浙东晚白垩世酸性岩浆的自混合作用及其意义

岩浆混合作用是造成火成岩多样性的主要原因之一,也是诱发火山喷发的重要机制。以往的研究多集中于基性和酸性岩浆之间的混合作用,但近年来酸性岩浆之间的混合作用受到越来越多的关注和研究。本文报道了浙东小雄破火山一个次级火山口内粗面质和流纹质两种酸性岩浆之间的混合现象。野外调查及岩相学研究显示,粗面质岩浆多呈大小不一的条带状以及透镜体状分布于流纹质岩浆内,局部发生扩散,粗面岩中斑晶大多为粗大的正长石斑晶,强烈熔蚀且聚斑结构普遍;在副矿物聚晶(由钛磁铁矿+磷灰石+锆石组成)的周围常可见反应边结构。流纹岩的斑晶主要由正长石、透长石及石英组成,晶体粒径较小,且熔蚀现象不发育。全岩主、微量元素特征及其他地质证据均显示,两种酸性岩浆之间以机械混合为主,其地球化学成分变化趋势主要受结晶分异过程控制。粗面质及流纹质岩浆在矿物组成、结构等方面的差异表明两者来源于同一层状岩浆房内的不同部位,其中粗面质岩浆应代表岩浆房底部及边部富晶体、贫熔体的粥状层部分(正长石+磁钛铁矿+锆石+磷灰石);而分异程度较高的流纹质岩浆则聚集于岩浆房上部形成富熔体、贫晶体的部分。两种酸性岩浆的混合现象是它们在地壳浅部层状岩浆房内自混合的结果,这一过程可能受岩浆房底部基性岩浆的聚集作用所控制,当更热、更基性的岩浆聚集时,岩浆房下部晶粥区内的粗面质岩浆迅速升温、活化,从而向上运移并与上部富熔体贫晶体的流纹质岩浆发生自混合作用。这一发现为我们理解中国东南沿海地区晚中生代大规模酸性火山喷发及岩浆演化机制、岩浆房结构提供了重要的参考,同时也为认识地壳浅部岩浆房内岩浆之间的自混合作用提供了可靠的例证。     

英安流纹质岩浆的熔离实验

该实验用江西相山英安流纹岩加一定量的氟化物作为初始材料。在温度达875～900℃、压力0.5×10~8～1.0×10~8Pa时,含F和H_2O的英安流纹质岩浆的淬火产物中,有两种玻璃生成。其中一种玻璃呈小球出现,其成分相对富FeO、MgO、TiO_2。另一种玻璃,分布于小球之间,相对富SiO_2和Al_2O_3。实验表明,富含挥发分的酸性火山岩浆是比较容易熔离的。在流纹质火山岩中常见的长英质条带大多数不是浆屑,而是流纹质岩浆熔离的产物。     

江西德兴银山火山岩-次火山岩 带状岩浆房初步研究

银山地区火山岩－次火山岩由流纹岩、流纹英安斑岩、英安质熔岩、英安斑岩和粗面安山斑岩组成,喷发和侵入存在着反序特征．通过各种物理化学方法确定了岩浆房中存在的化学成分和温度、密度、粘度梯度．建立了以英安质岩浆为主,顶部有一层富ＳｉＯ２、富Ｋ的流纹质岩浆,底部为少量粗面安山质岩浆的带状岩浆房．岩浆演化及带状岩浆房的形成是分离结晶、同化混染、岩浆对流和边界层机制共同作用的结果．     

江西德兴银山火山岩-次火山岩带状岩浆房初步研究

银山地区火山岩－次火山岩由流纹岩、流纹英安斑岩、英安质熔岩、英安斑岩和粗面安山斑岩组成,喷发和侵入存在着反序特征。通过各种物理化学方法确定了岩浆房中存在的化学成分和温度、密度、粘度梯度。建立了以英安质岩浆为主,顶部有一层富ＳｉＯ２、富Ｋ的流纹质岩浆,底部为少量粗面安山质岩浆的带状岩浆房。岩浆演化及带状岩浆房折形成是分离结晶、同化混染、岩浆对流和边界层机制共同作用的结果。     

苏鲁造山带白垩系青山群流纹岩石泡构造的矿物学与地球化学特征：对石泡流纹岩成因的指示意义

石泡构造是酸性火山岩中的一种特殊原生构造,常见于流纹岩中。石泡构造成因的研究对认识流纹质岩浆性质和喷发环境都具有重要意义。然而,关于形成石泡构造的岩浆性质、形成机理及其影响因素的研究仍比较薄弱。本文以苏鲁造山带白垩系青山群流纹岩石泡构造为研究对象,通过矿物学、岩石学、地球化学等方法,对石泡构造的发育规律、石泡和石泡间胶结熔浆的矿物组成、元素变化进行了系统研究。结果表明,石泡构造流纹岩主要发育于溢流相上部亚相,石泡可划分为实心型和空心型两类。地球化学特征显示石泡流纹岩与流纹构造流纹岩属同源岩浆,石泡流纹岩经历了更高程度的分异作用。石泡构造流纹岩胶结熔浆中水含量高于下部流纹构造流纹岩的玻璃质,导致溢流相上部亚相挥发分逸出趋势相对明显,受限于富硅岩浆的高黏度,挥发分未能顺利逸出,在逸出点猝冷形成石泡壁,受瞬时应力作用和过冷程度影响,形成形态多样的空腔。随着结晶温度下降,空腔内部残余岩浆依次冷凝结晶形成玉髓或石英。石泡构造的形成意味着岩浆作用过程或者喷发环境水的加入,对于研究酸性岩浆的演化和火山喷发机制具有重要意义。     

拉斑玄武质岩浆极端分异之实例—Loch Ba环状岩墙的岩石学与地球化学

苏格兰西北部马尔地区Loch Ba环状岩墙系由条带状流纹溶结凝灰岩组成。该流纹岩含有大量暗色隐晶质包体。根据流纹岩及其暗色包体的结构构造特征、斑晶矿物及组合、含量、化学成分特征和全岩的常量元素变化特征，认为Loch Ba岩墙之深部存在着一强烈分带的岩浆房，岩浆房上部为流纹质岩浆，其下为强烈分带区，由英安质至底部至少是镁铁质安山岩浆组成。岩浆的分异结晶作用、深部岩浆对来自上部岩浆的捕获晶的同化作用及蚀变作用是造成岩石主要元素一系列变化的原因。     

富硅质岩浆中痕量元素的分配系数

针对Utah州Twin Peaks流纹英安岩和流纹岩中的普通辉石、紫苏辉石、透辉石、斜长石、石英、黑云母、钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿,进行了29种痕量元素(包括REE)分配系数的计算,计算结果介于前报导的英安岩和高硅流纹岩之间,在Twin Peaks区较低硅的岩浆中,斑晶和熔体间的分配主要受晶体结构的克配。而在较高硅质体系中,熔体构造和挥发份含量变成主要控制痕量元素分配的条件.     

浙江拔茅破火山岩浆作用：开放体系多机制复合演化

拔茅火山杂岩的成分变化范围广泛,包括玄武质,玄武粗安质,粗面安山质,粗面英安质,流纹英安质到流纹质和高硅流纹质岩石都有,它们不是由单一母岩浆演化而来,也不是由单一岩浆房喷发形成的,而是来自多种类型的岩浆房,并经历过复杂的演化过程,为开放体系多机制复合演化,其中早期双峰式基性端元是由上地幔部分熔融形成的,而酸性端无则是地壳物质边熔融边喷发（分离熔融）的结果,作为火山杂岩主体的粗面英安质岩石,其岩浆是在高位主岩浆房内由玄武质岩浆与流纹英安质岩浆混合形成的,发生混合的流纹英安质与玄武质岩浆的比例为57：43,而粗面安山质岩浆则是溶部岩浆房内由玄武质岩浆分离结晶形成的,晚期侵出－侵入的流纹英安质岩穹和高硅流纹斑岩株则分别代表高位次级岩浆房的成分及其硅质帽。     

岩浆矽卡岩及其矿床

岩浆矽卡岩是由钙硅酸盐熔（流）体或钙矽卡岩质岩浆贯入结晶或／和隐爆团结（结晶）形成的。主要呈脉状体，少数呈角砾岩筒（带），受断裂、裂隙构造控制，可产于各类不同岩石（层）中。岩浆矽卡岩与富碱中基－中酸性侵入岩密切共生，两者在主化学成分上具共轭、互补关系，组成特征的岩浆矽卡岩　－富碱（中基－中酸）侵入岩对。它们是深部高位岩浆房受钙质强烈混染的富碱闪长质岩浆发生不混溶分　离所衍生的两种不同性质的熔（流）体或岩浆的产物。与岩浆矽卡岩有关的各类矿床，主要是含同生铁氧　化物／硫化物液体的钙矽卡岩（矿）浆，伴随其成岩演变的产物，并构成了一个特殊的（岩）浆矽卡岩矿床系列。     

酸性喷出岩球状组构的成因及研究意义

球状组构(包括球粒和石泡)是流纹岩和流纹质熔结凝灰岩的特殊原生构造。基于中国东部的有关研究报道，本文综述了这种高温结晶球状组构的基本特征、成因和研究意义。球状组构内部常呈同心圈层放射状排列的长英质矿物聚集体，由内到外长石和石英的相对百分含量以及长石的成分都会发生有规律的变化。它们形成于酸性岩浆冷却过程，受岩浆温度、过冷度、熔体中挥发分等因素的控制。球粒结构并不是单一的脱玻化成因，石泡可能也并非简单的气体逃逸体积收缩过程。酸性火山岩(火山碎屑岩)的球状组构提供了自然条件下晶体的生长和成核动力学的直接记录，能提供岩浆挥发分组成与变化的信息，对于认识岩浆结晶动力学过程、酸性火山岩喷发机制及其环境效应具有重要意义。我国东部早白垩世石泡/球粒流纹岩/流纹质熔结凝灰岩分布较广，有待深入研究。     

Petrogenesis of Mafic Inclusions in Rhyolitic Lavas from Narugo Volcano, Northeastern Japan

Mafic inclusions present in the rhyolitic lavas of Narugo volcano,Japan, are vesiculated andesites with diktytaxitic texturesmainly composed of quenched acicular plagioclase, pyroxenes,and interstitial glass. When the mafic magma was incorporatedinto the silica-rich host magma, the cores of pyroxenes andplagioclase began to crystallize (>1000°C) in a boundarylayer between the mafic and felsic magmas. Phenocryst rim compositionsand interstitial glass compositions (average 78 wt % SiO₂) inthe mafic inclusions are the same as those of the phenocrystsand groundmass glass in the host rhyolite. This suggests thatthe host felsic melt infiltrated into the incompletely solidifiedmafic inclusion, and that the interstitial melt compositionin the inclusions became close to that of the host melt (c.850°C). Infiltration was enhanced by the vesiculation ofthe mafic magma. Finally, hybridized and density-reduced portionsof the mafic magma floated up from the boundary layer into thehost rhyolite. We conclude that the ascent of mafic magma triggeredthe eruption of the host rhyolitic magma. KEY WORDS: mafic inclusion; stratified magma chamber; magma mixing; mingling; Narugo volcano; Japan     

花岗岩—KBF4—Na2MoO4—WO3体系的实验研究及其矿床学意义

为探讨长英质岩浆作用过程中金属成矿元素的地球化学行为及其成矿意义,我们进行了常压下花岗岩－ＫＢＦ３－Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系的实验研究。结果表明,高温（１２５０℃）条件下呈均一状态的花岗岩－ＫＢＦ４－ＮａＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系,当温度降低时发生液态不混溶,从中分离出含矿熔体的小液滴,体系中的Ｍｏ（Ｗ）几乎全部富集在这种小液滴中。含矿熔体中极富含Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｐ,而贫Ｓｉ、Ａｌ和Ｋ,Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｆ富集在含矿熔体中。此实验结果表明：长英质岩浆中液态不混溶作用的发生可以使成矿元素Ｗ和Ｍｏ富集到与硅酸盐熔体不混溶的独立的非硅酸盐熔体中。这种熔体在适当的地质条件下继续演化可形成类似镁铁质岩浆演化过程中常出现的岩浆熔离型矿床。本实验结果可能为斑岩矿床的形成机理提供一种新的解释。     

拉萨地体中部古新世早期灯垌火山-侵入杂岩成因及地壳硅质岩浆演化

花岗岩-流纹岩的成因研究是认识地壳演化机制的重要途径.通过岩石学、地球化学和同位素地质学方法,对拉萨地体中部措麦地区灯垌破火山机构的火山-侵入杂岩进行了成因研究.灯垌火山-侵入杂岩主要由花岗斑岩、流纹岩和流纹质熔结凝灰岩组成,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为64.1±0.8 Ma、62.9±0.7 Ma和63.2±...     

硅酸盐熔体结构研究进展及意义

近年来研究表明岩浆的物理及化学性质与其熔体结构密切相关，因此熔体结构的研究对于理解岩浆的性质及岩动力学等与岩浆作用相关的地质问题是非常重要的。本文概括介绍了熔体结构的研究进展，着重讨论了熔体中熔体组分、温度及压力对熔体结构的影响。此外，并对硅酸盐熔体结构的研究意义进行了论述。     

Silicate-iron fluid media in rhyolitic magma: Data on rhyolites from the Nilginskaya depression,Central Mongolia

Relicts of silicate-iron fluid media were found in the Early Cretaceous rhyolites of the Nilginskaya depression, Central Mongolia. They are localized in matrix cavities and in the inclusions in quartz and sanidine phenocrysts. The mineral composition of rhyolites and aggregates of silicate-iron phases has been studied. Calculations showed that crystallization of ilmenite and magnetite in a matrix occurred within a temperature range of 593–700°C and oxygen fugacity $\Delta \log f_{O_2 }$ NNO from ?2.29 to 1.68. The average compositions of the rhyolites and residual glasses in melt inclusions (MI) have A/CNK index of 1.03–1.05. The compositions of MI glasses define a trend from agpaitic to plumasitic types (A/NK and A/CNK change from 0.8–0.9 to 1.1–1.2). According to calculations, the rhyolitic melt was solidified at 640–750°C. Based on cathodoluminescent study, inclusions with silicate-iron phases are observed separately or together with MI in the early and intermediate growth zones of quartz and sanidine crystals. Aggregates found in the inclusions are represented by loose matter consisting of silica with small admixture of Al, Na, K, and Cl; silicate-iron aggregates with wide variations of Fe and Si; essentially Fe-rich micaceous and mica-silicate-iron aggregates. They usually have variable composition (wt %): 30–60 SiO₂, 10–25 Al₂O₃, 10–30 FeO, up to 3 TiO₂, 1.5–4 MgO, up to 3 CaO, up to 3 Na₂O, up to 3 K₂O, and up to 4 P₂O₅. They presumably contain up to 10–15 wt % H₂O. Some inclusions comprise large segregations of siderophyllite enriched in F (3–10 wt %) and Cl (0.1–3.3 wt %). Evolution of the rhyolitic melt from magmatic chamber to its vitrification after ejection led to the decrease of F content. The highest F content (1–1.8 wt %) is typical of MI glasses, while the lowest content (0.05–0.1 wt %) was found in the glassy matrix and rhyolitic samples. The melt degassing was accompanied by the release of F-rich fluid containing up to 1.3 wt % F (based on partition coefficient ^fluid/meltD_F) or 0.2–0.8 mol/dm³ HF (based on composition of micas from matrix and inclusions). Segregations of silicate-iron media existed in the rhyolitic magma. During formation of rhyolitic pile, these media were in a liquid state. The silicate-iron fluid media captured in MI could not be true fluids or silicate melts. They were likely formed during fluid-magmatic interaction and transformation of fluid phases of different density (vapor and liquid true solutions) that existed in a F-rich melt. The high concentrations of F and Cl and elevated alkalinity of fluids contribute their enrichment in silica and other elements, which could lead to the formation of hydrosilicate liquids. It is suggested that such liquids (gels) in dispersed (colloidal) state extracted F and many trace elements (P, Ti, Mg, Ca, REE, As, Nb, Th, and V) from surrounding rhyolitic magma.     

Magmatic processes in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma based on trace elements in melt inclusions and pumice matrix glass

To investigate the origin of compositional zonation in the Bishop Tuff magma body, we have analyzed trace elements in the matrix glass of pumice clasts and in quartz-hosted melt inclusions. Our results show contrasting patterns for quartz in different parts of the Bishop Tuff. In all samples from the early part of the eruption, trace element compositions of matrix glasses are similar to but slightly more evolved than quartz-hosted melt inclusions. This indicates a cogenetic relationship between quartz crystals and their surrounding matrix glass, consistent with in situ crystallization. The range of incompatible element concentrations in melt inclusions and matrix glass from single pumice clasts requires 16–20 wt% in situ crystallization. This is greater than the actual crystal content of the pumices (<15 % crystals). In contrast to the pattern for the early pumices, pyroclastic flow samples from the middle part of the eruption show contrasting trends: In some clasts, the matrix is more evolved than the inclusions, whereas in other clasts, the matrix is less evolved. In the late Bishop Tuff, all crystal-rich samples have matrix glasses that are less evolved than the melt inclusions. Trace element abundances indicate that the cores of quartz in the late Bishop Tuff crystallized from more differentiated rhyolitic magma that was similar in many ways, yet distinct from the early-erupted Bishop Tuff. Our results are compatible with a model of secular incremental zoning (Hildreth and Wilson in Compositional zoning of the Bishop Tuff. J Petrol 48(5):951–999, 2007), in which melt batches from underlying crystal mush rise to various levels in a growing magma body according to their buoyancy. Early- and middle-erupted quartz crystallized from highly evolved rhyolitic melt, but then some parts of the middle-erupted magma were invaded by less differentiated rhyolite such that the matrix melt at the time of eruption was less evolved than the melt inclusions. A similar process occurred but to a greater extent in magma that erupted to form the late Bishop Tuff. In addition, there was a final, major magma mixing event in the late magma that formed Ti-rich rims on quartz and Ba-rich rims on sanidine, trapped less evolved rhyolitic melt inclusions, and resulted in dark and swirly crystal-poor pumice that is a rare type throughout much of the Bishop Tuff.     

Formation of U-depleted rhyolite from a basanite at El Hierro, Canary Islands

Phonolite and trachyte are the felsic magmas of the alkaline magma suites, which characterize the Canary Islands. The October 2011 submarine eruption off El Hierro, the westernmost island, nevertheless, produced a small volume of rhyolitic magma. The rhyolite occurred as highly vesicular, white coloured pumices enveloped in and mingled with darker coloured basanitic pumice. The basanitic pumice is relatively crystal poor with a few euhedral olivines (mostly Fo_77–79), clinopyroxenes and Fe-rich spinels, whereas very rare olivine of same composition is found together with equally rare Fe-sulphide and FeTi-rich oxides in the rhyolite. The Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in the oxides permits to calculate an equilibrium temperature of 970–890 °C for the rhyolite, in agreement with quartz-melt equilibrium at ca. 930 °C. A striking mineralogical feature of the rhyolite is the presence of rounded to contorted grains of milky quartz, which are xenocrysts incorporated and partly dissolved into the magma. Analyses of residual volatile concentrations in the glasses show that the rhyolite melt was highly degassed, whereas the basanitic glass still has important halogen concentrations. Trace element patterns of the mafic glasses and their elevated incompatible element concentrations are typical of the western Canary Island basanites. In contrast, the trace element composition of the rhyolite shows surprisingly low concentrations for all elements except the most incompatible ones (e.g. Rb, Ba, K and Th). All other measured LILE, HFSE and REE have significantly lower concentration than the basanitic counterpart that can be explained by fractionation of accessory phases (1 % apatite, 1 % sphene and 0.1 % zircon). Surprisingly, low U concentration is presumably related to elevated oxygen fugacity in the rhyolite, causing U to be in a hexavalent state, and fluxing of F-rich gas leading to volatilization of UF₆, known to emanate at low temperature. The results suggest that a gas-rich basanitic melt remobilized a small volume of stagnant rhyolitic melt formed by incorporation of approximately 10 % quartz-rich sediment into a late differentiate of trachytic composition. Sediments at the interface of an old oceanic crust adjacent to a continental shield and younger volcanic island are likely to act as magma traps were sediment assimilation may alter the mantle-derived magma composition. Quartz assimilation thus explains the production of rhyolite magma in a volcanic island characterized by an alkaline magma series from primitive basanites to trachytes.     

Crystallization conditions in the Upper Pollara magma chamber, Salina Island, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

Summary Pyroclastites erupted from the Upper Pollara magma chamber (13 ka, Salina Island, Aeolian Archipelago) resulted from mingling and mixing of rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. An experimental study has been conducted on the rhyolitic end-member to constrain the pre-eruptive conditions of the magma. In order to check for the role of mixing on the equilibrium phase assemblage, three different starting compositions, corresponding to three different mixing degrees, have been used. The crystallization experiments were conducted at two different oxygen fugacities and at variable temperature and fluid contents. The results indicate that the natural mineralogical assemblage can only be reproduced from a composition showing a certain degree of mixing. Assuming a pressure of 200 MPa (generally accepted for the Aeolian Islands), the pre-eruptive temperature of the magmas is estimated between 755 and 800 °C and the water content of the melt was higher than 4–4.5 wt.%. The Upper Pollara magma crystallized at relatively high fO₂ (ΔlogfO₂ = Ni–NiO + 1 log unit), compared to rhyolitic magmas from Lipari and Vulcano. As this difference has not been observed for the most primitive magmas the difference in fO₂ could be related to different degassing processes operating in Salina and Lipari – Vulcano magmas.