浙江省大暴雨落区预报初步总结

本文主要根据预报员暴雨预报经验,从暴雨形成的几个主要成因:切变幅合、低空急流、水汽条件和地形作用等几个方面,分析我省近二十年来出现的八十六次大暴雨的个例,以出现低空急流为起报条件结合环流形势分为:低空西南风急流、低空东南风急流和低空无急流三大类,而我省大暴雨过程与低空急流有关的占83.7％。所以从注意低空急流的出现为起报条件,对预报我省大暴雨有一定启示作用,并在分析的基础上归纳出几种大暴雨落区预报模式,为我省大暴雨落区预报提供了一些分析依据。     

梅雨期武汉地区的暴雨

梅雨期武汉地区暴雨预报难度较大,今根据1959年到1979年的28次的暴雨过程,从低空急流及低值系统两方面进行分析。一、低空急流与暴雨关系 1.低空急流标准:850或700mb任一层上芷江、长沙和南昌三站中有二站出现偏南风,风速≥12米/秒,定为低空急流。 2.低空急流与暴雨关系的统计分析: 从1959到1979年梅雨期的28次暴雨过程中,24小时前出现低空急流有23次,占82％;还有5次先出现降水,然后低空急流才建立。 (1)低空急流形成的方式: 从500mb上分析,低空急流形成主要有两种方式:     

低空急流与暴雨相互关系的对比分析

本文通过对北方地区两次低空东南风急流的对比分析,指出:低空急流附近有无暴雨发生与其本身结构特征有关。它们在湿度、三维流场以及急流本身的稳定性等方面,有很大的差异。因此在讨论低空急流与暴雨的相互作用时,不能只注意到低空出现了强风,甚至有明显的水平和垂直切变。如果它不具备有利于暴雨发生的热力和动力条件,那它就可能是一次“空急流”。     

秋冬季远距离台风海南岛暴雨特征及概念模型

通过对1960-2013年在越南登陆或登陆前停编后海南岛出现暴雨的秋冬季台风历史个例的分析,结果表明：秋冬季台风中有47%是南海台风,台风登陆越南或在登陆前停编时的纬度介于11.3°N-20.6°N之间,其中15.0°N-15.9°N最多（23.5%）,而19.0°N-19.9°N没有满足条件的台风;秋冬季暴雨出现的主要时段为9月下旬-10月下旬,其中10月中旬暴雨日最多（23.8%）;秋冬季暴雨落区集中在海南岛东部、中部和北部内陆地区,琼中县最多（12.7%）,西部沿海地区明显偏少;秋冬季暴雨的主要影响系统是热带低值系统（台风或低压环流）、东路或西路冷空气;低空急流和暴雨落区密切相关,暴雨区一般位于低空急流左前侧和切变线南侧;海南岛东北部暴雨偏东风低空急流位于两广南部;东中部暴雨偏东风低空急流位于两广南部至海南岛北部;西南部暴雨东南东风低空急流位于海南岛北部,同时南海存在西南风低空急流;西北部暴雨两广南部有东北东风低空急流;全岛性暴雨两广南部至南海中部为广阔的偏东风低空急流区。     

低空急流与暴雨

根据国际气象组织规定:在对流层600毫巴以下风速≥12米/秒的区域称为低空急流区。 低空急流与暴雨的关系十分密切。经验指出,较大范围暴雨的发生同在1—4公里高度间低空急流有密切关系。低空急流它是一支极不稳定的高速气流,它不仅能把低层水汽、热量集中往下游输送,使下游地区造成或增大位势不稳定,且能在其左前方范围内造成强烈的辐合上升运动,特别是,如在急流左侧有很强的切变正涡度时,则更有利于产生强上升运动。这些都是暴雨发生的重要条件。因此,国内外气象工作者都非常重视对低空急流的研究工作。事实证明,对于我国南方和北方的暴     

我国冬夏近地层流场的基本特征

本文利用1960—1969年1、7月份的高空风资料绘制了近地面三个标准层的合成风场图。分析发现:1.无论冬、夏我国近地层都可分为三大风系(行星西风、高原季风和海陆季风);2.在下垫面热力对比最强区的附近都有一支低空强风区;3.强风区中风速的垂直分布呈“S”型;4.夏季在青藏高原以东存在两支低空急流,分别与二级地形台阶相伴,而落矶山以东只有一支低空急流。     

用L指数作广东暴雨短期落区预报

本文分析了产生暴雨的大气热力条件和暴雨与特定低空急流的关系。发现某些物理量在暴雨开始前18—30小时有突变现象。这种现象在其它的段不明显。把上述物理量组合成暴雨落区预报指数。在确定有暴雨产生的情况下,该指数参考低空急流的特定位置,能预报未来24小时前后暴雨产生的范围,7年来预报准确率在80%以上。这个方法对大雨落区预报也有参考价值。      

"020628"暴雨的诊断分析

利用T213资料对2002年6月27日夜里到28日上午出现的暴雨过程进行诊断分析。分析表明热力、动力、水汽条件在降水开始之前都有反映。T213预报的涡度、散度、垂直速度、水汽能量等物理量场分布和暴雨带有较好的对应关系。低空西南急流、中层偏西气流和高层西北风急流三支高低空气流的耦合是触发这次暴雨的机制，暴雨就落在低空急流的入口区的左侧、高空急流出口区的右侧。     

低空急流与阿勒泰暖区大--暴雪

分析了冬季产生新疆低空急流的大型环流特征及低空急流与阿勒泰暖区大-暴雪的关系。结果表明，在中高纬度欧亚范围内呈现“双阻型”，中亚中纬度高空维持纬向强急流锋区的情况下，若有巴尔喀什湖以南的暖湿气流向北输送，则有利于造成阿勒泰暖区大-暴雪的新疆低空急流产生。高低空急流的位置及强度可作为降雪量和大-暴雪落区的短期预报指标。     

与低空急流相伴的暴雨天气诊断研究

对江淮流域8例与低空急流相伴的大暴雨天气过程进行了热力学、动力学特征分析。结果表明:从散度方程的计算看,在低空急流的左前侧有较强的辐合增强区,有利于该地区出现强暴雨天气。条件对称不稳定通常与α中尺度雨带的发展有关。本文发现当条件对称不稳定区与低空急流的加强相联系时,有利于湿位涡的发展,对该地区强天气的发生有利。最后就各种物理量诊断的综合分析,提出未来暴雨天气的落区预报方法。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。