Representation of Ecological Regions by Protected Areas at the Global Scale

Over the past 30 years, conservationists have sought ways to assess the quality of coverage provided by protected areas and to guide future site selection. One scheme among these addresses the degree to which areas protected for environmental conservation are representative of the ecological regions of a specified area. This has already been attempted at the scale of countries and regions. With the recent publication of the World Database of Protected Areas, quantitative analysis of representativeness at the global scale is finally feasible. We use GIS technology to overlay a map of ecological regions with a map of protected areas in order to identify biomes and geographic realms that are "under-represented" and "well represented" by protected areas. The results confirm an overemphasis on marginal land and dramatic landscapes, and the relative neglect of biomes with strong, alternative economic uses. Smaller biomes are typically better protected, as are those that have been targeted by conservation campaigns. Industrialized lifestyles and population pressure also appear to act as stimuli to protection. Our discussion suggests that analyses of patterns of representation are critical, but "over-representing" certain ecosystems—particularly those that contain high levels of biodiversity or are most threatened—should not be discounted as a conservation strategy.     

世界自然遗产事业发展潜势分析

世界遗产(以下简称遗产)的申报和保护在策略、重点与工作方式上出现许多新的趋向。《凯恩斯决议》的修订突出对生态、地质演进及生物多样性价值的重视,并提高人们对自然遗产的认识水平,有助于完善自然遗产地的覆盖范围和世界遗产名录平衡性问题。这将加快自然类遗产的申报,尤其是涉及水圈的自然遗产,如海洋、淡水、山地及与此有关的生物多样性的自然遗产地的保护成为热点。国际协作使得跨国自然遗产的联合申报成为必然趋势。随着遗产保护地由点向线、面的扩展,绿色廊道遗产的建设将促进自然遗产事业的发展。     

The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Marine Protected Area: valuing local perspectives in environmental protection

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Queensland, Australia, is one of the most recognisable coral reefs in the world. In 1981 the reef was listed on the World Heritage List, to be preserved as an environmental asset of global significance for all people in perpetuity. The GBR is also a landmark Marine Protected Area (MPA) under the World Heritage Marine Programme. Yet management of this iconic property is not without controversy and in recent years a number of impacts, including coastal developments, increased shipping traffic and global warming, have all threatened the reef. Any breach of Australia's World Heritage obligation to protect and conserve the property may yet result in the GBR being placed on the World Heritage List in Danger. In light of the persistent controversy surrounding GBR management, this paper gives voice to the perspectives and values of stakeholders located in and around one site of controversy, Gladstone Harbour, in the southern section of the GBR World Heritage Area. We present the views of users directly exposed to the controversial port expansion development at Gladstone Harbour in the southern GBR to shed light on the importance of community perspectives in marine park management. Our findings show that local views act to reinforce the global environmental protection narrative which underpins the World Heritage (WH) system. In this study local and global values collide and, we argue, that overlooking the perspectives of users has potential deleterious consequences for WH marine site management.     

贵南铁路建设对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响

基于“3S”技术，结合水文、地质地貌等野外考察，围绕喀斯特水动力效应、地貌响应及缓冲区的缓冲作用进行分析，探讨了贵南铁路对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响。结果表明：1）贵南铁路线路穿过荔波－环江喀斯特的缓冲区，未穿过遗产地，对遗产地地貌价值无直接影响；2）线路以桥梁、隧道、路基的形式穿过缓冲区，以桥梁形式跨过遗产地上游地表河与地下河，河中不设桥墩，基本不影响遗产地上游水质水量；缓冲区的九万大山二号隧道可能使缓冲区隧区降深漏斗带内地下水位降低，但对遗产地的水文地质条件和喀斯特作用过程的影响极小；位于缓冲区的路基出露处均为非喀斯特地貌，不影响遗产地喀斯特地貌；3）遗产地大、小七孔与茂兰－环江2个片区分属不同的水文地质单元，无统一的地下水水力联系，贵南铁路对遗产地2个片区之间地下水水力联系及喀斯特作用过程无影响；4）线路将影响缓冲区的13个峰丛洼地共计面积5.32 km²，占缓冲区总面积的1.22%，基本不影响缓冲区的缓冲作用。     

行动者网络视域下世界遗产地的空间生产——以广东开平碉楼与村落为例

行动者网络理论（Actor-Network Theory,ANT）通过把人与非人的、物质的和社会的要素并置在行动者网络内,为地理学家审视“空间”提供了一个强大的理论工具,在人文地理学各分支学科的应用日益增多。文章以开平碉楼与村落世界遗产地为研究对象,使用ANT研究了开平碉楼与村落从偏僻乡野向世界遗产地的空间生产过程。研究发现,开平碉楼与村落的行动者主要包括联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会、国家各级政府、开平碉楼与村落专项基金会、旅游企业、旅游者、碉楼华侨业主、碉楼当地业主、其他非业主居民和开平碉楼与村落环境。开平碉楼与村落所处区域的经济衰落呈现出的行动者集体的问题是行动者转译原因,也是开平碉楼空间再生产的起点;申遗与旅游开发成为行动者利益赋予、征召与动员的过程,也同时阐述了空间再生产过程的机理,由部分业主对网络提出的异议则指涉了新的空间再生产。     

九寨沟箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量及其环境指示意义

通过对九寨沟箭竹海沉积物样品中生物硅( BSi)含量的分析,讨论箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量与总有机碳(TOC)及粒度的关系,进而探讨BSi含量反映自然和人类因素对湖泊水体和沉积物的影响.箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量介于5.5～ 15.8 mg/g之间,BSi含量与TOC呈显著正相关关系.BSi含量还较显著地受到粒度影响,较细颗粒沉积物对BSi有较强的吸附作用.箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量变化与气温波动关系不密切,主要反映了森林砍伐和旅游开发等人类活动对湖泊水体和沉积物的影响.     

岭南四大名园与世界文化遗产

从世界文化遗产项目的申请标准入手,通过对广东旅游发展及岭南四大名园价值和地位的分析,探讨了广东四大园林入选世界文化遗产项目的可能性和必要性,并指出岭南四大名园进入世界遗产行列是新世纪广东旅游发展完善旅游产品体系,扩大知名度,建立品牌效应及构建粤港澳大旅游区的重要内容之一.最后,文章对岭南四大名园申报世界遗产提出了相关建议.     

基于空间密度函数的哈尼梯田世界遗产地滑坡时空格局变化

为探究哈尼梯田世界文化景观遗产地核心区滑坡灾害时空分布规律，以Google Earth 0.55 m分辨率的2005、2009、2015年3期遥感影像为基础，结合实地走访调查，建立滑坡数据库，在ArcGIS 10.2平台上计算滑坡点的最邻近指数、K函数曲线及密度分布。结果显示：1）哈尼梯田遗产核心区2005、2009、2015年的滑坡数量分别为184、337和285个，对应最邻近指数为0.556、0.603、0.628；最显著聚集的空间尺度为1 000 m，从聚集向离散分布转变的空间尺度阈值分别为2.9、3.9、3.6 km。2）3个年份滑坡点高密度区占比逐渐增加（2.3%→5.8%→8.3%），中密度区占比亦逐渐增大（15.7%→21.8%→27.9%），低密度区占比逐渐减小（82.0%→72.5%→66.8%）。3）需要重点防范滑坡灾害风险的区域为森林区的西段和东段，村寨区的多依树、硐浦、勐品、水卜龙等地，以及阿勐控河和碧猛河流域内的梯田区。综上，研究区2005－2015年滑坡空间格局发生了显著变化，随着人类活动对地表景观干预程度不断加大，滑坡灾害风险增加了更多的不确定性。     

Boundaries Make a Difference: The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Parameters on Conservation Planning*

Conservation planning and resulting ecological target identification require selection of both a planning area boundary and temporal baseline or reference condition. We examined the effects that these selections can have on resulting amount and location of identified conservation targets. A gap analysis for California was conducted using five different sets of ecoregion boundaries to identify and compare existing conservation shortfalls in major land cover type representation in protected areas using a threshold of 30 percent per ecoregion per type as the minimum required for future ecological viability. Another gap analysis was run for a single ecoregion using two temporal baselines (current and pre-1900) for the land cover followed by a comparison of identified conservation needs. We found that the boundaries of different ecoregional schemes affected both the total area needed to meet the per ecoregion land cover conservation goals and the spatial location of underprotected land cover types. Choice of temporal baseline also had a significant effect on the establishment of conservation targets for the highly human-impacted Central Valley ecoregion. To meet the given conservation threshold using a historic rather than contemporary baseline, a substantial amount of restoration is required. The results can help identify areas of both conservation needs consensus and those that vary widely based on the chosen planning boundary, as well as aid in the selection of appropriate restoration targets in degraded ecosystems. Because all landscapes are continuous in nature and planning area boundaries are discrete, similar results are likely to be found in analyses conducted in other regions.     

印度世界遗产的类型与分布特征

根据联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心网提供的资料和其他以关于印度史地为主的文献,按类型归纳印度世界遗产的地域与分布特征。截止2013年,印度入选的世界遗产包括24项文化遗产和6项自然遗产,无属于混合类型的双重遗产。世界自然遗产具有自然地理的整体性和差异性特征,而文化遗产的宗教特征比较普遍。自然遗产主要分布于印度次大陆的边缘地区;而文化遗产主要以历史上比较强大的国家政权和外来势力的统治中心、海陆交通枢纽和环境适宜为分布取向;其中,各类宗教性遗产呈南北向地域分异。这些特征是在印度地缘环境的相对独立性、地形和炎热多雨的气候,以及悠久但发展极不平衡且以分裂为主的历史、外来势力、经济发展和本土文化基底的共同影响下形成的。     

特种遗产资源研究基本问题--中国世界遗产与国家公园研究形势与任务

特种遗产是本文对世界遗产与国家公园认定、保护、保存、展示和遗传后代的科学研究所作的理论概括,同时界定了特种遗产与特种遗产资源的概念,讨论了中国的特种遗产———世界遗产与国家公园研究形势,提出了特种遗产资源研究的8个基本问题。     

Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Heritage System Conservation—A Case Study of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System

In order to better understand the developmental conditions and trends of the biodiversity at agricultural heritage sites, the structure and function of the ecosystem and ecological environment in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System is examined in the decade since the implementation of the GIAHS project. Through the collection of historical data and sample-plot survey, this study collates the data from 2005 to 2013 related to the heritage site to evaluate the ecological benefit of the Agricultural Heritage System conservation. The results show that: (1) Since the implementation of heritage conservation, the variety of traditional rice grown at the heritage sites basically remains stable, the varieties of other crops basically remain unchanged and the varieties of fruit trees and medicinal plants have developed at faster rates. As the ecological environment at the heritage sites gradually improved, the species and richness of the biodiversity in the ecosystem have increased, especially the increasing growth of egrets and boars. (2) From 2005 to 2013 in the Fangshan Town of Qingtian County, the ecosystem areas identified as river, forest, urban and bare land have increased. The increased area of the urban ecosystem is the largest one of them, which is up to 20.30 ha; while the area of the forest ecosystem has increased to 7.29 ha. The areas of wetland, reservoir, farmland and grassland have been reduced, and the area of grassland ecosystem has been reduced the most with a reduction of 28.87 ha. From the changes in the values of the ecosystem services of different ecosystem types, the values of forest ecosystem services have achieved the most growth, reaching up to 92000 yuan yr^-1 and the growth of the river and bare land ecosystem service values are not obvious. (3) Over nearly a decade, the soil nutrients and the water quality of rice fields at the heritage site have not obviously changed and the plant diseases and insect pests in the rice fields have not been aggravated. The monitoring indexes are far better than the standard values. With the great support of the local government, the production and living conditions and the living environments of farmers in the villages of the heritage sites have been greatly improved through road reconstruction, water improvement, toilet enhancements and the greening, brightness and beautification of the villages.     

Responding to Deforestation: Productive Conservation,the World Bank,and Beekeeping in Rondonia,Brazil

Productive conservation, a sustainable development concept for the Amazon, ideally leads to economic development in rural areas with conservation of rain forest ecosystems. This study evaluates the human and environmental dynamics of productive conservation in Rondonia, Brazil, using as a case study beekeeping, which has been promoted by the World Bank‐funded Rondonia Natural Resources Development Project. Promoters of beekeeping have given little attention to basic ecological or political economic issues that determine whether the practice contributes to ideals of productive conservation. While beekeeping can generate significant increases in household income, beekeeping cooperatives may become overdependent on donor funds. Once the flow of productive conservation donor funds stops, organizations may fail, making it too difficult for beekeepers to maintain their operations. Beekeeping does not lead directly toward rain forest conservation. Moreover, beekeeping almost exclusively employs introduced Africanized “killer” bees, commercially exploitable in the Amazon only because deforestation has temporarily created suitable habitats for them. Given the human and environmental configuration of beekeeping in Rondonia, the paper suggests ways to direct beekeeping toward accomplishing the goals of productive conservation.     

Responding to Deforestation: Productive Conservation,the World Bank,and Beekeeping in Rondonia,Brazil

Productive conservation, a sustainable development concept for the Amazon, ideally leads to economic development in rural areas with conservation of rain forest ecosystems. This study evaluates the human and environmental dynamics of productive conservation in Rondonia, Brazil, using as a case study beekeeping, which has been promoted by the World Bank-funded Rondonia Natural Resources Development Project. Promoters of beekeeping have given little attention to basic ecological or political economic issues that determine whether the practice contributes to ideals of productive conservation. While beekeeping can generate significant increases in household income, beekeeping cooperatives may become overdependent on donor funds. Once the flow of productive conservation donor funds stops, organizations may fail, making it too difficult for beekeepers to maintain their operations. Beekeeping does not lead directly toward rain forest conservation. Moreover, beekeeping almost exclusively employs introduced Africanized “killer” bees, commercially exploitable in the Amazon only because deforestation has temporarily created suitable habitats for them. Given the human and environmental configuration of beekeeping in Rondonia, the paper suggests ways to direct beekeeping toward accomplishing the goals of productive conservation.     

Integrated,Regional, Natural Resource and Environmental Planning and the Natural Heritage Trust Phase 2: a case study of the Northern Agricultural Catchments Council,Western Australia

Since 2002, the Australian Natural Heritage Trust Phase 2 (NHT2) has required community groups seeking funds for natural resource management projects to have developed nationally accredited regional strategies and investment plans. This case study reports on the progress of one such regional (and sub-regional) group, examining in particular the perceptions of the community group members and other stakeholders of the overall process. Through interviews, participant observation and document analysis in 2004–05, the process of developing a regional strategy and an investment plan by the Northern Agricultural Catchments Council in Western Australia, and the involvement of regional stakeholders in the process, were examined. While the concept of regional-scale management was perceived favourably by community interviewees, their concerns related to increasing bureaucracy, the need for further local involvement, more on-ground action instead of further planning, the relevance of the regional Council to local communities, and the motives of Council members. Communication with regional stakeholders was extensive in preparing the regional strategy, but fell short during the development of the investment plan. The success of the regional planning process will be evidenced by whether members of the regional community actively implement regional priorities, and whether long-term funding and support from the State and Australian governments are provided.     

世界遗产地旅游者地方感影响关系及机理分析——以苏州古典园林为例

地方感强调地方本身具有的特质及人与地之间的情感连结关系, 是近年来国外环境心理学和游憩地理学的热点论题。以世界遗产地苏州古典园林为例, 基于旅游涉入、旅游吸引力、旅游功能、地方感、遗产保护态度与遗产保护行为6 个潜变量, 构建地方感结构关系模型, 通过设计量表并回收909 份有效调查样本, 运用SPSS、Amos 软件及验证性因子分析方法, 探讨了旅游者地方感的影响关系路径及运行机理。研究结果表明:① 由地方感前因影响导入机制与后果效应输出机制构成的“导入—输出”系统机制的运行过程与结果是苏州古典园林旅游者地方感的影响关系机理;② 地方感前因变量旅游涉入、旅游吸引力、旅游功能均对地方感有显著的正向影响, 同时地方感的形成对遗产保护态度及遗产保护行为也具有重要的影响效应;③ 旅游吸引力对地方感的影响最小(0.341), 旅游涉入对地方感的影响最小(0.252);④ 地方感的形成对旅游者的遗产保护态度及遗产保护行为均具有重要的影响效应, 其对遗产保护行为的影响(0.467) 比对保护态度的影响(0.420) 更加显著。对地方感前因变量与后果效应进行整合分析, 探讨地方感影响关系机理, 以期为我国遗产地的遗产保护与旅游发展的协调互利提供借鉴及指明方向。     

非洲国家世界遗产的地域特征与成因分析

从联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心网提供的按国家顺序排列的《世界遗产名录》中将属于非洲国家的世界遗产逐项析出,进一步通览每项遗产的介绍资料,根据最基本和最显著的特点将非洲世界遗产的地域特征归纳为:文化遗产远多于自然遗产而在全球自然遗产比例较高、自然遗产和双重遗产在热带地区分布比较集中、古城镇数量多、就地取材且原始性强、反映历史悠久的古老遗迹多、外来文化特征明显以及宗教和神秘色彩浓厚等方面。这些特征是在自然环境、历史发展和地缘位置的共同作用下形成的。     

地方性知识、主客互动与居民幸福感——对江郎山世界自然遗产地的实证研究

基于地方性知识和主客互动理论,以世界自然遗产地江郎山的当地居民为研究对象,构建了遗产地居民的地方性知识、主客互动及幸福感之间的关系模型,以回答拥有地方性知识能否促进当地居民获得幸福感及如何促进幸福感获取的问题。研究表明,知识越丰富的旅游地居民越容易获得生活、工作、心理与人际等方面的幸福感,强调了地方性知识对遗产地旅游发展的重要性,且证明了主客互动能够在地方性知识与幸福感之间搭建桥梁,发挥中介的作用。文章在理论上探讨了地方性知识在居民幸福感形成中的作用,且从主客互动的视角解释了地方性知识提升居民幸福感的机理;实践上,强调培养地方性知识和提高主客互动质量在提升遗产地居民幸福感中的重要性。     

Tameike灌溉池塘农业文化遗产:以大分县国东半岛为例（英文）

本文以于2013年5月被认定为全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)试点的国东半岛为例,探讨了日本tameike灌溉池塘成为农业文化遗产的潜力。"tameike"是这个地区主要用来储存泉水或者短小急流的一种小型池塘。国东的tameike建造与当地的水稻种植和林业发展关系密切。许多现存的灌溉池塘均建于江户时期(1603–1867),直到战后这些池塘都是通过传统农业技术进行管理。然而,随着经济发展,这些灌溉池塘的用途和生态系统功能迅速减少。目前,灌溉池塘的总数只有明治维新前的近三分之一。GIAHS项目试图重新评估这些灌溉池塘的生态系统功能和相关知识体系以振兴当地农业。本文基于文献调查和实地研究,提出合理管理灌溉池塘可以成功使这种资源循环利用的文化恢复生机,而这正是国东地区作为农业文化遗产的意义。