四川泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因及其意义

文章通过对泸定大渡河上松林-大板厂地段T6阶地基座古堰塞坝崩塌-块体流堆积的识别,以及与其上游邻近地段甘海子T₆阶地基座昔格达组崩塌、块体流堆积至湖相沉积序列的对比和成因联系分析,阐明了泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因。该区在晚新生代时,由于古大渡河岸坡的不稳定性,发生大型崩塌-块体流,堵塞河道,形成古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖,并在湖盆中充填了以海子坪昔格达组上部为代表的湖相沉积和少量的低能河流相沉积;同时,指出在对昔格达组大区域对比和综合研究中,特别是在分析它的地质意义时,必须考虑这种复杂性和非等时性。古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖应对地质灾害监测和水利工程建设有很好的启示。     

大兴安岭北段东坡扎兰屯地区高位砂砾石层研究及其地质意义

通过对大兴安岭北段东坡扎兰屯东南前新生代基岩上高位砂砾石沉积的展布、沉积特征、砾组特征及孢粉分析等研究,分析本套砂砾石层的成因及其气候环境记录,并结合区域资料,探讨其形成时代和新构造意义.分析结果表明,研究区高位砂砾石层可划分为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级高位砂砾石层,沉积时代初步厘定为早全新世、晚更新世和中更新世.3级高位砂砾石层均为河流作用的冲积成因,水动力条件较强,略具冲积扇特征,分别为雅鲁河Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级阶地沉积记录和嫩江Ⅲ级阶地沉积记录.孢粉分析显示,Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级高位砂砾石层沉积时为针叶森林草原环境,气候温凉干旱;Ⅰ级高位砂砾石层沉积时为落叶阔叶森林草原环境,气候温暖偏干,其后变为草原荒漠环境,气候寒冷干旱.雅鲁河主河道晚更新世以来由东向西略有迁移,嫩江主河道中更新世以来由西向东不断迁移,雅鲁河断裂和嫩江断裂所夹的断块中更新世以来存在3期抬升.     

川西义敦章德坝子全新世孢粉组合和环境研究

分布在川西高原海拔4100m的章德第四纪复式沉积盆地，表部覆盖着Ⅰ-Ⅲ级河谷阶地沉积，其中合大量的植物孢粉化石。Ⅲ级阶地内植物孢粉组合为早中全新世温暖潮湿气候下形成；Ⅱ-Ⅰ级阶地的植物孢粉组合为晚全新世较干冷气候的森林草原环境形成。下伏的措普寺冰碛层为晚更新世第五冰期沉积。这为川西高原几大第四纪盆地内地层划分对比和环境研究提供了参考标准。     

昔格达组粘土的工程地质特性研究

一、概述 四川渡口地区广泛分布昔格达组地层。随着工农业建设的蓬勃发展,在昔格达组地层上兴建建筑物与日俱增。但昔格达组地层极易产生滑动,给建设带来危害,越来越引起人们的关注和重视。 渡口地区昔格达组地层分布在早一中更新世断陷盆地中,沿金沙江、雅砻江,安宁河一线呈南北向条带状分布。高程一般为1000—1500米,最厚地层达215米。昔格达组地层大面积近水平层状分布,粘土层与     

金沙江雅砻江河口-金坪子河段贯通过程

通过对金沙江雅砻江河口-金坪子段的地貌、沉积和年代学的研究, 结合区域地貌和新生代沉积, 初步认为该区域河流发育经历了4个阶段:高原面解体河流发育期(7～4.2Ma)、高原湖泊和盆地形成期(4.2～1.1 Ma)、古雅砻江和古金沙江期(1.1～0.73 Ma)和金沙江贯通东流期(0.73 Ma至今)。7～4.2Ma, 高原面解体发育河流, 攀枝花地区河流形成两级陡坎, 并形成昔格达组下伏的卵石层; 古鲹鱼河开始发育形成, 可能越过现代金沙江的位置进入古掌鸠河, 汇合到昆明盆地。4.2～1.1 Ma, 昔格达组、会理、会东盆地均发育; 古城河可能流入元谋盆地; 攀西地区的湖泊和元谋的湖泊可能不相连; 古鲹鱼河在1.1Ma前改道东流, 并未贯通为金沙江。1.1～0.73 Ma, 古鲹鱼河贯通为金沙江, 不断地向古城河方向溯源侵蚀; 古雅砻江和古城河入元谋盆地; 0.73 Ma, 金沙江袭夺古城河、古雅砻江而贯通, 元谋组堆积结束。0.73 Ma以来, 金沙江快速深切; 中晚更新世开始发育阶地。      

汉中盆地阶地特征及其对构造活动响应初步分析

通过野外调查,查明汉中盆地阶地特征,并结合前人地质地貌及测年研究成果对汉中盆地的形成年龄进行了推断及其对构造活动响应进行初步分析.结果表明,汉中盆地可被划分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ级阶地,其中Ⅰ～Ⅲ级阶地为堆积阶地,Ⅳ级阶地为基座阶地.汉江北岸阶地宽阔而南岸狭窄,地貌面具有向南倾斜的特征,致使汉江不断向南迁移.汉江Ⅰ～Ⅳ级阶地形成时代...     

泸定昔格达组时代与川西高原隆升

位于川西高原东南部边界带内侧的沪定大渡河西岸海于坪,分布着一套厚度颇大的昔格达组河一湖相地层,为我国西南地区广布的昔格达组出露厚度最大的地点之一。海子坪湾湾头一于海于剖面,出露的晚新生代地层厚度大于441m,底部为厚约30m的角砾层,上覆昔格达组,岩性为粘土、粉砂质粘土和泥质粉砂互层,厚4tim。昔格达组沉积结束后,大渡河下切过程中发育了至少6级河流阶地。其中,最高的T6阶地以昔格达组为基座,阶面海拔2230m左右,高出大渡河水面约930m。海子坪湾湾头一于海子剖面的磁性地层研究表明,以距顶深度386二om处为界,以上为高斯正向极性带,其中深度116．0～1525和3050～314．7m的两层     

青海唐古拉沱沱河地区晚更新世河流阶地沉积特征及意义

青海沱沱河地区水系密布、河网交织,沿主干水系河流阶地发育。对沱沱河沿岸不同地段河流阶地进行物质成分及古植物孢粉进行研究,确定了自63.1 kaB.P.(ESR)以来的晚更新世草本植物与木本植物两个古植被演化阶段,相应气候由温凉较干向温和较湿转变。详细的测年(TL、ESR)数据显示,位于基座阶地之上的阶地堆积物为晚更新世97.78 KaB.P.以来堆积而成,推断长江水系在研究区的形成与外泄地质时期为晚更新世早期。     

四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究

基于TM遥感图像解译和野外调研，分析了攀西地区大渡河、安宁河深切河谷地貌特征和断裂带构造变形特征，建立了安宁河断裂带晚新生代5阶段变形历史。研究表明，中新世晚期—上新世早期，安宁河断裂以挤压走滑活动为主；上新世晚期至早更新世时期，断裂以斜张走滑活动为主，活动强度较弱；早中更新世之间发生的元谋运动使昔格达组湖相地层褶皱变形；中晚更新世时期发生断陷作用，形成安宁河两堑夹—垒的构造格局；晚更新世—全新世时期又以左旋走滑活动为主。综合安宁河、大渡河河谷地貌和晚新生代地层记录和变形特征，提出了攀西高原晚新生代4阶段隆升模式：中新世早中期(12Ma之前)以缓慢隆升与区域夷平化作用为主，中新世晚期—上新世早期(12～3．4Ma)是高原快速隆升与河流强烈下切的时期，上新世晚期—早更新世(3．4～1.1Ma)为昔格达湖盆发育时期，中晚更新世—全新世(1．1Ma以来)是高原快速隆升与河谷阶地发育时期。最后指出，至上新世晚期(3．4Ma以前)，攀西高原海拔高度可能超过了3000m。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗第三纪地层研究新进展

本文探讨了内蒙古苏尼特左旗地区第三纪地层划分问题，阐明了区调工作中所取得的新进展。利用新发现的哺乳动物化石证明了始新统伊尔丁曼哈组的存在，并将中新统通古尔组细分为三段。运用不整合面、古地磁、孢粉和化学分析资料对必鲁图东南的新第三系进行了分解，从原定的通古尔组中划分出了宝格达乌拉组。对原定的宝格达乌拉组进行了重新认识，将其更名为塔木钦塔拉组，其时代为中更新世晚期。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.