非饱和土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究进展与展望

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的空间特征是科学认识大尺度土壤水分动态变化的基础和先决条件。在参考国内外大量文献的基础上,对非饱和土壤水分运动参数的研究进展从模型研究到空间尺度研究进行了分析与评述,指出机理模型研究是未来土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究的方向,而尺度研究目前研究的精度不够;在对土壤水分运动参数的空间变异性研究各类方法分析和归纳后,指出土壤水分运动参数变异性研究的方法包括直接测定方法和间接估计方法两种,并对各种方法的优缺点及适用条件进行了总结;最后指出土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究存在的问题主要集中在土壤水分运动参数的空间变异性结果的标准化问题和不同尺度土壤水分运动参数的相互转化等问题。     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的确定——以河南驻马店亚粘土为例

土壤水分运动参数的选取和确定是研究包气带中水分贮存和运动的基础.本文以河南驻马店亚粘土为例,进行了非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定.通过将实测数据与经验模型拟合,将实验结果、计算结果和拟合结果进行了对比分析,发现所用的经验模型与实际数据吻合较好.研究结果表明选用的经验模型是可靠的,从而确定了土壤水分运动最优参数.     

大埋深条件下降雨入渗补给的初步分析

运用SWAP模型对太行山山前平原--河北省栾城县田间土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟.从土水势及土壤含水量等方面,初步分析了降雨灌溉入渗补给条件下土壤水分运动的规律.通过分析和讨论,探求了大埋深条件下降雨入渗过程,初步揭示了降雨入渗对地下水位变化的影响.     

田间非饱和土壤水分运动的数值模拟：Ⅱ数学模型及数值模拟

经过对条件的概化，建立了带有作物根系吸水项的垂向一维土壤水分运动的数学模型，并推导了该数值离散方程，编制了用于该模型数值模拟的计算程序。通过模拟对模型的验证，计算值与实测值拟合较好，这表明，该模型是可靠的，数值方法是可行的，可以用来模拟作物生长条件下田间土壤水分的运动。     

非饱和土壤特性参数获取方法

土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率是研究包气带中水分贮存和运动的基本内容，也是确定放射性核素在饱气带中迁移规律的重要参数，本文介绍了在ＣＩＲＰ某野外试验场从地表到潜水位２８ｍ范围内４６个土样的土壤水分特征曲线的测量方法和其它土壤特性参数获取方法。     

包气带水分运移问题讲座(二)——土壤水分运动参数测定方法

在第一讲中我们介绍了土壤水分运动的基本微分方程。方程式中包含有水力传导度k(θ)(或k(h)),扩散度D(θ)和容水度C(h)等几个土壤水分运动参数。为了对土壤水分运动进行定量分析,必须要有这些参数资料。因此,土壤水分运动参数是研究土壤水分运动规律时需要首先解决的问题。以下我们分别介绍一下这些参数的测定方法。     

用中子水分仪研究降雨补给地下水过程中土壤水分的变化

本文主要介绍利用包气带和饱水带连系在一起的物理模型,通过中子水分仪对土壤水分含量变化过程的测定,研究降雨入渗补给地下水的机制。 中子水分仪是研究土壤水分运动的理想仪器。据测定,试验系统所提供的起始土壤水分的垂向分布,是由饱水带,支持毛管水带、田间持水量带和表层缺水带等四个区段构成的。此种模型在地下水位埋藏较浅的平原地区具有普遍意义。 试验结果表明,降雨的初渗主要发生在表层缺水带。在此范围内,即使降雨强度不变,含水率也在逐步增加,直至超过田间持水率。稳渗则发生在处于田间持水量状态的区段,土壤水分含量的增加,说明入渗水流是以锋面运动的形式均匀缓慢地向下移动的。当入渗锋面到达支持毛管水带之后,不待完成全区段的土壤含水率增加过程,就发生了地下水位抬升和水平流动。可见,入渗锋面到达支持毛管水带上缘之时就是降雨入渗直接补给地下水的开始。次降雨量降了产生地表径流和补充不足田间持水量的亏缺部分外,其余入渗水量都将成为地下水的补给量。所以,产生入渗补给的首要条件是降雨量必须大于土层缺水量。实际补给量的多少,则与土壤前期含水量、地下水埋藏深度、降雨特性等因素有关。     

温度对土壤水分运动基本参数的影响

为探讨土壤温度变化对土壤中水分运动过程和运动参数影响机理,在室内实验的基础上结合理论探讨,对不同温度条件下实验土壤的水分特征曲线、导水率、扩散率和比水容量等土壤水分运动基本参数的温度效应进行了研究分析.结果表明:土壤温度对土壤水分性质及土壤结构性质影响显著,二者共同作用使得土壤水分运动过程发生改变,且其影响效应可通过土...     

抽放水自动监测系统在抽水试验中的应用

抽水试验是确定含水层参数,了解水文地质条件的主要方法。本文介绍了抽放水试验的技术要求和计算水文参数的方法,并介绍了一种可自动记录水文参数的抽放水自动监测系统,简述了系统的组成和基本工作原理,并给出了应用实例。应用实例表明,该系统操作简单,运行稳定可靠,能大大减轻放水试验的工作量,提高试验数据的准确性。     

田间非饱和土壤水分运动的数值模拟：——I,源汇项及上边界…

本文通过对野外实测资料的分析计算，用多元非线性回归的方法，拟合了作物根系吸水的数学模型，建立了有作物生长条件下不同生育阶段表土相对蒸发强度Ｅ／Ｅ０与表土含水率θ的经验公式，为进行田间非饱和土壤水分运动的数值模拟奠定了基础。     

土壤分形结构对其水力性质的指示作用

研究土壤的水力性质是进行生态水文模拟、农业水分管理和环境监测的关键,然而强烈的空间变异造成土壤的物性特征异常复杂,特别是水力性质测定困难,试验结果随机性强,耗费大量人力物力,却难以准确描述。本文在综合分析了国内外30余种量化土壤水力性质的研究方法的优劣后,系统总结了分形理论在土壤物性特征研究中的应用,剖析了分形理论与土壤水力性质之间的关系,旨在探讨土壤分形结构在水力性质领域的发展前景,以及在测定水力特性参数时所具备的优势。结果表明：(1)采用分形方法定量研究土壤结构具备可行性;(2)分形结构方法能够指示水力性质,并能为快速准确刻画不同尺度下的土壤水分分布特征提供科学依据;(3)利用已知土壤水力性质建立分形模型可以有效反演土壤结构。     

土壤水力特性空间变异的试验研究进展

土壤水力特性的空间变异是影响土壤中水分及溶质运移动态的主要因素.70年代以来国内外有关学者就土壤水力特性空间变异进行了大量的试验研究,通过对试验结果分析,得出了许多可供参考的结论,如水力特性空间变异尺度随研究区域尺度的增大而增大,且两者呈一定的比例关系,大多数水力特性遵从对数正态和正态分布,这些结论对于研究区域溶质(污染物)的迁移动态以及区域水盐动态预报十分重要的参考价值.     

土壤水力特性分形特征的研究进展

从土壤结构特征的描述、土壤水力特性的研究等方面,综合评述了80年代以来国内外应用分形理论描述土壤水力特性参数及分形特征的研究进展,并探讨了其发展方向和前景。     

Tropical residual soil as compacted soil liners

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on a tropical residual soil, which is widespread and readily available over a considerable part of Peninsular Malaysia, to assess whether it could be compacted as hydraulic barriers in waste disposal landfills. Index properties, swelling potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compaction characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil indicate that it is inorganic, very plastic, inactive (activity <0.75), moderately expansive (modified free swell index is about 3.06), and of fair attenuation capacity (for inorganic contaminants). For hydraulic conductivity measurement, the soil was compacted in rigid-wall permeameter moulds at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated with de-aired tap water. The results of hydraulic conductivity tests illustrate that hydraulic conductivity lower than 1×10^–7 cm/s can be achieved using a broad range of water contents and compactive efforts, including water contents dry of optimum. Its shrinkage and strength properties show that it has minimal potential to shrinkage and has adequate strength to support the overburden pressure imposes by the waste body. These findings suggest that the residual soil can be potentially utilized as compacted soil liner material.     

基于分层假设的Green-Ampt模型改进

传统Green-Ampt入渗模型由于假设过于简化而限制了计算精度,针对这一问题,在分层假设的基础上对模型进行了改进:将均质入渗土壤分为饱和层、过渡层和干土层,采用Richards模型分析了不同入渗条件下各层的厚度以及各层内含水率和导水率的变化规律,结果表明,入渗条件一定时,过渡层占湿润层(包括饱和层和过渡层)比例会随湿润层厚度的增加线性减小,积水深度和土壤初始含水率分别会影响这一线性关系的纵轴截距和斜率,而土壤饱和导水率则对其没有明显影响;过渡层内土壤含水率分布为椭圆形曲线,而导水率随深度增加线性减小。在此基础上,通过引入湿润层的等效导水率并相应给出锋面吸力的计算方法,对传统Green-Ampt模型进行了改进。结果显示,改进后模型计算精度显著提高。     

Effect of soil hydraulic properties model on slope stability analysis based on strength reduction method

Soil hydraulic properties models which have been proposed were derived based on the empirical fitting curve such as Brooks-Corey model (BC) and Van Genuchten model (VG), or based on soil pore radius distribution such as Lognormal model (LN). Each model has different accuracy for predicting soil moisture distribution. In the analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure, the soil hydraulic properties model was needed to describe the physical phenomena of behavior characteristic of water in unsaturated soil. As moisture content has an effect on soil strength, it is vital to select the suitable soil hydraulic properties model for predicting Factor of Safety (FOS) especially in forecasting landslide hazard. In this study, a numerical model of seepage finite element analysis using BC, VG, and LN model were used and compared in order to analyze the soil moisture distribution, water movement phenomenon, and slope stability characteristic in unsaturated soil slope based on the strength reduction method (SRM). The results showed that the variations of the parameters predicting the moisture content of soil leads to differences of FOS in some cases. The parametric study showed that for the unsaturated soil condition, BC model has the greatest FOS value than the other model, while VG model has the lowest. On the other hand, the FOS of all models have the same result for the saturated condition. Other than that, it was found that the increasing of ESP value in the surface layer has significant effect in the sub-surface layer.     

Evaluation of probabilistic flow in two unsaturated soils

A variably saturated flow model is coupled to a first-order reliability algorithm to simulate unsaturated flow in two soils. The unsaturated soil properties are considered as uncertain variables with means, standard deviations, and marginal probability distributions. Thus, each simulation constitutes an unsaturated probability flow event. Sensitivities of the uncertain variables are estimated for each event. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of a fine-textured soil and a coarse-textured soil are used. The properties are based on the van Genuchten model. The flow domain has a recharge surface, a seepage boundary along the bottom, and a no-flow boundary along the sides. The uncertain variables are saturated water content, residual water content, van Genuchten model parameters alpha (α) and n, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The objective is to evaluate the significance of each uncertain variable to the probabilistic flow. Under wet conditions, saturated water content and residual water content are the most significant uncertain variables in the sand. For dry conditions in the sand, however, the van Genuchten model parameters α and n are the most significant. Model parameter n and saturated hydraulic conductivity are the most significant for the wet clay loam. Saturated water content is most significant for the dry clay loam. Electronic Publication     

非饱和土壤水力参数预测的分形模型

综述了利用分形几何理论,可在土壤水力性质,包括土壤水分特征曲线及水力传导系数与土壤结构分维之间建立起一定的函数关系式.这些函数关系式大多与Campbell定律具有相同或相似的幂定律形式,一方面揭示了Campbell定律的物理实质,另一方面可用于土壤持水量及水力传导系数的预测.     

基于分形理论研究土壤结构及其水分特征关系

为定量获得土壤结构对其水力性质的指示作用,室内实验选用华北平原子牙河流域原状土样为研究对象,用张力计法和激光粒度分析仪分别测定土壤水分特征曲线和样品粒度分布,基于分形理论计算土壤粒度分布的分形维数,采用实验测定与模型验证相结合的方法对水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明,土壤颗粒粒度分布在[10 μm,50 μm]区间内的分段分维值是表征土壤粒度累积分布显著上升段特征的关键参数,与0~80 kPa吸力范围内的土壤水分特征曲线幂函数模型拟合参数(a、b)有极显著相关关系.研究区内土壤水分特征曲线以分形形式表达的幂函数模型为:θ=100.78×(3-D)S(D-3)/3,利用土壤结构分形特征能够有效指示其水力性质.      

Prediction criteria for groundwater potential zones in Kemuning District,Indonesia using the integration of geoelectrical and physical parameters

The presence of groundwater is strongly related to its geological and geohydrological conditions.It is,however,important to study the groundwater potential in an area before it is utilized to provide clean water.Werner-Schlumberger’s method was used to analyze the groundwater potential while hydraulic properties such as soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity were used to determine the quality and ability of the soil to allow water’s movement in the aquifer.The results show that the aquifer in the Sekara and Kemuning Muda is at a depth of more than 6 meters below the ground level with moderate groundwater potential.It is also found that the aquifer at depths of over 60 m have high groundwater potential.Moreover,soil porosity in Kemuning is found to be average while the ability to conduct water was moderate.This makes it possible for some surface water to seep into the soil while the remaining flows to the rivers and ditches.