土地利用/土地覆被时空分布100年数字重建——以大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县为例

长时间序列的土地利用/ 土地覆被数据是开展全球变化、可持续发展及生态安全等各项研究的重要基础。然而,早期的土地利用/ 土地覆被数据,特别是卫星遥感数据出现之前 的土地利用/ 土地覆被信息通常很难获取。利用TM、MSS 遥感影像数据和地形图、气候、地质、地貌、土壤、植被、水文等自然环境背景图件以及数据,社会经济统计数据等多源数 据,选择大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县作为典型案例区,在GIS 技术支持下建立了土地利用/ 土地覆被数字重建模型,再现了典型研究区20 世纪30 年代和50 年代土地利用/ 土地覆被空间分布状况。通过野外调查和历史文献资料对土地利用数字重建结果进行精度评价并初步得到以下结论：① 采用逐个图斑跟踪记录的方法对研究区各个时期土地利用/ 覆被变化的敏感 性进行分析,有利于揭示区域土地利用/ 土地覆被变化的规律;② 在定量、定位分析环境背景对土地利用/ 土地覆被分布及其变化的影响基础上,综合判断各种土地利用/ 土地覆被分布概率,其结果可为土地利用数字重建提供依据;③ 对1:10 万地形图提取土地利用信息的可行性与可信度分析表明,地形图中土地利用信息完全能够达到一级土地利用分类精度,同时疏林地、灌木林、沼泽地、盐碱地、沙地等二级分类信息也能获取。     

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and the weight-of-evidence model

The weights-of-evidence model (a Bayesian probability model) was applied to the task of evaluating landslide susceptibility using GIS. Using landslide location and a spatial database containing information such as topography, soil, forest, geology, land cover and lineament, the weights-of-evidence model was applied to calculate each relevant factor's rating for the Boun area in Korea, which had suffered substantial landslide damage following heavy rain in 1998. In the topographic database, the factors were slope, aspect and curvature; in the soil database, they were soil texture, soil material, soil drainage, soil effective thickness and topographic type; in the forest map, they were forest type, timber diameter, timber age and forest density; lithology was derived from the geological database; land-use information came from Landsat TM satellite imagery; and lineament data from IRS satellite imagery. Tests of conditional independence were performed for the selection of factors, allowing 43 combinations of factors to be analysed. For the analysis of mapping landslide susceptibility, the contrast values, W ⁺ and W ^-, of each factor's rating were overlaid spatially. The results of the analysis were validated using the previous landslide locations. The combination of slope, curvature, topography, timber diameter, geology and lineament showed the best results. The results can be used for hazard prevention and land-use planning.     

干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式和强度对土壤粒度分布的影响

以干旱区三工河流域下游绿洲作为研究区,应用SPSS数理统计软件,选择12种土地利用系统,采集上层（0～20cm）和下层土壤（20-40cm）样品,分析出不同土地利用系统对土壤粒度分布的影响。研究结果表明：（1）研究区土壤主要由砂和粉砂组成,土地利用系统对砂、粉砂和粘土粒度分布的影响显著,无论上层还是下层,不同土地利用系统土壤砂、粉砂和粘土含量差异明显。（2）绿洲土壤砂含量随着土地种植年限增加有降低的趋势,而粉砂和粘土含量有增加的趋势。在不同的土地利用强度下土壤粒度分布表现出了不同的特征。土地利用强度大的一年生作物和多年生作物土壤粉砂和粘土含量较高。土壤质量得到了逐步改善;而受人类活动干扰较小的土地利用系统土壤砂和粉砂含量高,土壤质地差。说明干旱区绿洲的人类农业活动基本趋于合理。绿洲生态环境正逐步得到改善并持续发展。     

松嫩草原地形分异对土壤动物分布格局的影响

松嫩草原土壤动物的分布格局受多种因素的综合影响,地形通过影响其他环境因素进而能够影响土壤动物的分布格局。本研究分别在松嫩草原固定沙丘和草甸选取5个生境,进行为期一年的土壤动物群落调查,分析土壤动物生态分布特征和多样性特征,探讨地形和时间对土壤动物分布格局的影响。结果显示,研究期间获得土壤动物密度为5144.62 ind·m^-2,所获土壤动物隶属于4门8纲24类;不同生境土壤动物多样性指数随时间变化规律存在一定的差异性,方差分析发现,时间和地形对土壤动物数量特征和多样性特征具有明显的作用,但是地形和时间对土壤动物群落的交互作用不是十分明显。因此,地形分异能够显著地影响松嫩草原土壤动物的分布格局,这可能主要与生境的生物和非生物特征有关。     

土壤理化性质空间分布及其相关关系分析

使用地理加权相关（GW correlation）与多因素方差分析对张家口地区土壤理化参数空间分异及其相关关系进行分析。结果显示：土壤理化参数具有不同的空间自相关性,各参数之间地理加权相关系数存在正负或大小差异。林地土壤养分含量与饱和导水率显著大于其他土地利用类型（P<0.05）;土壤理化参数之间相关性主要表现为坝上高原>坝下区域、栗钙土>其他土壤类型（P<0.05）。这表明,土地利用是影响张家口地区土壤理化参数空间分异的主要因素,地貌和土壤类型是影响土壤理化参数相关关系空间分异的主要因素,结果可以为认识区域土壤地域分异规律及制定生态脆弱区水土涵养措施提供数据参考。     

甘肃河西山地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

山地土壤具有强异质性和较高的碳密度,研究山地土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征和影响因素,对理解未来气候变化情景下该区土壤碳-大气反馈具有重要意义。河西山地地形复杂,水热梯度明显,是研究土壤有机碳空间格局的理想区域。利用河西山地126个土壤剖面数据,分析了0~100 cm土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明:河西山地0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值15.04±7.24 kg·m^-2,区域土壤有机碳储量1.37±0.66 Pg,其中50%储存在高寒草甸和亚高山灌丛草甸。研究区土壤有机碳密度从高到低依次为亚高山灌丛草甸(41.15±18.47 kg·m^-2)、山地草甸草原(40.26±9.59 kg·m^-2)、山地森林(34.57±14.52 kg·m^-2)、高寒草甸(29.19±14.58 kg·m^-2)、山地草原(19.28±11.33 kg·m^-2)、荒漠草原(9.83±4.14 kg·m^-2)、高寒草原(8.59±2.47 kg·m^-2)、高寒荒漠(5.89±3.18 kg·m^-2)、草原化荒漠(5.16±3.06 kg·m^-2)、温带荒漠(5.00±3.35 kg·m^-2)。土壤有机碳的空间分布与地形和气候因子显著相关。土壤有机碳密度随着海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,阴坡土壤有机碳密度显著高于阳坡和半阴坡。土壤有机碳密度随年平均降水量增多而增多,随年平均温度的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。     

深圳土地利用时空变化与地形因子的关系研究

引入GIS空间分析和数字地形模型(DEM)技术,利用土地利用数据和地形数据,定量分析土地利用时空变化与地形因子的关系,从土地利用空间分布、土地利用转移和土地利用变化速度3方面总结地形因子对深圳土地利用时空变化的影响特征及规律。结果表明:在深圳土地利用时空变化过程中,地形因子对土地利用变化的影响作用明显,在不同地形级别上土地利用分布、土地利用转移和土地利用变化速度等均表现出不同的时空变化特征。     

~(137)Cs示踪法土壤侵蚀量估算的本底值问题

137Cs示踪法因能快速、相对简便地估算土壤侵蚀量而在土壤侵蚀定量研究中得到广泛应用。本底值获取是137Cs示踪法的关键和基础。在具有空间异质性多因素综合作用下,本底值呈现高度的空间异质性。针对本底值空间变异性,从气候气象要素、地形、土壤属性、土地利用/覆被四个方面阐明各因素与本底值空间变异的作用机理。分析了当前137Cs示踪法应用中在本底值获取时参考点存在性及选点的准确性、单个或几个本底值对研究区本底值的代表性和参考点采样设计。提出划分侵蚀测定单元、建立多本底值体系和进行地形校正解决当前137Cs示踪法中本底值存在问题的对策。侵蚀测定计算单元的划分原则和方法、根据已有参考点的137Cs本底值推算各单元137Cs本底值的技术方法、定量化研究各因素对137Cs的作用是今后需要深入的工作。     

民勤绿洲不同土地利用类型下土壤水盐的空间分布特征分析

以石羊河流域下游——民勤绿洲为研究区域,通过野外采样、实地调查和实验分析,对不同土地利用类型下（耕地、林地、草地、湿地、盐碱地、撂荒地和荒漠）土壤的水盐特征进行研究,结果表明研究区土壤含水率整体偏低,范围为5.35%~20.58%,土壤含盐量的平均值为47.02 g·kg^-1,盐渍化程度严重。土壤含水率和含盐量表现为中等变异性,说明其易受到气候、地形、水文地质以及人为活动的影响。不同土地利用类型下土壤水盐的垂直分布差异显著,土壤含水率在垂直方向上的变化特征较为复杂,但含盐量在垂直方向上主要表现为“表聚型”和“振荡型”。民勤绿洲各土层土壤水盐的水平分布均呈条带状分布,土壤含水率整体表现出西高东低,南高北低,而土壤含盐量则表现出相反的趋势。     

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57% of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including (a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, (b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, (c) farmland to other woodland, and (d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.     

珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量时空变化特征及其影响因素识别

土壤有机碳库动态变化对区域乃至全球碳平衡具有显著影响,快速城市化地区社会经济迅速发展中土地利用/覆被变化剧烈,其农田耕层土壤有机碳库变化问题倍受关注。选择珠三角核心区为研究区域,基于1980与2015年农田耕层土壤有机碳含量数据,以乡镇为单元分析农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量的时空变化特征,并通过地理探测器定量识别其影响因素的主导因素。结果表明：1）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量1980―2015年间损失巨大,损失量达67.16%,同时其空间变化具有典型的城镇集群指向特征,即距离城镇集群越近,损失程度越大;2）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量的时空异质性变化受到气候变化、地形状况、水文环境、社会经济发展、土地利用变化和农田景观变化等多种因素的影响,且其影响力存在较大差异,各因素贡献力（q统计量）介于0.004~0.256之间;3）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库时空变化主导影响因素的贡献力表现为农田景观变化＞二三产增长胁迫＞水网密度＞土地结构变化。     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of Neogene palynoflora in China and its implication for the spread of steppe vegetation

This study reviews 17 published Neogene pollen records with independent age control to provide a better understanding of the vegetation evolution and climate change in China, especially of the past shifts of the arid–semiarid steppe. During the late Early Miocene to early Middle-Miocene period, most of East and South China was covered by woodland vegetation (e.g., Quercus, Carya, Alnus, and Juglans) while Northwest China was mainly steppe (e.g., Artemisia), generally indicating a warm and humid climate influenced by a strong East-Asian summer monsoon. Since the Early Miocene the vegetation boundary between both regions has moved through time as the climate has changed. During the late Middle to Late Miocene cooling, herbs and shrubs increased significantly in the vast region north to the Yangtze River of South China and major woodland vegetation retreated to south of the Yangtze River. In the context of this cooling, a drier season probably became established north to the Yangtze River, as is evident from the late Middle Miocene to Pliocene compiled palynoflora data. Nevertheless, a little resumption for woodland vegetation occurred during the Early Pliocene in North China, presumably corresponding to global climate amelioration. Thus, the stepwise declining pattern of modern vegetation distribution from southeast to northwest in China can be traced back to at least the late Middle Miocene. In the meanwhile, the Neogene vegetation and its inferred climate history in China indicated a general declining trend of East-Asian summer monsoon.     

滨海滩涂土壤有机碳演变驱动因子框架

通过归纳、总结前人大量的研究成果,从土壤有机碳演变的尺度约束框架、滩涂土壤有机碳的核心控制因子以及演变的驱动因素3个方面进行总结。结果表明：①目前形成的监测技术约束下的碳库研究体系,其研究的结果忽视了机理性认识的未来需要,这对于应对未来气候变化条件下的滩涂湿地碳库变化风险稍显不足; ② 滩涂土壤有机碳演变的核心控制因子有泥沙、地貌与埋藏速率、植被与农业活动。滩涂围垦后的农业活动类型与方式是滩涂开发后影响土壤有机碳演变的核心要素,远远高于自然滩涂中的自然主导因子; ③ 不同因素在不同时空尺度上会对滩涂有机碳演变起到重要影响,其中,土地利用/覆被对于有机碳的影响机制是需要重点关注的核心命题; ④ 小尺度、长时间尺度有机碳循环机制的研究需要加强,同时,综合考量要素的时空尺度特性及其技术手段的提升,更加注重过程研究对于指导未来滩涂土壤有机碳研究更具有现实意义。     

横断山区泥石流空间格局和激发雨量分异性研究

地形、降雨等环境因子决定了泥石流的时空分布特征,理解泥石流与这些因子的关系有助于区域泥石流灾害风险评估与防灾减灾工作。以横断山区为研究区域,选取降水、气候、地貌、地质、土地覆盖、土壤厚度、高差势能以及湿度指数等因子,利用地理探测器和灰度关联分析等方法,探讨了环境因子与泥石流沟空间分布的关系以及降水特征与泥石流灾害的时间关联性。结果表明,湿度指数是决定泥石流沟空间格局的最主要因子,其次是高差势能和土壤厚度,多年平均分布的降水特征对泥石流沟分布的影响较小。泥石流灾害事件与降水特征的时间关联具有较大的区域异质性。泥石流发生地的激发雨量、湿度指数、高差及土壤厚度的统计分布在不同地貌、地质和气候单元中有明显差异。这表明泥石流预警不仅需要考虑雨量等激发因子,还必须考虑其他影响因素的空间差异性。     

Detecting the storage and change on topsoil organic carbon in grasslands of Inner Mongolia from 1980s to 2010s

Soil carbon sequestration and potential has been a focal issue in global carbon research. Under the background of global change, the estimation of the size as well as its change of soil organic carbon（SOC） storage is of great importance. Based on soil data from the second national soil survey and field survey during 2011–2012, by using the regression method between sampling soil data and remote sensing data, this paper aimed to investigate spatial distribution and changes of topsoil（0–20 cm） organic carbon storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s. The results showed that：（1） the SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s was estimated to be 2.05 and 2.17 Pg C, with an average density of 3.48 and 3.69 kg C·m–2, respectively. The SOC storage was mainly distributed in the typical steppe and meadow steppe, which accounted for over 98% of the total SOC storage. The spatial distribution showed a decreased trend from the meadow steppe, typical steppe to the desert steppe, corresponding to the temperature and precipitation gradient.（2） SOC changes during 1982–2012 were estimated to be 0.12 Pg C, at 7.00 g C·m–2·yr–1, which didn＇t show a significant change, indicating that SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable over this period. However, topsoil organic carbon showed different trends of carbon source/sink during the past three decades. Meadow steppe and typical steppe had sequestered 0.15 and 0.03 Pg C, respectively, served as a carbon sink; while desert steppe lost 0.06 Pg C, served as a carbon source. It appears that SOC storage in grassland ecosystem may respond differently to climate change, related to vegetation type, regional climate type and grazing intensity. These results might give advice to decision makers on adopting suitable countermeasures for sustainable grassland utilization and protection.     

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化

以我国内蒙古草原为研究区域,结合1982-1988年第二次土壤普查资料以及2011-2012年实地考察数据,构建了基于遥感数据和土壤数据的区域表层土壤有机碳储量估算方法,对研究区1980s和2010s表层土壤有机碳储量、空间分布特征及其变化进行研究,结果表明：(1) 1980s、2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤 (0~20 cm) 有机碳储量分别为2.05 Pg C、2.17 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度约为3.48 kg C·m^-2、3.69 kg C·m^-2,其空间分布上呈现从草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原逐渐降低的特征;(2) 1982-2012年间,内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量略有增加,但增加幅度较小,其中草甸草原和典型草原表层土壤有机碳储量增加,荒漠草原则表现为减少。研究结果将为研究区因地制宜地采取固碳措施,实现草地可持续管理提供科学参考。     

内陆河流域生态环境的空间分异特征

分析研究了内陆河流域气候条件,植被生态,土壤环境及水环境质量等生态环境要素的空间变异特征,探讨了流域不同地带的生态环境功能。结果表明：干旱内陆河流域气候条件,尤其是水热条件和地貌特征是植被生态,土壤环境及水环境形成与分异最主要的控制性因素,几大环境要素之间相互联系,相互制经久形成内陆流域生态环境空间带规律和生态系统功能在空间不同地带上的显著差异性,认识这种分带规律与不同区域的生态功能,是合理开发的     

Predictive mapping of soil total nitrogen at a regional scale: A comparison between geographically weighted regression and cokriging

Accurately mapping the spatial distribution of soil total nitrogen is important to precision agriculture and environmental management. Geostatistical methods have been frequently used for predictive mapping of soil properties. Recently, a local regression method, geographically weighted regression (GWR), got the attention of environmentalists as an alternative in spatial modeling of environmental attributes, due to its capability of incorporating various auxiliary variables with spatially varied correlation coefficients. The objective of this study is to compare GWR and ordinary cokriging (OCK) in predictive mapping of soil total nitrogen (TN) using multiple environmental variables. 353 soil Samples within the surface horizon of 0–20 cm in a study area were collected, and their TN contents were measured for calibrating and validating the GWR and OCK interpolations. The environmental variables finally chosen as auxiliary data include elevation, land use types, and soil types. Results indicate that, although OCK is slightly better than GWR in global accuracy of soil TN prediction (the adjusted R² for GWR and OCK are 0.5746 and 0.6858, respectively), the soil TN map interpolated by GWR shows many details reflecting the spatial variations of major auxiliary variables while OCK smoothes out almost all local details. Geographically weighted regression could account for both the spatial trend and local variations, whilst OCK had difficulties to capture local variations. It is concluded that GWR is a more promising spatial interpolation method compared to OCK in predicting soil TN and potentially other soil properties, if a suitable set of auxiliary variables are available and selected.     

农业景观对土壤侵蚀的适应机制研究初探

随着气候变化对农业系统的影响不断加剧,为保障粮食安全,必须掌握变化中的自然与人文因素,判别农 业景观中可调整的关键机制,依据未来的可能情景,尽早订定农业景观优化方案。本研究以土壤侵蚀问题为切入 点,整合相关的环境因子,构建农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应性的研究框架。基本思路为首先通过目前气候变化对土壤 侵蚀的影响研究,为不同时空尺度上土壤侵蚀发生、发展趋势提供理论依据;其次,从增强未来农业景观对土壤侵 蚀适应能力的角度,详细讨论景观类型、空间配置和管理措施等与土壤侵蚀的关系,以提高农业景观优化配置的针 对性;最后,为科学评价农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应的程度,基于Agent 模型原理设计土壤侵蚀模拟模型,通过不同 土壤侵蚀情景下景观类型、结构、空间配置和管理措施等的适应性分析,为有效提升区域农业景观的土壤抗侵蚀能 力提供科学依据。