单台初至P波震级计算方法在广东河源地区的应用

利用广东数字化地震台网70个M_L2.5~5.2的广东河源水库地区地震事件,选取震中距小于100 km台站的垂直向地震波形记录,通过函数形式Bt·exp(-At)来分别拟合单台初至P波前1 s、2 s、3 s时间窗内数据的包络线,采用最小二乘法求出参数B,经回归分析得到了震级与包络参数B、P波速度记录最大值之间的统计关系。结果显示估算震级结果比较可靠,使用三种时间窗分别计算,得到的平均震级偏差都在0.4级以内,单台震级偏差70%以上在0.5级以内,可有效用于预警震级计算,减少预警数据处理时间。     

基于单台P波初始记录的地震震中和震级快速测定方法研究

利用山东数字化测震单台三分向记录,选择2种测定地震方位角方法和7种数据预处理方法,通过对实际结果的系统对比分析,确定了最佳的测定地震方位角的技术方案和适于地震预警的测震台站.对测定震中距和震级的方法进行了改进,得到了最佳的根据直达P波前2 s波形的包络特征参数求震中距、峰值速度的统计关系,以及根据包络特征参数求震级的标度关系.快速测定震中距和震级方法在实时地震预警中具有应用前景.     

τ_c方法在内蒙古地区预警震级计算中的应用

地震预警技术是减轻地震灾害的有效手段之一,而在预警系统中,震级的测定是最重要,也是最困难的。考虑到地震预警震级估算方法的区域性特点,本文利用内蒙古测震台网2016～2018年M_L≥2. 0地震波形数据共120条,分别采用P波3s时间窗内垂直向位移时程和P波全波段垂直向位移时程计算特征周期参数值,得到了地震预警震级的计算公式,并对其结果进行对比分析。结果显示,采用P波全波段关系式得到的结果较采用P波3s固定时间窗计算值收敛性更好,关系式拟合相关系数更接近1,能够对预警地震震级做出较好的估计。同时结合数据处理结果,探讨了地震预警的警报快速性和准确性之间的关系。     

一种基于贝叶斯理论的P波双参数地震预警方法

为了及时、准确、可靠地发出地震预警信息,本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯理论的地震P波双参数预警方法.选取中国地震台网中心记录的四川地区的355条地震数据,统计P波触发后前3 s的P波平均周期τc和位移幅值Pd,结合贝叶斯理论建立震级和峰值加速度的预测模型,并以震级M4.5和峰值加速度为120 cm/s2为预警阈值,建立了地震...     

基于单台P波记录的地震震中和震级快速测定方法研究

本研究拟利用山东数字化测震台网记录的实际观测资料,根据单台记录直达P波前2 s数据,通过不同方法测定结果的对比分析,筛选出测定地震方位角的典型方法;探索根据直达P波包络特征和峰值速度测定震中距和震级有效性;根据实际处理结果,从台网中筛选出一旦发生强震适于进行地震预警的台站.     

基于卷积神经网络的地震预警震级持续估算方法研究

为提高地震预警震级快速持续估算结果的准确性,本文构建了基于多种地震动特征参数的卷积神经网络震级估算CNN-M模型.该模型基于日本KiK-net强震动观测记录,利用其P波触发后3～ 10s时间窗内的幅值参数、周期参数、烈度参数、信噪比参数共11种地震波特征参数以及震中距参数作为输入.本文所建立的CNN-M模型随着地震发生...     

基于Kik-net井下基岩强震动记录的持续地震预警震级估算方法

基于地震预警中不同预警参数估算的震级差别很大,且原因不清楚,使得震级估算的准确性难以得到保证。利用井下基岩观测点的强震动记录可以最大限度减少场地条件的影响,震级估算具有干扰小、质量高的优点。选用日本Kik-net 358个台站井下基岩观测点的14 423条强震动记录数据,通过分析预警参数τ~p_(max)、τ_c、τ_(log)、P_d、IV~2分别在P波初至1 s、2 s、3 s等时段下的震级估算效果,揭示了以前未有解释的造成基于各参数估算的震级差异的原因,并给出一种震级持续估算方法。本文发现:τ~p_(max)受场地条件影响明显,建议采用基岩场地强震动记录数据进行计算;τ_c和τ_(log)受加速度记录积分计算影响容易使得震级估算偏大;P_d采用P波初至4 s进行计算,可以避免6.5～7.2级地震的震级饱和。提出了实时调整预警参数的震级持续估算方法,即基岩强震动记录的初至1 s、2 s P波的τ~p_(max)估算震级,初至3 s P波的P_d估算震级,并以初至4 s地震波的P_d估算震级作为最终的估算震级。     

地面运动时程强度包络函数的研究

本文根据地震动时程强度变化分为上升、持续平稳、下降三个阶段的特点,首先从单个记录入手,分别研究确定了不同震级、距离、场地记录的包络参数,然后将与全部记录对应的包络参数用统计方法拟合它们随震级、距离、场地条件变化的衰减关系。结果表明,时程强度包络线的上升时间t_1与P波、S波传播至观测点的到时差相关,随R的增大而加长;下降段则随M、R增大而减缓;中间平稳持续段长度T_s随M、R增大呈增长趋势,但在近场区首次发现T_s具有大震饱和特性。包络函数还与场地条件有关,它将常规的强振持时概括其中,更全面反映了时程强度包络变化的特征。     

甘肃及邻区基于地震预警参数τc和Pd的震级快速计算模型研究

地震预警作为目前能够有效减轻地震灾害的手段之一,可以在破坏性地震动来临之前提供几秒至几十秒的预警时间,提醒预警区域采取紧急处置措施以减轻人员伤亡和财产损失。地震预警是一个复杂的系统,其中利用地震参数快速、准确地进行实时震级估算是其有效发挥减灾作用的关键。文章基于2012—2020年发生在甘肃省及邻区的190个地震共821条记录(3.1≤M≤6.6),计算分析在P波1~10 s时间窗长度内,两种地震预警参数(卓越周期τ_c和位移幅值P_d)分别在垂直向、水平向和三分向均值测项三种不同条件下与峰值参数PGV、PGD的相关性,拟合相应的预警震级快速计算模型,并将估算震级M_E与实际震级M_C进行比较。结果表明：时间窗长度的改变对结果有一定的影响,而测项改变造成的差别较小。此外,在拟合度、预测残差均值和标准差,以及残差分布等预测效果方面,采用参数P_d的模型性能优于参数τ_c。考虑到参数和震级的实时计算以及预警信息发布的时效性要求,推荐在该地区应用垂直向记录P波到时3 s后的参数P_d来进行地震预警震级实时快速计算。     

2022年四川泸定MS 6.8地震预警处理结果分析

2022年9月5日四川泸定发生M_S 6.8地震,中国地震台网中心JEEW预警处理系统有效处理并产出本次地震的预警信息。本次地震发生在四川地震预警区内,震后6.4s发布首次预警处理结果,使用7个台站数据,与统一编目结果相比,震中位置偏差3.7km,震级偏差-0.8,盲区半径15km。随着参与定位台站的数量增多,震中位置及震级偏差逐渐减小,但盲区半径不断增大,预警效益随之减小。震后39 s,使用337个台站数据后,预警震级稳定在6.4。预警震级整体偏小主要原因是,震后短期内有效波形数据较少,较短时间窗内的波形振幅不能反映震级的实际大小。另外,部分近场基准站地震波形限幅,且M_L震级存在饱和,也导致震级被低估。本次地震预警效果较好,但震级准确性有待进一步提升。为提高预警系统的减灾效能,在不断改进震级算法的同时,也需完善预警信息发布策略。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.