全球定位系统差分实时定位技术概论

全球定位系统差分实时定位技术概论陈俊勇（国家测绘局）第三讲四、电离层延迟参数的差分改正计算ＧＰＳ卫星发射的电磁波的传输当然要受到电离层的影响，即产生由于电离层的影响而使传播时间的延迟。在ＧＰＳ用户有双频接收机的情况下，原则上可以利用电离层时间延迟和频...     

利用北斗连续运行参考站系统提高导航定位精度的试验

为了利用北斗连续运行参考站系统提高民用导航定位的精度,采用实时码差分定位技术提高车载导航仪的定位精度,通过自定义差分电文可实现北斗伪距改正数的播发,将系统的解算单元和播发单元分离从而实现分布式系统架构,采用基于最近物理参考站的码差分定位差分生成及播发策略提供海量用户并发服务。该系统实现了接收机终端算法与服务器软件算法的模型统一,并在东部某市实际北斗连续运行参考站系统中实际运用,测试验证了该算法的精度及系统的可靠性。     

广域差分GPS定位算法在通用DSP系统上的实现

在对广域差分GPS定位算法精度分析的基础上,建立了通用GPS系统运算平台,构造了浮点类型,并提出了DSP运行环境中的高精度函数算法,完成了对广域差分GPS定位算法的优化,编制了基于通用DSP系统的广域差分GPS定位算法软件,成功研制了广域差分用户接收机系统。     

差分GPS改正的计算与质量控制

ＤＧＰＳ技术能大大改善单机ＧＰＳ定位精度，但这种改善依赖于用户和参考站之间的距离（空间相关）、差分改正的潜在因素（时间相关性）以及差分改正的质量。因此，如何正确地求得差分改正值及其精度是ＤＧＰＳ定位技术的关键之一。本文提出一个解算差分ＧＰＳ改正数的新算法，该算法直接利用卡尔曼滤波观测值模型中的码和载波观测值，因此可以利用简单的随机观测值，因此可以利用简单的随机观测值模型和卡尔曼滤波的标准算法。该算     

全国公路网差分GPS数据采集软件的设计

介绍了全国公路网差分GPS数据采集软件主要模块中的算法和流程 ,包括差分GPS定位算法、载波相位平滑算法、地物属性纪录、计算机时间与GPS接收机时间的同步、地物匹配及偏心改正算法等。     

北斗一号卫星导航系统定位算法及精度分析

针对我国建立的北斗一号导航定位系统,介绍了该系统的定位原理,给出了基于北斗双星和三星定位算法的模型,进行了实测数据的解算,分析了星历误差、信号传播误差和接收机钟差等误差对定位精度的影响,计算结果表明该算法简单、实用,可满足中高精度的导航定位用户需求,对二代导航系统定位数据处理和精度分析具有参考价值。     

GPS伪距改正及精密动态单点定位精度分析

给出了GPS伪距定位在动态模式下的改正模型：对流层折射延迟、电离层延迟改正、地球自转改正、相对论效应改正、卫星天线和接收机天线改正、固体潮改正。并针对单频GPS接收机进行动态伪距定位的试验，分析了各项改正对GPS伪距定位的精度影响及综合改正后的精度分析。     

俄罗斯SBAS卫星开始发送GPS差分信号

据国外媒体报道,Javad导航系统公司CEOJavadAshjaee称,俄罗斯Luch-5A同步轨道卫星己经通过其所携带的差分校正监测转换器（SDCM）,开始发送GPS差分信号。据他所称,Javad接收机己经可以接收到使用PRN140号的L1波段信号,并用于计算码差分定位。目前仅有GPS差分,还没有GLONASS差分。     

基于网格中心点虚拟参考站的伪距差分方法

传统网络伪距差分定位方法中,服务端播发多个基准站观测卫星的伪距改正数和坐标,流动站用户接收所有基准站伪距改正数后内插得到自身所需伪距改正数。为简化流动站算法、保护国家大地坐标安全,本文提出了基于网格中心点虚拟参考站的伪距差分方法,该方法是将经纬线网格的中心点作为虚拟参考站,将基准站的伪距改正数内插到该虚拟参考站上,播发各虚拟参考站坐标和伪距改正数,流动站通过单点定位确定所在网格,利用其中心点上参考站的伪距改正数进行差分定位。试验表明,该方法在静态与动态情况下平面与高程方向均能获得亚米级定位。     

单频GPS接收机定位中的电离层延迟改正

针对单频GPS接收机受电离层影响较大的特点，从定性的角度比较、分析了两种常用经验电离层模型的使用特点和改正精度。利用4个IGS测站的多天GPS实测数据，采用单点定位的方法，从定量的角度，研究了两种常用经验电离层模型应用于单频GPS用户定位时的改正效果，为单频GPS用户修正电离层延迟，选择合适的电离层模型提供了参考性建议。     

A reference station-based GNSS computing mode to support unified precise point positioning and real-time kinematic services

Currently, the GNSS computing modes are of two classes: network-based data processing and user receiver-based processing. A GNSS reference receiver station essentially contributes raw measurement data in either the RINEX file format or as real-time data streams in the RTCM format. Very little computation is carried out by the reference station. The existing network-based processing modes, regardless of whether they are executed in real-time or post-processed modes, are centralised or sequential. This paper describes a distributed GNSS computing framework that incorporates three GNSS modes: reference station-based, user receiver-based and network-based data processing. Raw data streams from each GNSS reference receiver station are processed in a distributed manner, i.e., either at the station itself or at a hosting data server/processor, to generate station-based solutions, or reference receiver-specific parameters. These may include precise receiver clock, zenith tropospheric delay, differential code biases, ambiguity parameters, ionospheric delays, as well as line-of-sight information such as azimuth and elevation angles. Covariance information for estimated parameters may also be optionally provided. In such a mode the nearby precise point positioning (PPP) or real-time kinematic (RTK) users can directly use the corrections from all or some of the stations for real-time precise positioning via a data server. At the user receiver, PPP and RTK techniques are unified under the same observation models, and the distinction is how the user receiver software deals with corrections from the reference station solutions and the ambiguity estimation in the observation equations. Numerical tests demonstrate good convergence behaviour for differential code bias and ambiguity estimates derived individually with single reference stations. With station-based solutions from three reference stations within distances of 22–103 km the user receiver positioning results, with various schemes, show an accuracy improvement of the proposed station-augmented PPP and ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions with respect to the standard float PPP solutions without station augmentation and ambiguity resolutions. Overall, the proposed reference station-based GNSS computing mode can support PPP and RTK positioning services as a simpler alternative to the existing network-based RTK or regionally augmented PPP systems.     

Performance of Singapore Integrated Multiple Reference Station Network (SIMRSN) for RTK Positioning

Conventional RTK positioning is usable, but requires the use of a local base station. It is also restricted by the effects of the de-correlate atmospheric refraction on the GPS signal, which limits the use of the RTK positioning up to distances of 10–15 km from the reference station to the user. With a multiple reference station network approach, precise RTK positioning capability may be extended for a much larger area. The Singapore Integrated Multiple Reference Station Network (SIMRSN) has been established for this purpose. Using an existing method termed linear combination method, the multiple reference station network corrections are generated for the user on an epoch by epoch, satellite-by-satellite basis. A residual-based adaptive Kalman filter is proposed to improve network correction availability. The VRS concept is used to transmit corrections to the user for RTK positioning. Field tests were conducted to demonstrate the general performance of SIMRSN. The tests confirmed that RTK positioning within a multiple reference station network can provide the user with better than 3 cm in horizontal position, the height accuracy is in the range of 1–7 cm, and the average TTF (Time To Fix) are 46 and 76 s during GLC station and LPR station tests, respectively. With this highly efficient survey technique, the user needs only to be equipped with a single GPS receiver. This reduces equipment and manpower costs compared with traditional RTK positioning using a specially set up reference station. The multiple reference station framework also paves the way for various other applications beyond the traditional surveying profession. Electronic Publication     

基于RT-P P P技术的船体及浮标定位系统

高精度GNSS定位是海上勘探作业质量保障的核心技术之一。随着海洋石油勘探作业逐步走向深海领域,传统的岸基差分定位,由于需要依靠岸台基准站向船上发送差分信号,已无法满足远海定位的需求。本文通过对中海油田服务股份有限公司自主研发的"海星"船体以及浮标定位系统进行研究,提出了一种基于实时精密单点定位RT-PPP技术的坐标解算方法;并进行了陆地静态试验及海上拖缆地震勘探作业动态试生产实验。实验结果表明,系统的定位精度均优于1 m,系统的定位精度及可靠性能够满足海上拖缆地震勘探作业需要。     

附加原子钟物理模型的PPP时间传递算法

传统精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递算法通常把接收机钟差当作相互独立的白噪声逐历元进行估计,而忽略了钟差参数历元间的相关性。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种附加原子钟物理模型的PPP时间传递算法。该算法通过利用Kalman滤波对高稳定度的原子钟钟差进行建模,拓展传统PPP时间传递模型中的接收机钟差参数,并给出了Kalman滤波过程噪声协方差和初始状态向量的确定方法。试验结果表明:该算法可以有效避免传统算法时间传递结果需要一定收敛时间的问题,使解算结果更加符合原子钟的物理特性,能够显著提高时间传递结果的精度和稳定性,可将单站时间传递精度平均提高58%,站间时间传递精度平均提高51%。     

利用三颗导航卫星进行二维定位的解算模型及其仿真解算

给出了用户接收机只收到三颗导航卫星信号时的二维定位解算模型及其解算方法，重点介绍了解算方法中接收机概略坐标的求法及利用得到的概略坐标求解接收机位置和钟差，并做了仿真解算。从卫星和接收机不同位置的很多次仿真解算结果表明，接收机位置和钟差能够极收收敛，通常迭代两次就能得到非常好的结果，完全适合工程应用。     

Single GPS receiver time-relative positioning with loop misclosure corrections

Time-relative positioning makes use of observations taken at two different epochs and stations with a single global positioning system (GPS) receiver to determine the position of the unknown station with respect to the known station. The limitation of this method is the degradation over time of the positioning accuracy due to the temporal variation of GPS errors (ionospheric delay, satellite clock corrections, satellite ephemerides, and tropospheric delay). The impact of these errors is significantly reduced by adding to the one-way move from the known to the unknown station, a back move to the known station. A loop misclosure is computed from the coordinates obtained at the known station at the beginning and at the end of the loop, and is used to correct the coordinates of the unknown station. The field tests, presented in this paper, show that using the loop misclosure corrections, time-relative positioning accuracy can be improved by about 60% when using single frequency data, and by about 40% with dual frequency data. For a 4-min processing interval (an 8-min loop) and a 95% probability level, errors remain under 20 cm for the horizontal components and 36 cm for the vertical component with single frequency data; and under 11 cm for the horizontal components and 29 cm for the vertical component with dual frequency data.     

GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术探讨

探讨了精密单点定位的基本原理，处理方法，所涉及的误差改正及数据处理中的一些关键技术；采用直接内插IGS卫星精密星历的方法代替利用IGS跟踪站进行轨道精化方法计算卫星轨道参数，对现有精密单点定位计算方法进行了简化，使之更具有实用性。最后利用自主研发的精密非差单点定位软件计算和分析了实测数据。计算结果表明，经过大约15min的初始化后，非差相位单历元的定位结果精确度在X，Y，Z方向上均优于20cm。     

GPS/VRS 卫星定位服务网络建设与精度评定

虚拟参考站技术是近几年发展起来的,集Internet、无线通讯、计算机网络和GPS于一体的卫星定位技术。成都虚拟参考站卫星定位服务系统的建设,在设计上可满足全天候地向大成都地区用户提供厘米级实时动态定位服务。为了对该系统的实际定位精度进行客观的评价,从2 0 0 4年7月开展,历时两个月,全面完成了成都虚拟参考站卫星定位服务系统的精度评定工作,结果表明:在网内,水平方向上的精度可达2 .5cm ,垂直方向上的精度为4 . 5cm ,精度分布均匀;在网外,未模型化的距离相关误差的残余逐步增大,特别是距离网络中心大于1 2 0km以上时,定位精度开始衰减,为分米级。     

基于精密单点定位技术的机载POS定位精度分析

首先介绍了POS系统定位原理和精密单点定位的原理、数学模型,然后结合湖南某区六架次直升机航摄获得的惯导轨迹数据,对精密单点定位与多基站事后差分解算结果进行比较及定位精度分析,结果表明:精密单点定位相对于多基站事后差分定位在水平方向、高程方向可分别达到10 cm左右的相对精度。可为困难地区无基站航摄提供有益参考。     

GPS rapid static and kinematic positioning based on GPS active network

This paper presents a data processing strategy for GPS kinematic Positioning by using a GPS active network to model the GPS errors in double difference observable.Firstly,the double difference residuals are estimated between the reference stations in the active network.Then the errors at a user station are predicted as the network corrctions to user measurements,based on the location of the user,Finally conventional kinematic positioning algorithms can be applied to determine the position of the user station.As an example,continuous 24-hour GPS data in March 2001 has been processed by this method.It clearly demonstrates that,after applying these corrections to a user within the network,both the success rate for ambiguity resolution and the positioning accuracy have been significantly improved.