SV波斜入射下混凝土重力坝易损性分析

易损性分析是评估不同强度地震作用下混凝土重力坝各级破坏概率的有效方法。目前重力坝易损性分析通常假定地震波为垂直入射,然而在近断层区域,地震波往往是倾斜入射的,地震波斜入射对重力坝地震响应有显著影响。从太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库选取16条地震动记录,采用黏弹性人工边界结合等效节点荷载实现SV波斜入射波动输入。采用增量动力分析方法对地震动峰值加速度进行调幅,以印度Koyna混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以坝顶相对位移为抗震性能指标,建立SV波斜入射下重力坝不同震损等级的易损性曲线。结果表明,与垂直入射相比,相同震损等级和相同地震动强度下,斜入射时重力坝破坏概率减小;当PGA接近重力坝实际遭受的地震动强度时,入射角为15°和30°时破坏概率与垂直入射相比最大减小率分别为27.3%和68.2%;各地震强度下,15°和30°斜入射相对于垂直入射的破坏概率差异值最大分别达36.6%、83.9%。因此,混凝土重力坝抗震性能分析应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。研究结果也可为近断层区域混凝土重力坝安全风险评估提供参考。     

地震波斜入射下层状场地中地下综合管廊地震响应分析

利用黏弹性人工边界和等效地震荷载时域波动输入方法,结合土层和半空间的精确动力刚度矩阵,实现了地震波斜入射下层状场地地下综合管廊地震反应分析,建立了不同场地条件下地下综合管廊分析模型。计算结果表明:地震波倾斜入射情况下,综合管廊结构地震响应与垂直入射时具有显著差异,一般SV波以30°临界角附近入射时结构地震反应最为剧烈;地下综合管廊动应力集中主要分布在管廊角部、中柱上下端;成层土波速结构变化对地下综合管廊地震反应亦具有显著影响。总体上看:当穿越软夹层时管廊结构地震反应更为剧烈,且覆盖层越厚,管廊结构内力幅值越大。因此地下综合管廊结构抗震设计宜考虑地震波倾斜入射及场地土层性质的影响。     

斜入射条件下地下结构时域地震反应分析初探

通过采用平面波和远场散射波混合透射的应力人工边界条件,得到了地震波斜入射的解析方式,以此为基础建立了地震波斜入射条件下,土体与地下结构动力相互作用的时域计算分析模型。以实际建设的南京地铁某车站结构为研究对象,应用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS,进行了地震波斜入射条件下地下结构时域地震反应的计算和分析。初步结果表明:在地震波斜入射的情况下,地下结构的动力反应与地震波垂直入射时有较为明显的差异。     

SV波斜入射下Nam Ngum 5拱坝-库水-地基系统的地震响应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界与相应地震动输入方法,推导了任意角度下三维SV波斜入射时的等效节点荷载,构建了考虑地震波斜入射的三维黏弹性静-动力统一人工边界,探究了三维情况下混凝土拱坝在地震波斜入射时的地震动响应,应用于Nam Ngum 5重力拱坝-库水-地基系统的地震响应分析中。研究结果表明：当SV波斜入射角度逐渐增大时,坝体关键点的顺河向位移、主应力以及动水压力峰值均呈现逐渐增大的趋势,横河向位移呈现逐渐减小的趋势;其中25°与0°入射相比,坝顶点顺河向位移从0增加至0.15 m,横河向位移影响较小仅减小0.011 m;坝踵点、坝趾点主应力与斜入射角度存在明显差异,当入射角度为25°时,主拉应力与主压应力峰值相较于垂直入射分别增加了1.41 MPa与3 MPa;坝踵处动水压力峰值也在入射角度为25°时达到最大为0.33 MPa与-0.29 MPa;需要在类似实际工程设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

地震SV波斜入射下沉管隧道的地震响应分析

在ABAQUS黏弹性人工边界时域波动方法的基础上,首先运用等效应力输入方法实现地震SV波倾斜入射,半空间算例验证该方法具有较好的计算精度,进而基于所建立的斜入射方法研究地震波斜入射对海河沉管隧道地震响应的影响。计算结果表明:SV波斜入射情况下,沉管隧道的地震响应规律与垂直入射时具有明显差异;随入射角增加,沉管隧道结构应力增大,应力较大点出现在沉管隧道的四个角点及隔墙与底板、顶板的连接处,其中中隔墙为最薄弱点;随入射角增加,侧墙和隔墙的相对最大水平位移增大,其中中隔墙位移最大;随入射角增加,沉管隧道结构竖向加速度峰值明显增大。因此在沉管隧道结构抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

地震波斜入射输入体系下坝后式厂房易损性分析

为了考虑地震波斜入射对坝后式厂房易损性的影响,通过斜入射SV波和P波波场叠加,在地表得到与实测地震动一致的设计地震动分量.同时为了考虑坝后式厂房的动力损伤,在程序中嵌入混凝土动力损伤本构,编写了可以考虑地震波斜入射体系的结构易损性分析程序.最后从太平洋地震工程研究中心(PEER)数据库中选取26条近场地震动数据,根据峰...     

SV波全反射作用下地震动的合成及振动特性

越来越多的研究表明来自基岩的地震波并不是垂直地面向上传播的。地震波在斜入射与垂直入射时所产生的场地效应有很大不同,由于存在全反射现象,SV波在斜入射时产生的场地效应更为复杂。文章基于均匀弹性半空间地震波传播理论,分别推导得到SV波入射角在小于、大于等于临界角时地震动的计算表达式,通过模型算例研究SV波全反射作用下的地震动特性。研究发现：由SV波产生的地震动主要由入射波和反射波构成,滑行波作用可以忽略;地面运动轨迹具有面波旋转振动特点;随着入射角的增大,地面震动从以水平方向振动为主逐渐过渡到以垂直方向振动为主,两个方向的振动均小于入射波峰值的2倍。     

双向地震波输入时振动方向对拱坝地震响应的影响

拱坝-地基三维地震响应分析中大多只分析入射地震波在拱坝-地基系统坐标系方向输入时的地震响应,而事实上,垂直入射的剪切波其振动方向是不确定的,地震波动的合理输入对拱坝-地基系统的地震响应分析起着决定性的作用.本文研究了拱坝-地基系统在双向地震波输入时不同振动方向对拱坝-地基系统地震响应的影响.计算结果表明:在双向地震波输入情形时,拱坝位移及应力响应最大值均不是发生在传统方法的横河向或者顺河向,而是与输入地震波相关,所以在研究拱坝-地基三维地震响应时有必要考虑入射地震波振动方向的影响.     

SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析

针对10种不同坡角的凸起地形,采用基于透射边界的有限元-有限差分计算方法,研究了局部凸起在SV波斜入射时,地震动峰值加速度放大倍数和反应谱谱比随入射角度的变化规律。结果表明:①地震波以一定的角度斜入射时,地表大部分观测点的峰值加速度放大倍数大于垂直入射的情况;②在计算模型宽高比一定的情况下,最不利入射角度与坡角有一定关系,且地表最不利位置随坡角增大由凸起台地边缘向中心移动;③入射角度对凸起地形地震反应谱特性的影响十分显著,不但影响谱比的幅值,也影响谱比曲线的形状,斜入射时各关键节点大部分周期点的谱比值大于垂直入射,入射角度对反应谱中的高频成分影响较为显著,而对长周期成分影响不大。     

竖向断层对场地地面运动的影响

本文采用二维显式有限元结合透射边界的数值方法,考虑均匀弹性半空间内存在着不同宽度及深度的断层,由下向上分别垂直和斜(30°)入射一个脉冲波,研究非发震断层地面运动的一些特点。通过计算断层内外地震地面运动传递函数的幅值谱,并与自由场反应对比,以说明竖向断层对地震波传播和附近地面运动的影响,在此基础上进一步对断层周边一般结构抗震设计是否要考虑断层影响提出了几点建议。     

地震动入射角度对地下结构地震响应的影响

考虑土-结构接触面效应和场地初始静应力影响,基于大型商用有限元软件ANSYS和粘弹性人工边界条件,采用动力松弛法的分析思路,建立了一种地震动斜入射条件下地下结构的接触非线性动力反应分析模型和方法,并讨论了地震动入射角度对地下结构动力反应的影响。结果表明：地震波斜入射使得结构的整体反应发生明显变化;随着入射角度的增加,节点的水平向应力反应明显增大,竖向应力峰值较小,增大程度也相对较小;节点的位移峰值随输入加速度峰值的增大也有一定的变化。因此,在分析近源地震作用下的地下结构动力响应时,需要考虑地震动的非一致输入问题。     

Influence of seismic wave type and incident direction on the dynamic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams

Owing to the stochastic behavior of earthquakes and complex crustal structure, wave type and incident direction are uncertain when seismic waves arrive at a structure. In addition, because of the different types of the structures and terrains, the traveling wave effects have different influences on the dynamic response of the structures. For the tall concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD), it is not only built in the complex terrain such as river valley, but also its height has reached 300 m level, which puts forward higher requirements for the seismic safety of the anti-seepage system mainly comprising concrete face slabs, especially the accurate location of the weak area in seism. Considering the limitations of the traditional uniform vibration analysis method, we implemented an efficient dynamic interaction analysis between a tall CFRD and its foundation using a non-uniform wave input method with a viscous-spring artificial boundary and equivalent nodal loads. This method was then applied to investigate the dynamic stress distribution on the concrete face slabs for different seismic wave types and incident directions. The results indicate that dam-foundation interactions behave differently at different wave incident angles, and that the traveling wave effect becomes more evident in valley topography. Seismic wave type and incident direction dramatically influenced stress in the face slab, and the extreme stress values and distribution law will vary under oblique wave incidence. The influence of the incident direction on slab stress was particularly apparent when SH-waves arrived from the left bank. Specifically, the extreme stress values in the face slab increased with an increasing incident angle. Interestingly, the locations of the extreme stress values changed mainly along the axis of the dam, and did not exhibit large changes in height. The seismic safety of CFRDs is therefore lower at higher incident angles from an anti-seepage perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the seismic wave type and incident direction during seismic capacity evaluations of tall CFRDs.     

考虑堆石料空间变异性的土石坝坝坡地震稳定性随机有限元分析

本文探讨了筑坝堆石料的空间变异性对土石坝坝坡动力稳定性的影响。以新疆某在建高面板堆石坝为例,在蒙特卡洛法的框架下,采用基于局部平均细分法的随机有限元法模拟考虑筑坝堆石料空间变异性时土石坝的地震响应及坝坡滑移情况,通过对比随机有限元法和常规确定性有限元法的计算结果,提出:在地震动作用下,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,坝坡滑动体的数量、规模以及滑移量和滑动历时都有不同程度的增大,因而坝坡整体危险程度显著高于不考虑材料空间变异性的情况。坝坡各项动力安全性指标对筑坝材料空间变异性非常敏感;因而,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,各项安全性指标的离散性较大。     

强震区高面板堆石坝抗震安全性评价

针对西部强震区高面板堆石坝,在三维非线性动力有限元分析基础上分析评价了面板堆石坝的加速度和应力反应、面板的应力及接缝变形、坝体地震残余变形、坝体单元抗震安全性、坝坡的抗震稳定性,对大坝的抗震安全性进行了综合评价。所提出的抗震安全性评价方法以及有关规律和结论可供工程建设参考。     

Linear and nonlinear response of concrete slab on CFR dam during earthquake

The joint between concrete slab and rockfill is designed as welded contact in the classical modeling of concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams and earthquake response of the CFR dams is determined by this method. In this study, linear and nonlinear response of Torul CFR Dam including interface element between concrete slab and rockfill were investigated for the duration of strong seismic excitation. The finite element analyses were performed by employing both cases, empty and full reservoir, to research the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake response of the dam. The reservoir water was modeled with fluid finite elements by the Lagrangian approach. The Drucker-Prager model was used in nonlinear analyses for concrete slab, rockfill and soil materials. According to finite element analyses, displacement and stress components were increased by hydrodynamic pressure. The nonlinear response of the concrete slab was monitored about the peak ground acceleration (pga). This study reveals that the size of sliding zone increases with increasing acceleration amplitudes.     

Lateral response of dams in semi-elliptical rigid canyons

An analytical closed-form solution is developed for the lateral response of earth and rockfill dams built in semi-elliptical canyons. The dam is idealized as a linearly hysteretic elastic body deforming only in shear, whereas the canyon is assumed to be rigid. The solution for the dam response is given in terms of prolate spheroidal radial and angular functions of the first kind and zero order. Results are presented for natural frequencies, modal displacement shapes, participation factors, and response to transient and steady-state harmonic base excitation for various dam length-to-height ratios. Comparisons are made of the effects of the length-to-height ratio and the canyon shape on the response of dams built in semi-elliptical and rectangular canyons. A subsequent study (Dakoulas, P. & Hsu, C.H., Response of earth dams in semi-elliptical flexible canyons to oblique SH waves, Report, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 1993) extends this model to a semi-elliptical canyon consisting of flexible elastic rock, subjected to obliquely incident harmonic SH waves.     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams strengthened by rockfill buttressing

Rockfill buttressing resting on the downstream face of masonry or concrete gravity dam is often considered as a strengthening method to improve the stability of existing dam for hydrostatic and seismic loads. Simplified methods for seismic stability analysis of composite concrete-rockfill dams are discussed. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear rockfill model and nonlinear dam-rockfill interface behavior to investigate the effects of backfill on dynamic response of composite dams. A typical 35 m concrete gravity dam, strengthened by rockfill buttressing is considered. The results of analyses confirm that backfill can improve the seismic stability of gravity dams by exerting pressure on the dam in opposition to hydrostatic loads. According to numerical analyses results, the backfill pressures vary during earthquake base excitations and the inertia forces of the backfill are the main source for those variations. It is also shown that significant passive (or active) pressure cannot develop in composite dams with a finite backfill width. A simplified model is also proposed for dynamic analysis of composite dam by replacing the backfill with by a series of vertical cantilever shear beams connected to each other and to the dam by flexible links.     

基于振动台模型试验的高落差埋地管道地震响应研究

为研究高落差埋地管道的地震响应,进行了高落差埋地管道振动台模型试验和有限元数值模拟,探讨管道径厚比、管道倾角、地震波入射角、地震动峰值加速度和管道埋深对高落差埋地管道地震响应的影响规律。试验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好。研究结果表明,在入射角0°的地震波作用下,高落差埋地管道轴向应变峰值随着管道径厚比的增大而增大;在一定管道倾角范围内,管道轴向应变峰值随着管道倾角α的增大而增大;当地震波入射角度从0°变化到60°时,管道上下表面的轴向应变减小,侧面的轴向应变增大;管道应变随着地震动峰值加速度和管道埋深的增加而增大;相同地震作用下,管道最大轴向应变出现在下弯管1/3处附近。