三危山断层近场地震动对敦煌莫高窟的影响研究

三危山断层距敦煌莫高窟仅约3km。本建立横向均匀成层的地震断层模型，利用随机有限断层方法，预测三危山断层发生5．5级、6．0级、6．5级地震时地震动对莫高窟的影响。研究表明逆断层使三危山断层辐射的地震动分布形态呈现出明显的上下盘效应。同时，将计算PGA值与已有的根据其它地区地震记录推出的PGA衰减关系进行了对比分析，认为该结果可供莫高窟抗震防护加固设计时参考。     

长城土遗址车辆振动效应测试分析

以甘肃永登至古浪高速公路天祝段的长城土遗址为例,对各类车辆所产生的振动情况进行了分析测试,获得了不同距离处长城土遗址不同方向的振动加速度和速度,较好地反映了车辆载重、车速、场地条件等因素对振动效应的影响,为长城土遗址的防护提供了重要依据。     

城轨交通引起的环境振动问题综述研究

随着城市化进程的加快和人们生活质量的提高,城市轨道交通系统引起的沿线地面和建筑物的振动问题越来越引起人们的关注。系统地介绍了城市轨道交通的主要形式,对城市轨道交通所引起环境振动问题的国内外研究进行了综述,同时,全面分析了环境振动对人们生产生活的影响、振动产生的原因、振动预测模拟等方面的问题。对国内外有关环境振动的计算模型也系统深入地作了分析研究。     

惠灵顿中部小区划的强震记录分析

通过分析过去２０年中在惠灵顿地区引起最大振动的两次地震发生时的强震记录，研究了惠灵顿中部的小区划影响。本文检查并定量研究了曾在１９７４年发表的一篇早期ＤＳＩＲ报告中定性描述过的与地面条件有关的小区划影响。本文所考虑在１９７３和１９７７年经历的两次地震有着不一样的特征，产生了很宽的频率，这样，有可能五地有以频率为其自变量的土层放大作用作函数对不同类型的基岩运动进行估算。１９７３年１月５日的地震有着不     

古建筑木结构震害分析及加固研究

近年来,随着国家对古文物建筑的重视,科学合理地对其进行修缮保护已越来越有必要。主要根据四川雅安地震后,笔者对古建筑木结构的现场震害调查,通过系统归纳和分类统计,对古建筑木结构的地基基础、梁柱和枓栱等构件、榫卯节点、整体稳定性以及围护结构在地震作用下的破坏情况及破坏原因进行了详细的分析和探讨;并针对结构不同的破坏情况,提出了相应的抗震加固措施。分析结果可为古建筑木结构的修缮加固提供参考。     

场地条件对高速铁路地基土振动影响的研究

发展高速铁路是解决城市间交通问题的有效途径,但其所产生的振动和噪声引起的环境问题,对铁路沿线居民及周围建筑等造成不利影响。在对高速铁路引起的振动问题进行的研究中,关于高速列车引起的地基土振动随深度变化的相对较少。因此,本文针对Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类场地条件下的路堤式和高架桥式高速铁路,对0—5m不同深度处地基土的振动加速度响应进行了现场测试,并以测试数据为基础,分析了不同场地条件下高速列车引起的地基土振动加速度响应随深度的变化规律。结果表明,不同场地条件下,高速列车引起的振动加速度响应随深度的变化规律具有显著差异;Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地条件下,高速列车引起的地基土振动加速度响应总体随深度的增加而逐渐减小,并呈先快后慢的衰减趋势;而Ⅳ类场地条件下,高速列车引起的地基土振动加速度响应随深度的增加呈现先减小后放大的趋势,在深3m处加速度达到最大值。高速列车运行引起的振动频带随深度的变化特征与场地相关。     

竖向地震荷载下人字批顶结构石窟的稳定性分析

我国部分石窟的空间建造采用了人字批顶形式,体现了中国传统建筑形式与佛教石窟建造形式上的融合.选取莫高窟典型的人字批顶结构的254号石窟作为研究对象,建立了三维的石窟计算模型,考虑了竖向地震荷载作用,通过输入不同地震加速度时程,计算了4种模型情况下石窟岩体的拉应力分布情况.结果表明,石窟的人字批顶处易形成较大拉应力区,易遭受地震破坏;石窟中心塔柱可以有效地提高所在石窟岩体的抗震能力,但对下部窟体的上部岩体会产生应力集中,是窟体防护加固的重点部位.同时,对于洞窟密集而又分上下几层的石窟群,在抗震防护中应充分考虑竖向地震荷载的作用.     

西安钟楼台基受地铁运行振动响应的分析

以西安地铁2号线和6号线运营对钟楼台基的振动影响为背景,研究地铁运行振动作用下钟楼台基的动力响应规律。根据铁科院提供的可用于计算的列车荷载施加在轨道仰拱结构上,得到土层和台基中的振动响应。采用ABAQUS软件对地铁列车荷载作用下不同运行工况、不同加固方案下的隧道-加固桩-土体-台基体系进行了三维有限元计算,对西安地铁2号线和6号线在采取不同运行方式和加固措施下对台基的振动响应进行了计算和对比分析,从而得到各运行方式和加固措施下的振动效果。文中的研究方法为研究列车振动对邻近建筑的影响预测提供了重要参考。     

冲击作用下地层振动衰减规律的现场试验研究

对郑州某胶质土层采用振冲法处理地基时产生的振动影响进行了现场试验,分析不同数目钻机同时施工时引起的振动在各层土体中的衰减规律以及波的传播规律,评价振动对周边建筑物的影响.研究表明:采用振冲法施工时,地基会产生较大的振动,这种振动在地表和地层内部衰减较快冲击振动产生的振动波主要以两种途径传播:(1)沿钻孔壁形成面波,并很...     

天兴洲公铁两用斜拉桥主梁纵向列车制动振动反应分析

本文对天兴洲公铁两用斜拉桥主梁纵向列车制动的振动反应进行了研究。天兴洲大桥是目前在建的世界上跨度最大的公铁两用斜拉桥,由于具有四线铁路,其主梁在列车制动及行车移动荷载作用下会沿纵向产生大幅振动,因此对其列车制动及行车移动荷载反应进行研究尤为必要。文中,首先根据车辆动力学的原理建立了列车制动动力学模型,获得了列车制动力纵向荷载及在制动过程中列车行走所产生的竖向荷载,并建立制动力传递有限元模型,应用有限元分析软件来获取钢轨上制动力及列车行走时引起的桥梁结构节点上的作用力时程。最后对天兴洲公铁两用斜拉桥主梁纵向列车制动及行车移动荷载的振动反应进行了仿真分析,发现了其主梁纵向列车制动反应具有位移大且速度极小的特点。     

高速公路锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术研究

采用LX岩土工程质量检测分析仪,应用声频应力波法,对高速公路路堑边坡锚杆进行无损检测,这对各类锚杆的锚固质量检测和分级是可行和有效的,由于在公路系统锚杆锚固工程锚杆无损检测属首次应用,一些锚杆的锚固体系的无损检测条件不太理想．今后,随着应用的增多,锚杆的设计和施工进一步接近无损检测条件,相信声频应力波法对锚杆锚固质量的无损检测及高速公路的建设会提供更好的质量保障。     

Seismic damage analysis of the outlet piers of arch dams using the finite element sub-model method

This study aims to analyze seismic damage of reinforced outlet piers of arch dams by the nonlinear finite element(FE) sub-model method. First, the dam–foundation system is modeled and analyzed, in which the effects of infinite foundation, contraction joints, and nonlinear concrete are taken into account. The detailed structures of the outlet pier are then simulated with a refined FE model in the sub-model analysis. In this way the damage mechanism of the plain(unreinforced) outlet pier is analyzed, and the effects of two reinforcement measures(i.e., post-tensioned anchor cables and reinforcing bar) on the dynamic damage to the outlet pier are investigated comprehensively. Results show that the plain pier is damaged severely by strong earthquakes while implementation of post-tensioned anchor cables strengthens the pier effectively. In addition, radiation damping strongly alleviates seismic damage to the piers.     

Sediment dynamics below retreating cliffs

The retreat of cliffs may constitute the dominant erosional response to base‐level fall in arid settings underlain by horizontally‐bedded sedimentary rock. These vertical cliffs typically loom above a relatively straight bedrock slope (‘plinth’) that is mantled with a thin layer of sediment and perched near the angle of repose. In detail, a plinth consists of a system of quasi‐parallel ridges and channels. We ask how the sediment supplied from a retreating cliff influences the erosion of the plinth hillslopes and channels, and how this affects the rate of cliff retreat. Motivated by field observations and high‐resolution topographic data from two sites in western Colorado, we develop a two‐dimensional (2D), rules‐based numerical model to simulate the erosion of channels draining a plinth and diffusive erosion of the intervening interfluves. In this model, retreat of a cliffband occurs when the height of the vertical cliff exceeds a threshold due to incision by channels on the plinth below. Debris derived from cliff retreat is distributed over the model plinth according to the local topography and distance from the source. This debris then weathers in place, and importantly can act to reduce local bedrock erosion rates, protecting both the plinth and ultimately the cliff from erosion. In this paper, we focus on two sets of numerical model experiments. In one suite, we regulate the rate of rockfall to limit the cliff retreat rate; in most cases, this results in complete loss of the plinth by erosion. In a second suite, we do not impose a limit on the cliff retreat rate, but instead vary the weathering rate of the rockfall debris. These runs result in temporally steady cliff‐plinth forms and retreat rates; both depend on the weathering rate of the debris. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青岛地铁工程爆破振动效应分析

本文根据大量现场观测资料研究了青岛地铁施工爆破引起的地面振动效应,分析了炸药类型,药量,爆心距,施工爆破方法以及地质条件等因素对爆破振动效应的影响,总结了青岛地铁施工爆破所引起的地面振动强度的一般规律,为施工中的爆破优化设计和爆破振动控制提供了依据。     

Effect of topography and subsurface inhomogeneities on seismic SV waves

The effect of topography and subsurface inhomogeneity on surface motion is investigated in the case of incident SV waves. Several types of topography, such as a cliff, a cliff with a soft layer and filled land, are considered. Computations are made using a new method combining a particle model with a finite element method. The accuracy of this method is discussed through comparisons with Wong's solutions, which are in good agreement. It is found that the surface displacement is very much influenced by surface irregularities when the incident wavelengths are comparable to the size of the topographic features. Rayleigh waves are strongly produced in the neighbourhoods of the slopes of a cliff and a cliff with a soft layer, the latter being a cliff adjacent to and covered at its foot by a soft layer. Thus, a zone of large amplification takes place near a slope, combining incident SV waves and Rayleigh waves. A large displacement also occurs at the upper corner of the slope. In filled land, vertical and horizontal displacements are produced, which are 3 times larger than those at a distance. The present results are considered to be significant from the viewpoint of engineering seismology.     

横向预应力约束加固混凝土结构抗震性能研究进展

本文阐述了横向预应力约束加固技术在混凝土结构加固领域应用中的重要意义,并介绍了预应力钢板箍加固技术、预应力纤维片材加固技术、预应力钢绞线（钢丝绳）加固技术、形状记忆合金加固技术等横向约束加固方法在提高混凝土构件抗震性能方面的研究进展,为混凝土结构加固设计、施工和实际加固改造提供应用参考。     

Instability investigation of cantilevered seacliffs

Wave action is a fundamental mechanism in seacliff erosion, whereby wave undercutting creates an unstable cantilevered seacliff profile and can lead to large catastrophic cliff failures, thus threatening coastal infrastructure. This study investigated the instability of two such failures that occurred in Solana Beach, California, by combining terrestrial LIDAR scanning, cantilever beam theory and finite element analysis. Each landslide was detected by evaluating the surface change between subsequent high resolution digital terrain models derived from terrestrial LIDAR data. The dimensions of failed cantilever masses were determined using the surface change measurements and then incorporated into failure stress analysis. Superimposing stress distributions computed from elastic cantilever beam theory and finite element modeling provided a method to back‐calculate the maximum developed tensile and shear stresses along each failure plane. The results of the stress superposition revealed that the bending stresses caused by the cantilevered load contributed the majority of stress leading to collapse. Both shear and tensile failure modes were investigated as potential cliff failure mechanisms by using a comparison of the back‐calculated failure stresses to material strengths found in laboratory testing. Based on the results of this research, the tensile strength of the cliff material was exceeded at both locations, thus causing the cliffs to collapse in tension. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sea stack formation and the role of abrasion on beach‐mantled headlands

Sea stacks are common and striking coastal landforms, but few details are known about how, how quickly, and under what conditions they form. We present numerical and analytical models of sea stack formation due to preferential erosion along a pre‐existing headland to address these basic questions. On sediment‐rich rocky coasts, as sea cliffs erode and retreat, they produce beach sediment that is distributed by alongshore sediment transport and controls future sea cliff retreat rates. Depending on their width, beaches can encourage or discourage sea cliff erosion by acting either as an abrasive tool or a protective cover that dissipates wave energy seaward of the cliff. Along the flanks of rocky headlands where pocket beaches are often curved and narrow due to wave field variability, abrasion can accelerate alongshore‐directed sea cliff erosion. Eventually, abrasion‐induced preferential erosion can cut a channel through a headland, separating it from the mainland to become a sea stack. Under a symmetrical wave climate (i.e. equal influence of waves approaching the coastline from the right and from the left), numerical and analytical model results suggest that sea stack formation time and plan‐view size are proportional to preferential erosion intensity (caused by, for example, abrasion and/or local rock weakness from joints, faults, or fractures) and initial headland aspect ratio, and that sea stack formation is discouraged when the sediment input from sea cliff retreat is too high (i.e. sea cliffs retreat quickly or are sand‐rich). When initial headland aspect ratio is too small, and the headland is ‘rounded’ (much wider in the alongshore direction at its base than at its seaward apex), the headland is less conducive to sea stack formation. On top of these geomorphic and morphologic controls, a highly asymmetrical wave climate decreases sea stack size and discourages stack formation through rock–sediment interactions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wave impacts on coastal cliffs: Do bigger waves drive greater ground motion?

Coastal cliff erosion is caused by a combination of marine forcing and sub-aerial processes, but linking cliff erosion to the environmental drivers remains challenging. One key component of these drivers is energy transfer from wave–cliff interaction. The aim of this study is to directly observe cliff ground motion in response to wave impacts at an individual wave scale. Measurements are described from two coastal cliff sites: a 45-minute pilot study in southern California, USA and a 30-day deployment in Taranaki, New Zealand. Seismometers, pressure sensors and video are used to compare cliff-top ground motions with water depth, significant wave height (H_s) and wave impact types to examine cliff ground motion response. Analyses of the dataset demonstrate that individual impact events can be discriminated as discrete events in the seismic signal. Hourly mean ground motion increases with incident H_s, but the largest hourly peak ground motions occurred across a broad range of incident H_s (0.9–3.7 m), including during relatively calm conditions. Mean hourly metrics therefore smooth the short-term dynamics of wave–cliff interaction; hence, to fully assess wave impact energy transfer to cliffs, it is important also to consider peak ground motion. Video analyses showed that the dominant control on peak ground motion magnitude was wave impact type rather than incident H_s. Wave–cliff impacts where breaking occurs directly onto the cliff face consistently produced greater ground motion compared to broken or unbroken wave impacts: breaking, broken and unbroken impacts averaged peak ground motion of 287, 59 and 38 μm s⁻¹, respectively. The results illustrate a novel link between wave impact forcing and cliff ground motion response using individual wave field measurements, and highlight the influence of wave impact type on peak energy transfer to coastal cliffs. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Observations of coastal cliff base waves,sand levels,and cliff top shaking

Concurrent observations of waves at the base of a southern California coastal cliff and seismic cliff motion were used to explore wave–cliff interaction and test proxies for wave forcing on coastal cliffs. Time series of waves and sand levels at the cliff base were extracted from pressure sensor observations programmatically and used to compute various wave impact metrics (e.g. significant cliff base wave height). Wave–cliff interaction was controlled by tide, incident waves, and beach sand levels, and varied from low tides with no wave–cliff impacts, to high tides with continuous wave–cliff interaction. Observed cliff base wave heights differed from standard Normal and Rayleigh distributions. Cliff base wave spectra levels were elevated at sea swell and infragravity frequencies. Coastal cliff top response to wave impacts was characterized using microseismic shaking in a frequency band (20–45 Hz) sensitive to wave breaking and cliff impacts. Response in the 20–45 Hz band was well correlated with wave–cliff impact metrics including cliff base significant wave height and hourly maximum water depth at the cliff base (r² = 0.75). With site‐specific calibration relating wave impacts and shaking, and acceptable anthropogenic (traffic) noise levels, cliff top seismic observations are a viable proxy for cliff base wave conditions. The methods presented here are applicable to other coastal settings and can provide coastal managers with real time coastal conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.