层状黏弹性介质中Rayleigh波频散曲线“交叉”现象分析

Rayleigh波勘探方法在探测近地表横波速度、动力学特征等环境与工程地球物理领域获得了广泛应用.这种方法以弹性层状介质理论为基础,然而实际介质具有黏弹性,研究面波在层状黏弹性介质中的传播特征,将为近地表面波勘探提供有益帮助.在某些弹性层状介质模型中,例如存在低速夹层和强波阻抗差异地层模型,Rayleigh波相邻两条频散曲线彼此会非常靠近,产生看似彼此"交叉"的现象,即"osculation"现象,但对于黏弹性介质中的这种现象并没有进行相关的研究.本文利用Muller法计算层状黏弹性介质Rayleigh波频散方程,基于层状介质模型中Rayleigh波频散和衰减曲线连续的性质,结合本征位移曲线特征,分析二层黏弹性介质模型中Rayleigh波频散曲线"交叉"现象以及"交叉"点附近的波动特性.结果表明:与弹性介质相比,黏弹性介质中Rayleigh波的波动特性存在明显差异,随着介质对地震波的损耗越来越强,将导致Rayleigh波频散曲线发生"交叉"现象.     

基于时频分析方法提取瞬态瑞利波频散曲线

作为一种无损浅层勘探方法,瑞利波越来越多地应用于地震工程、环境工程及岩土工程测试中。其中,一项重要的工作是提取瑞利波的频散曲线。根据激振方式不同,瑞利波勘探可分为稳态法、瞬态法和地脉动台阵法。基于相位谱法提取瞬态瑞利波的频散曲线,一般将两通道瑞利波的相位差限制在2π之内,因此限制了两拾振器之间的布点距离。本文利用时频分析方法,分析了瞬态瑞利波法频散曲线的提取方法,避免了对相位差的限制。数值试验结果表明,采用时频分析方法提取到的频散曲线具有较高的精度。     

基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演

获取准确的近地表横波速度对复杂地表条件下弹性波地震数据处理和成像非常重要.在浅层面波工程勘探中通过反演提取的频散曲线可以获得近地表横波速度结构.在多道面波频散曲线分析中, 频散关系拾取的精度直接影响速度反演结果的可靠性.本文在多道面波叠加及自动拾取频散曲线基础上, 提出了基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演方法.该方法充分考虑了低信噪比条件下面波频散曲线的不确定性, 通过在频散曲线拾取中引入曼哈顿距离K-Means聚类算法提高频散曲线拾取的准确性.采用多道多窗口叠加技术提高了面波反演对横向速度变化的适应性, 通过聚类算法和多窗口叠加提高反演的可靠性, 聚类算法获得较准确的频散曲线更利于后续横波速度反演过程.模拟数据算例对比表明本文提出的方法比常规算法效果更好, 精度更高.将提出的方法应用于工程勘探和油气勘探的面波数据反演中, 结果也验证了该方法的有效性.

     

面波频散曲线快速追踪算法

层状地球模型面波频散理论传播矩阵法采用传统的Knopff's root-bracketing算法求频散函数的根即相速度,并广泛应用至今。本文提出了一个自动追踪求根算法,使频散曲线的计算变得更为有效,方便和快速。     

瑞利波勘探中"之"字形频散曲线研究

研究了弹性层状半空间中导波的多模性问题,说明了关于瑞利波勘探中"之"字形频散曲线的形成机理.证明由单个的导波模式不可能得到"之"字形频散曲线,并从能量的角度出发,研究了各模式的实际强度与地层参数的关系,克服了从相速度的角度解释"之"字形频散曲线的困难.还深入研究了地表下低速层介质的位置、厚度及其他参数对"之"字形频散曲线的相互影响.与实际资料进行了对比分析,理论结果和实际情况基本相符.     

基于广义模式识别面波基模式频散曲线反演研究

面波多道分析方法(MASW)是获取垂向剪切波速度剖面的一种有效方法。频散曲线反演是MASW中关键的一步。由于瑞雷波频散曲线反演具有非线性、多参数和多极值的特征,这对于常规的局部线性化反演方法是极大的挑战。为此,本文采取确定性的全局优化算法,广义模式识别算法(GPS)对瑞雷波频散曲线进行反演。其原理可以简述为:算法首先通过模式以确定性的方式对目标函数进行采样来搜索一个点序列;然后使序列中每一个点到下一个点的目标函数值逐渐减少,从而使点序列逐渐逼近全局最优解,最后的解便为待求的最优模型参数。为验证GPS的有效性,首先利用设计的3种典型的6层地质模型通过快速矢量传递算法正演模拟产生基模式频散曲线(频率范围为5~101Hz,频率间隔为2Hz,频点数为49),并对理论频散曲线进行反演。反演结果表明,模型的真实值已经被高度精确地重建。说明GPS可以用于实际勘探中的基模式频散曲线反演。为进一步验证GPS的有效性,在吉林大学校园采集瑞雷波实测数据,并提取基模式频散曲线,应用GPS进行反演。反演重建的横波速度剖面与先验的地质信息吻合得很好。理论模型和真实数据的反演结果表明,GPS可以应用在瑞雷波频散曲线非线性反演中。     

瑞利波勘探中"之"字形频散曲线研究

研究了弹性层状半空间中导波的多模性问题,说明了关于瑞利波勘探中"之"字形频散曲线的形成机理.证明由单个的导波模式不可能得到"之"字形频散曲线,并从能量的角度出发,研究了各模式的实际强度与地层参数的关系,克服了从相速度的角度解释"之"字形频散曲线的困难.还深入研究了地表下低速层介质的位置、厚度及其他参数对"之"字形频散曲线的相互影响.与实际资料进行了对比分析,理论结果和实际情况基本相符.     

基于改进蚁群算法在面波频散曲线反演中的应用

为快速准确的反演得到近地表地层结构,将一种新颖而强大的非线性算法——蚁群算法引入到瑞雷波频散曲线领域,并对其进行相应的改进,改进蚁群算法的优点是运算效率快、精度高、算法简单、灵活易于实现,需要调节控制参数也较少。文中分别在无噪声\,含噪声以及实测数据进行反演测试,通过模型数据和实测数据表明,应用于瑞雷波反演中的改进蚁群算法在收敛速度与收敛精度之间能达到良好的平衡,所得解具有较高可信度。而且算法为促进所得解快速收敛到全局最优,在搜索中分全局搜索与局部搜索两个方式进行,能够有效地避免局部最优解产生。借助人工合成的瑞雷波数据以及真实观测数据,验证了改进蚁群算法在反演近地表剪切波速度时的有效性和通用性。此外,文中与遗传算法进行比较,得出改进蚁群算法具有高效性和高精度性的优点。     

自适应对数螺旋路径萤火虫算法反演瑞雷面波频散曲线

瑞雷面波技术是浅地层地质勘探的重要手段之一, 通过瑞雷面波频散曲线反演可有效获得地下横波速度模型.然而, 瑞雷面波频散曲线反演具有多参数、多极值和非线性等特点, 面对复杂地震-地质条件下的瑞雷面波资料处理, 传统方法难以快速、精确地对地层参数进行反演和重建.本文将自适应对数螺旋路径萤火虫算法(Adaptive Logarithmic Spiral-Lévy Firefly Algorithm, 简称ALSL-FA)引入到瑞雷面波频散曲线反演中, 有效解决了经典萤火虫算法(Firefly Algorithm, 简称FA)精于探索, 疏于开发的缺点.ALSL-FA集成了对数螺旋引导萤火虫路径, 并在搜索过程中通过自适应切换因子实现了全局搜索与局部开发自适应切换, 在增强局部开发能力的同时, 确保了全局搜索的能力.通过Rastrigin函数求解, 对比分析了FA、Lévy飞行萤火虫算法(Lévy Flying Firefly Algorithm, 简称LF-FA)和ALSL-FA的运算性能; 通过速度递增和含高速硬夹层地质模型的瑞雷面波频散曲线反演, 比较了人工蜂群算法(Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, 简称ABC)、FA、LF-FA和ALSL-FA的反演结果, 验证了本文方法的正确性和抗噪能力, 并进一步应用于一套实际瑞雷面波资料反演处理.研究结果表明, 本文方法有效弱化了对初始模型的依赖, 并进一步提高了反演的精度, 具有较强的全局寻优能力和局部开发能力, 同时兼备良好的抗噪性能.

     

改进蜂群算法及其在面波频散曲线反演中的应用

应用改进蜂群算法反演面波频散曲线以获得近地表横波速度剖面.蜂群算法属于群智能算法中的一种,灵感来源于蜜蜂群体特定的觅食行为,在该算法的基础上结合粒子群算法中的全局最优解引导思想,同时引入遗传算法中交叉运算操作,即采用基于交叉操作的全局人工蜂群算法对面波频散曲线进行反演研究.改进蜂群算法在继承传统算法精于探索特性的同时,针对其疏于开发的缺陷着重加强了算法对全局的探索能力.使用理论和实测瑞雷波数据,本文研究了改进蜂群算法在推导近地表横波速度分布的有效性和适用性.在反演中,目标函数的收敛性好,改进算法在迭代的过程中能够快速收敛到全局最优;模型参数的概率分布高,即在寻找到全局最优解的同时,能够确保解中每个参数同时达到最优,保证了反演的结果可靠度,使其能有效地应用于瑞雷波频散曲线的反演和解释中.

     

欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海瑞利面波频散反演

从亚洲、欧洲及西太平洋地区台网113个数字地震台所记录的分布在40°W~180°E,40°S~80°N范围内近万个地震事件中,挑选出发生在1982-2005年间,震级绝大部分在5.0~7.0之间,震源深度小于100 km的1 700余个事件。共得到周期在8~400 s之间9 980余条质量较高的瑞利面波频散曲线进行面波频散反演,得到欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海28个周期的群速度分布图。反映了欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海横向和纵向存在着明显的非均匀性。     

瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线稀疏正则化反演方法研究

目前瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线反演中仅考虑数据的拟合,缺乏对模型的约束,不能很好地刻画地层间断面的问题,针对此问题,研究了瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线稀疏正则化反演方法.正演模拟基于广义反射-透射系数法,数值计算上采用一种快速求根方法,与二等分方法相比,能够在很短的时间内达到最优的收敛效果;反演建模时采用L1范数正则化方法对模型进行稀疏性刻画,使反演结果更加符合地质实际;在反问题的数值实现上,针对稀疏正则化模型提出一种隐式迭代正则化算法,其迭代算子具有非膨胀特性,可以收敛到极小化问题的解.数值实验结果表明,新的反演方案具有计算效率高,模型"逐块"光滑的特性刻画好,对非高斯噪声鲁棒性强的特点.     

Shallow Seismic Velocity Structure of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain) from Modelling of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion

A detailed dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves generated by local earthquakes and occasionally by blasts that occurred in southern Spain, was undertaken to obtain the shear-wave velocity structure of the region at shallow depth. Our database includes seismograms generated by 35 seismic events that were recorded by 15 single-component short-period stations from 1990 to 1995. All these events have focal depths less than 10 km and body-wave magnitudes between 3.0 and 4.0, and they were all recorded at distances between 40 and 300 km from the epicentre. We analysed a total of 90 source-station Rayleigh-wave paths. The collected data were processed by standard digital filtering techniques to obtain Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion measurements. The path-averaged group velocities vary from 1.12 to 2.25 km/s within the 1.0-6.0 s period interval. Then, using a stochastic inversion approach we obtained 1-D shear-wave velocity–depth models across the study area, which were resolved to a depth of circa 5 km. The inverted shear-wave velocities range approximately between 1.0 and 3.8 km/s with a standard deviation range of 0.05–0.16 km/s, and show significant variations from region to region. These results were combined to produce 3-D images via volumetric modelling and data visualization. We present images that show different shear velocity patterns for the Betic Cordillera. Looking at the velocity distribution at various depths and at vertical sections, we discuss of the study area in terms of subsurface structure and S-wave velocity distribution (low velocity channels, basement depth, etc.) at very shallow depths (0–5 km). Our results characterize the region sufficiently and lead to a correlation of shear-wave velocity with the different geological units features.     

Comparison of Seismic Dispersion and Attenuation Models

The frequency-dependent attenuation of seismic waves causes decreased resolution of seismic images with depth, and the difference in transmission losses induces amplitude variations with offset. Transmission losses may occur due to friction or fluid movement, or may result from scattering in thin-layer. Whatever the physical mechanism, they can often be conveniently described using an empirical formulation wherein the elastic moduli and propagation velocity are complex functions of frequency.We have compiled and compared algebraically and numerically eight different models involving complex velocity: the Kolsky-Futterman model, the power-law model, Kjartansson's model, Müller's model, Azimi's second and third model, the Cole-Cole model, and the standard linear-solid model.For two different parameter sets, the attenuation and phase velocity are computed in the seismic frequency band, and the plane-wave propagation of a Ricker wavelet for the other models is compared with that for the Kolsky-Futterman model. The first parameter set consists of parameters for each of the models calculated from expressions given in the appendix. These expressions make the different models behave similarly to the KF model. The second parameter set consists of model parameters that are numerically adapted to the KF model.By selecting proper parameters, all models, except the standard linear-solid model, show behavior similar to that of the Kolsky-Futterman model. The SLS model behaves differently from the other models as the frequency goes to zero or infinity. Broadband measurement data is needed to select a specific model for a given seismic experiment.     

黏弹性介质中瑞雷波有限差分数值模拟与波场分析

瑞雷面波经常被用来反演地表浅层横波速度,受到越来越广泛的关注。对瑞雷波的研究一般都基于完全弹性介质,而实际地层更接近黏弹性介质,对黏弹性介质中的瑞雷面波进行模拟更具实际意义。本文采用广义标准线性体模型来描述黏弹性介质,并采用交错网格有限差分法对考虑水平自由表面的黏弹介质进行正演模拟,再与弹性介质中的结果进行对比分析。首先采用非线性最优化算法根据期望常数品质因子直接求取松弛时间来拟合常Q模型,并给出广义标准线性固体的具体算例,实施自由表面条件时采用声学-弹性边界近似法,通过剪切模量不变来考虑自由表面上、下横向应力保持连续的条件。对于非自由表面,采用非分裂的多轴卷积完全匹配层来吸收波场。然后对几种典型的数值模型进行正演模拟计算,数值解与解析解的对比验证了本文方法的准确性与有效性,正演结果的对比表明波场尤其是面波频散会受黏弹性影响,因此有必要在面波勘探中考虑黏弹性因素。     

A hybrid inversion method of damped least squares with simulated annealing used for Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion

Surface wave methods are becoming increasingly popular in many geotechnical applications and in earthquake seismology due to their noninvasive characteristics.Inverse surface wave dispersion curves are a crucial step in most surface wave methods.Many inversion methods have been applied to surface wave dispersion curve inversion,including linearized inversion and nonlinearized inversion methods.In this study,a hybrid inversion method of Damped Least Squares(DLS) with Very Fast Simulated Annealing(VFSA) is developed for multi-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion.Both synthetic and in situ fi eld data were used to verify the validity of the proposed method.The results show that the proposed method is superior to the conventional VFSA method in aiming at global minimum,especially when parameter searching space is adjacent to real values of the parameters.The advantage of the new method is that it retains both the merits of VFSA for global search and DLS for local search.At high temperatures,the global search dominates the runs,while at a low temperatures,the local search dominates the runs.Thus,at low temperatures,the proposed method can almost directly approach the actual model.     

The Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm and Application in the Surface Wave Dispersion Inversion

The velocity distribution of layers from surface wave dispersion curve is a severely nonlinear program. Base on the Metropolis rule,we improved the simulated annealing algorithm to simultaneously inverse the velocities and thicknesses using the dispersion data and identified the Moho and the bottom of lithosphere. The application to the numerical examples with 5% noise shows the velocity RMS is 1. 56% between the non-linear results and the original models when the condition of selecting method for temperature parameters and initial temperature are satisfied. Using the pure dispersions of Rayleigh wave,the nonlinear inversion has been carried out for S-wave velocities and thicknesses of the vertical profile crossing the Indian Plate,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,and the Tarim Basin. It indicated that the crustal thickness is about 70 km in the Qiangtang block,while in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau the lithosphere is relatively thin(～ 130 km)from the velocity values and their offsets.