2017年九寨沟7.0级地震序列震源机制解和构造应力场特征

九寨沟余震序列的震源机制和构造应力场有助于认识本次地震的发震构造和孕震机理。本文基于四川区域地震台网的波形资料, 采用波形拟合(CAP)方法和P波初动+振幅比(HASH)方法反演得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震序列中59次ML≥3.0地震的震源机制解, 并基于该结果采用阻尼线性逆推法(DRSSI), 计算研究区域的平均构造应力场, 给出该区域的应力场特征。结果显示, 利用CAP方法反演得到的本次主震的最佳双力偶机制解节面I: 走向248°/倾角86°/滑动角–169°, 节面II: 走向157°/倾角79°/滑动角–4°, 矩震级为Mw6.31, 矩心深度5 km, 属走滑型地震事件; 大部分余震的震源机制解错动类型与主震一致, 矩心深度集中在3~10 km; 应力场反演结果显示, 该区域周边的应力性质为走滑型, 最大主应力方向呈NWW–SEE向, 与该区域的应力场方向一致, 表明本次地震主要受区域应力的控制。结合该区域的地震地质构造等已有研究成果, 分析认为此次地震的发震断层为走向NW–SE、倾向SW的左旋走滑断裂——树正断裂, 巴颜喀拉块体向E-SE向的水平运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡导致此次地震的发生, 汶川地震的发生对本次地震具有一定的促进作用。     

由震源机制解资料确定我国西南及邻区平均应力场参数

一、引言自本世纪70年代以来,许多学者采用各种研究手段对我国西南及邻区构造应力场做了大量的研究工作,其中震源机制解分析是重要手段之一。以往震源机制解的P、B、T轴一直作为推断地壳构造应力场状况的主要手段之一,但是由单个地震得出的P、B、T轴方向只与该地震的应力释放有联系,而不能当作实际构造应力场的主应力方向。滑动方向拟合法,是从震源机制解的两个节面出发,将两个节面都作为可能的断     

河套地震带的震源机制类型时空分布特征

基于地质构造背景分析,收集2000年以来发生在河套地震带的M_L≥2.8级地震作为研究对象,综合运用基于P波初动的振幅比方法(APAS)和基于波形拟合的CAP反演方法求出256次地震事件的震源机制解。以断层节面滑动角作为判定指标,分区域给出了河套地震带的震源机制类型空间和时间分布图像,从断层滑动角度呈现河套地震带应力场时空变化过程。结果显示:临河盆地断层节面滑动角主要在水平±20°方向存在优势分布,走滑型特征显著;具体来讲,狼山-色尔腾山山前断裂带、临河断裂、乌拉山山前断裂等主要以纯走滑型地震为主,巴彦乌拉山断裂与磴口-本井断裂之间的区域多分布正走滑型地震。呼包盆地断层节面解虽然也呈现出走滑型为主的特征,但滑动角分布较为离散,优势分布方向不明显;呼包盆地西侧的包头至西山咀凸起一带表现出以走滑为主的小范围震源应力场特征,呼包盆地内部及东侧由于显著的区域垂直差异运动,正断层和逆冲型地震所占比例较大,震源机制类型整体呈现出与构造相依的分布特点。分析认为,2000年以来,河套地震带的应力场存在一定的时空非均匀性变化,研究结果更多表现了河套地震带的震源应力场变化过程,而研究资料时间不够长和震级不够大是引起这种应力场非均匀性暂态特征的主要因素。     

上海及邻区新构造应力场初步探讨

本文从活动断裂、水系分布方向、地震震源机制解三个方面,对上海及邻区新构造应力场进行了探讨。从新构造期活动断裂的力学性质分析,本区主压应力场方向为北东东至近东西;从水系河谷分布的优势方向推论出的主压应力场方向为96°左右;用本区56个地震震源机制解的 P轴赤平极射投影的极点统计分析法,确定主压应力方向约为80°;三者大体一致,说明它们是同一构造应力场的产物,其主压应力场方向为近东—西向。     

从断裂构造形迹分析汶川地震构造应力场特征

通过对四川汶川地震野外断裂构造形迹的实地考察的部分资料,结合汶川地震震源机制解等,分析了该区域构造应力场特征,对研究该区域地震活动有一定的指导意义.     

2019年5月18日松原M5.1地震构造机制分析

基于区域地震台网的数字化波形资料,使用ISOLA方法对2019年5月18日吉林松原M5.1地震进行矩张量反演,研究地震的震源机制,并且收集了地震序列中M_L2.5以上地震的震源机制解,采用FMSI（focal mechanism stress inversion）方法反演震中区构造应力场。结果显示：松原M5.1地震的矩震级为4.9,矩心深度为6 km,双力偶分量为91.5%,主压应力P轴方位角、倾角分别为76°和3°,主张应力T轴方位角、倾角分别为166°和16°,震源机制解显示典型的构造地震特征;震中区构造应力场理论应力轴σ₁方位角、倾伏角分别为88.0°和0.9°,σ₂方位角、倾伏角分别为178.2°和9.6°,σ₃方位角、倾伏角分别为352.5°和80.4°,这一结果与区域构造应力场一致。推断认为区域构造应力场触发了2019年松原M5.1地震活动,地震震源机制解的北西向节面与震中区附近的第二松花江断裂现今活动性质完全一致,认为第二松花断裂可能是松原M5.1地震的发震断层。     

两淮矿区震源机制解反演区域构造应力场特征

通过分析两淮矿区中小型地震的震源机制,以及该区构造应力场的分布特征,对矿区中小震震源机制解进行统计分析并反演其构造应力场。结果表明:两淮矿区构造应力场的最大主应力方向和最小主应力方向基本沿东西方向和南北方向分布;构造应力场现今主要表现为近水平作用力,同时存在部分构造应力场表现为近垂直方向;地震震源断层的破裂类型主要表现为近走滑型断层,同时也有一定比例的走滑型断层;矿区震源发震断层主要为走滑断层,逆断层占比较少,正断层最少。     

马边-永善地震带及邻区新构造应力场和现代构造应力场的探讨

本文用数学统计方法对马边-永善地震带及邻近地区水系格局的优势方向进行了计算,结合断层滑动参数、原地应力测量、地震震源机制解和三角测量资料进行对比分析认为:构造应力分区与活动的深大断裂围限的褶断隆起区和凹陷区有关,如马边凹陷区构造应力方向为NW向,而雷波-永善褶断隆起区和五莲峰褶断隆起区构造应力方向为NWW-NEE向。该区构造应力场有右旋渐变的特点,自南而北主压应力轴右旋转动约30～40°,并且,全新世以来的现代构造应力场继承了新构造时期构造应力场的特点。     

注水诱发地震序列的震源机制变化特征: 以四川长宁序列为例

2006年4月以来, 四川长宁、兴文、珙县交界区域相继出现注水诱发地震活动, 至2013年4月30日共发生M_L4.0以上地震16次, 最大为2013年4月25日M_L5.2地震.通过采用体波谱振幅相关系数方法研究长宁注水诱发地震序列M_L3.0以上地震震源机制变化过程, 结果显示序列震源机制散乱; 利用CAP方法计算了序列中M_L4.0以上12次地震的震源机制解, 结果同样表明其机制紊乱.分析认为: 钻孔加压注水引起附近岩体的孔隙压力增大及先存断层面的摩擦系数减小, 这2种变化均导致库仑应力变化Δσ_f增大, 从而促进地震的发生.因此, 注水诱发地震活动期间, 研究区构造应力场的应力强度无明显增强, 对破裂方向也无明显的约束作用, 故地震序列震源机制发散.      

青藏高原中部的东西向扩张构造运动

系统分析了1933~2003年间青藏高原及其周缘发生的745个中、强地震的震源机制解,研究了高原地壳构造运动及其动力学特征。结果表明,大量正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部海拔4000m以上的地区,其中许多地震是纯正断层型地震。震源机制结果显示,该区正断层型地震的断层走向多为南北方向,断层位错矢量的水平分量均位于近东西方向,这表明青藏高原高海拔地区存在着近东西方向的扩张构造运动。地震震源应力场的研究结果表明,在高原中部高海拔地区,E-W向或WNW-ESE向的水平扩张作用控制着该区的地壳应力场。青藏高原高海拔地区近东西方向的扩张构造运动是该区引张应力场的作用结果,其动力学原因可能与持续隆升的高原自重增大引起的重力崩塌及其周边区域构造应力状况有关。而青藏高原周缘地区,除了东部边缘外,南部的喜马拉雅山前沿以及青藏高原的北部、西部边缘所发生的绝大部分地震都是逆断层型或走滑逆断层型地震。在青藏高原周缘地区,北东或者北北东方向水平挤压的构造应力场为优势应力场。在中国西部的大范围内,主压应力P轴水平分量位于NE-SW方向,形成了一个广域的NE-SW方向的挤压应力场。青藏高原及其周缘应力场特征表明,印度板块的北上运动以及它与欧亚板块之间的碰撞所形成的挤压应力场是高原强烈隆起的直接原因。在青藏高原中南部形成了近东西向引张应力场为主的区域,并以东西向扩张构造运动部分释放其应力积累。研究高原高海拔地区的引张应力场和近东西向扩张构造运动的特征,对于认识青藏高原强烈隆起的地球动力学过程与机制,有着重要的理论意义。     

基于断层擦痕侧伏角公式的构造应力张量反演

利用Aleksandrowski推导的断层擦痕侧伏角公式,提出了一种改进的构造应力张量反演法。根据不同应力比值下构造应力与断层擦痕侧伏角的关系,利用最小二乘法,详细推导了构造应力张量的反演方法,最后利用Matlab软件编制程序实现了该计算过程。在此基础上,现场调查了江西武山铜矿北矿带的断层滑动数据,利用上述改进方法反演了该地区的构造应力张量方向特征。将上述反演结果与由震源机制解获得的最新构造应力场结果进行对比分析,并结合研究区断层的展布特征及所在的地质构造背景,获得了该地区自晚侏罗世以来的构造应力场特征,表明该地区构造应力场具有一定的稳定性。改进后的构造应力张量求解过程及工程应用表明,将Aleksandrowski的图示法和Etchecopar等的反演法结合起来反演构造应力张量,是对已有方法的改进,具有更加简单、实现容易等特点,计算结果比较符合实际。     

Lithospheric deformation under pre- and post-seismic stress fields along the Nicobar–Sumatra subduction margin during 2004 Sumatra mega-event and its tectonic implications

A high-resolution study was carried out under pre-seismic (i.e., static) and post-seismic stress fields (i.e., dynamic) in a space–time frame along the Nicobar–Sumatra margin. The study reveals that the descending lithosphere records minimum stress obliquity, predominant thrust movement, and down-dip least compressive stress axis under static stress field in northwest Sumatra (sector III). The imbalance between down-dip component of slab pull force and viscous resistive force possibly caused cyclic stress loading in compressive field around the flexing zone ( 25 km), and that undergone brittle failure through generation of mega-thrust event on 26th December' 2004. A sharp decrease in stress obliquity towards north (sector II), redressing of least compressive stress axes from horizontal to down-dip direction, and increasing thrust movements under dynamic stress field account for continued upward shortening of the lithosphere. The weak thinner zone (i.e., between  159 and  217 km depth), an age-discontinuity portion, possibly was collapsed through rapid enhancement of stress-induced weakening and strain localization following the 2004 Sumatra mega-shock. It is also well appreciated in the literature that such shallow disruption of the lithosphere is inevitable in the upper mantle, if the slab is weakened or broken there, and this phenomenon is not uncommon below the Sumatra.     

Small-scale spatial variation of the stress field in the back-arc Aegean area: Results from the seismotectonic study of the broader area of Mygdonia basin (N. Greece)

In the present work a detailed seismotectonic study of the broader area of the Mygdonia basin (N. Greece) is performed. Digital data for earthquakes which occurred in the broader Mygdonia basin and were recorded by the permanent telemetric network of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki during the period 1989–1999 were collected and fault plane solutions for 50 earthquakes which occurred in the study area were calculated with a modified first motions approach which incorporates amplitude and radiation pattern information. Fault plane solutions for the 3 main shocks of Volvi (23/05/78, M_W = 5.8 and 20/06/78, M_W = 6.5) and Arnaia (04/05/95, M_W = 5.8) events and the 1978 aftershock sequence were additionally used. Moreover, data from two local networks established in the Mygdonia basin were also incorporated in the final dataset.Determination of the stress field was realized by the use of the method of Gephart and Forsyth [Gephart, J.W., Forsyth, D.W., 1984. An improved method for determining the regional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data: application to the San Fernando earthquake sequence: Jour. Geophys. Res., v.89, no. B11, p. 9305–9320] for the stress tensor inversion and the results were compared with independent estimates based on the calculation of the average moment tensor [Papazachos, C.B.,Kiratzi, A.A., 1992. A formulation for reliable estimation of active crustal deformation and its application to central Greece. Geophys. J. Int. 111, 424–432]. The obtained stress results show a relatively good agreement between the two approaches, with differences in the azimuth of the dominant extension axis of the order of 10°. Furthermore, comparison with independent information for the mean stress axes provided by the study of kinematics on neotectonic faults [Mountrakis, D., Kilias, A., Tranos, M., Thomaidou, E., Papazachos, C., Karakaisis, G., Scordilis, E., Chatzidimitriou, P., Papadimitriou, E., Vargemezis, G., Aidona, E., Karagianni, E., Vamvakaris, D. Skarlatoudis, A. 2003. Determination of the settings and the seismotectonic behavior of the main seismic-active faults of Northern Greece area using neotectonic and seismological data. Earthquake Planning and Protection Organisation (OASP) (in Greek)] shows a similar agreement with typical misfit of the order 10°. The stress inversion method was modified in order to select one or both nodal planes of the focal mechanism which corresponds to the “true” fault plane of the occurred earthquakes and was able to select a single fault plane in the majority of examined cases. Using this approach, the obtained fault plane rose diagrams are in agreement with results from various neotectonic studies. Moreover, several secondary active fault branches were identified, which are still not clearly observed in the field.     

三维地应力计算模型研究

简要回顾了现有的三维地应力实测方法在实际工程应用中存在的局限性。对钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法进行了系统的研究,从理论上说明了由它确定三维地壳应力张量的可行性。采用线弹性有限元法对钻孔局部壁面应力解除过程做了数值模拟研究,分析了应力解除曲线的变化特征,给出了达到完全应力解除时解除深度和被解除岩芯直径之间的定量关系,还进一步分析了环形解除槽引起的应力集中对其附近局部孔壁应力分布的影响,从而为在钻孔孔壁的局部壁面上如何合理的布置应变计（花）提供了参考依据。最后对本课题的研究前景做了展望。     

重力和构造力在地壳中的作用

本文对于“上覆岩石重力数值等同于静水压力数值”的认识提出了新的看法，地壳中应力场Ｔ可以看成是一个静水压力Ｐ和一个差应力σ的复合、则静水压力Ｐ是由重力附加静水压力ＰＲ和构造力附加静水压力ＰＳ两者叠合而成，而不仅仅是来自上覆岩石的总重量，有限元模型计算表明，在同样外力条件下，从挤压变形带，剪切变形带到引张变形带中的各带构造附加静水压力值呈降低变化，即ＰＣ〉ＰＺｈ〉Ｐｔ，因而构造附加静水压力得造成局部静     

The stress state of the Earth’s lithosphere: Results of statistical processing of the world stress-map data

A method for the statistical processing of the input data on the stress state of the Earth’s lithosphere that takes the initial 3-D position of the principle stress axes into account is elaborated. This approach is based on the calculation of the arithmetic mean value for every six independent tensor components during determination of the average stress in any sampling. When determining the sampling for calculation of the average stress for the current cell of the calculated grid, it is proposed to insert the measurements into the sampling that are spatially located in such a manner where the distance from the measurement point to the cell center is less than some value that is named as a search radius. The latter either was specified as a constant for all cells of the calculated grid or was determined assuming that the dispersion of the average tensor was less than some preset value. The results of the application of this approach are presented based on the example of the processing of the measurements from the World Stress Map (Heidbach et al., 2008). The resultant set of the mean stress-field maps reflects the generalized pattern of the stress distribution in the Earth’s lithosphere.     

桩基内力长期监测中的蠕变影响分析

以黄土地区桩基浸水试验为代表的桩身内力长期监测过程中,桩身混凝土除发生弹性应变外还会发生蠕变,以往工作中往往忽略了混凝土在轴力长期作用下蠕变对测试结果的影响,但蠕变真实存在,它对内力测试结果的影响程度以及如何消除其影响值得研究。根据现场实测试验资料对比分析表明,长时间的桩基内力测试应考虑桩身蠕变的影响;基于混凝土蠕变的相关理论,推导了从实测应变中扣除桩身蠕变的公式;从消除蠕变影响角度分析了黄土桩基浸水试验中应采取的措施,其关键技术是控制试验桩的混凝土强度等级,在桩顶附近设置标定段,并保持标定段混凝土的温度和湿度恒定,且与下部桩体一致,获得具有代表性的蠕变度函数曲线。     

Rock Stress,Rock Stress Measurements,and the Integrated Stress Determination Method (ISDM)

The primary objectives of this work are to (1) improve the understanding of the prevailing stress distribution at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in SE Sweden by employing an integrated stress determination approach, and in order to accomplish this (2) extend the existing stress integration methodology denominated integrated stress determination method (ISDM; Cornet in Comprehensive Rock Engineering vol 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 413–432, 1993a). The new developments of the ISDM involve a 12-parameter representation of the regional stress field in the rock mass (i.e., the full stress tensor and its variation with depth) that is applicable to hydraulic stress data (sleeve fracturing, hydraulic fracturing, and hydraulic tests on pre-existing fractures), overcoring data (CSIR- and CSIRO-type of devices), and to combinations of hydraulic and overcoring stress data. For the latter case, the elastic parameters of the overcoring technique may be solved in situ by allowing the hydraulic stress data to constrain them. As a result, the problem then involves 14 model parameters. Results from the study show that the ISDM effectively improves the precision of the prevailing stress field determination and that it is especially powerful for identification of consistencies/inconsistencies in an existing data set. Indeed, this is the very basic premise and goal of stress integration; combine all available data to achieve as complete a characterization of the mechanical stress model as possible, and not to identify a solution that fits only loosely the maximum amount of stress data.     

吉林四平山门银矿区中,新生代构造应力场及研究意义

本文通过山门银矿区小型构造的研究，将本区中，新生代构造应力场划分为三期，即侏罗纪，白垩纪，老第三纪构造应力场。最大主压应力方向分别为ＮＷ－ＳＥ向，ＮＮＥ－ＳＳＷ向和ＥＷ向。估算出侏罗纪差应力值１０６．１ＭＰａ，白垩纪差应力值１０．１７Ｍｐａ利用白垩纪构造应力场数学模拟成果，结合物，化探资料，划分出三个成矿远景区。