上生产海水人工养殖珍珠的最主要种类。我国马氏珠母贝的珍珠产量 ,占整个海水珍珠产量的９５ %以上 ,居海水珍珠生产的主导地位。因此 ,从养殖生产的各个方面、各个阶段和各个环节 ,对马氏珠母贝的养殖和育珠进行有效的技术改进 ,对于提高海水珍珠的产量、质量有着极其重要的意义。笔者于１９９６～１９９７年在海南陵水县黎安港湛江海洋大学试验站进行了马氏珠母贝人工养殖及育珠笼具改进的试…     

企鹅珍珠贝养成方式的初步研究

目前国内企鹅珍珠贝(Pteriapenguin)养殖尚不具规模,且都是沿用马氏珠母贝的养殖法[1]。作者在生产研究中发现企鹅珍珠贝中大贝足丝特别发达、粗壮,附着力特别强,用一般清贝刀很难将足丝切断,要将企鹅珍珠贝中大贝从养成笼(锥型笼)中取出,进行清洗换笼十分困难。为了改变这种局面,于1994年3月～1997年8月,作者在海南省陵水县湛江水产学院珍珠试验站进行了企鹅珍珠贝养成方式的初步研究。1　材料和方法1.1　试验贝取自湛江水产学院珍珠试验站人工养殖的企鹅珍珠贝。试验开始时贝龄0.5a,平均壳高6.4cm。一般认为企鹅珍珠贝幼苗下海养殖至壳高…     

射肋珠母贝培育珍珠的初步试验

射肋珠母贝Pinctada radiata(Leach)属热带海洋贝类,喜欢在珊瑚礁上群居,在水深2～5m的海区中分布很多。我国海南省陵水县黎安港资源较丰富。该贝个体小,壳形斜,壳表有放射肋而得名(图略),一般壳高为5.5cm,壳内面珍珠层呈金黄或紫色,光泽鲜艳。我们于1989年初,在海南省陵水县南海水产研究所热     

马氏珠母贝微卫星快速分离及遗传多样性分析

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)又称合浦珠母贝,是世界上用于生产海水珍珠的最主要贝类之一.自60年代我国成功地开展马氏珠母贝的人工育苗以来,海水珍珠养殖业发展迅速,至20世纪90年代,海水珍珠养殖已成为广东、广西和海南沿海部分地区的支柱产业,海水珍珠成为出口创汇的重要产品.海水珍珠产业的发展仅靠采捕天然野生的亲贝已不能满足生产的需要,越来越多地用人工养殖的亲贝进行人工繁殖.而采用少数亲贝(尤其是养殖亲贝)的育苗导致近亲繁殖,使马氏珠母贝种质资源出现了退化,在海水珍珠养殖上产生的直接后果是珍珠的质量和产量(单产)明显下降.     

马氏珠母贝二次插核的研究

为探索珍珠培育的新途径 ,提高珍珠养殖的经济效益 ,利用马氏珠母贝(PinctadamartensiiDunker)进行第二次插核育珠 ,结果表明 :二次插核珠的珍珠层6个月就达418μm±105μm ,明显高于对照组 ,且优质珍珠的产生率达40% ,育珠贝的存活率达95% ,在每只贝插一珠核的情况下留核率仍高达0.95 ,二次插核对马氏珠母贝的重复利用率为34%。因此 ,马氏珠母贝二次插核培育珍珠技术 ,能重复利用贝体 ,缩短育珠期 ,提高珍珠的产量和质量。     

马氏珠母贝两个与生长性状相关QTL 的验证

利用2个马氏珠母贝群体对遗传连锁图谱已经定位的,与马氏珠母贝生长性状相关的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)中的两个进行验证。结果显示:m59标记在2个群体中与壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重具有显著的相关性(P0.05),其GT基因型的个体壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重均显著高于GG基因型的个体;154165标记在湛江群体中与壳高具有显著相关性(P0.05),而在深圳群体中与壳宽具有显著相关性(P0.05);表明QTL标记m59在2个群体中是共享QTL,而154165标记在群体中是特异QTL。基于这两个QTL在这2个群体中分别构建二倍型,发现在湛江群体中二倍型C_1(AAGT)和深圳群体中D_1(AGGT)型和D_2(AAGT)型对马氏珠母贝生长最为有利,可作为优先的基因型组合。     

湛江流沙湾马氏珠母贝的养殖容量

2008年3月—2009年1月调查分析流沙湾浮游动植物的生物量、叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii含壳重与鲜组织重的比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物的滤水率、潮间带和潮下带底栖贝类及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等,应用营养动态模型和贝类养殖容量估算模型估算滤食性动物的总容量,扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,最终确定马氏珠母贝的养殖容量。结果显示,2种模型估算马氏珠母贝的养殖容量分别为19637.5t和20126.4t,平均养殖容量19881.95t。依据流沙湾马氏珠母贝的通常养殖密度(1.05×105个.hm-2)和平均商品规格(41g.个-1)计算,流沙湾马氏珠母贝的适养面积为461.83hm2。     

马氏珠母贝选育子一代生长特性研究

通过选择培育获得马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii大亚湾养殖群体选育子一代(DDS),以大亚湾养殖群体为对照(DDC),在相同条件下进行养殖,对其生长性状进行了约1年的跟踪测量,运用t检验对2个组别主要性状进行了比较。分析表明,经过一代的选育,DDS在壳长、高、宽和总重上均大于DDC,存活率提高9.18%,除壳长在2个时期(2003年12月,2004年2月)差异不显著外(p>0.05),DDC/DDS2个组别其他性状在7个生长时期均具有显著差异(p<0.05)。该研究为进一步通过选择育种培育马氏珠母贝优良品种奠定了基础。     

热带海洋珍珠贝类立克次体(RLO)病研究 Ⅷ.养殖大珠母贝贝苗养成期群体RLO病流行病学研究

大珠母贝人工养殖过程中,幼贝死亡是一个严重的问题。1993年11月至1995年5月,采用现场调查、实验室研究和数理分析相结合的方法,在海南省临高县新盈珍珠贝养殖场自然海区吊养的A,B,C3批养殖贝和陵水新村珍珠贝养殖场养殖池吊养的D批养殖贝的发病和死亡情况进行了流行病学凋查.结果显示,大珠母贝幼贝群体的死亡是以暴发性方式发生,幼贝群体的大批量死亡高峰一般发生在4～6月龄期,8个月以后随着龄期的延长,死亡率显著降低.幼贝群体死亡率与贝体平均体长的关系是4cm以下的贝体死亡率较高,1～3cm阶段处于死亡高峰期内,5cm以上的贝体死亡率显著降低.大珠母贝幼贝群体的死亡率与类立克次体感染(即RLO平均感染严重度指数SI)之间存在显著的相关性,在RLO感染的高峰之后或当中部相应伴随贝群体死亡率的高峰,随着RLO感染的降低,贝群体的死亡率也明显降低。在4批养殖贝群体中,仅在A批养殖贝群体样本中发现有少量纤毛虫寄生(感染率为87.5%,感染强度为3.56个/10倍物镜).这几批幼贝群体的死亡与海水温度、盐度之间均无相关性。     

流沙湾、营盘珍珠养殖区马氏珠母贝养殖容量的研究

本文通过对流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖区初级生产力和野生滤食性动物现存量等的调查、马氏珠母贝的有机碳含量和滤水效率等的测定,应用营养动态模型和沿岸能流模型计算贝类生产量,并扣除野生滤食性动物现存量来计算贝类养殖容量,再通过食物限制性指标法进行检验.测定的结果如下:流沙湾和营盘珍珠养殖医马氏珠母贝的养殖容量较为接近,每公顷的容量...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.