二类水体的MODIS数据大气校正及在渤海表层水体叶绿素浓度监测反演中的应用研究

提出一种适用于中国近岸二类水体的大气校正方法,解决了水色遥感软件SEADAS由于无法计算近岸的二类水体离水辐射率而简单地将其设为0的问题。应用该方法计算出的离水辐射率反演了渤海表层水体的叶绿素浓度,并选取近岸同期监测点的实测值对反演结果进行验证。通过对比反演值与实测值,多数相对误差值均较小于10%,证明了反演结果较为准确,同时反演的叶绿素浓度的空间分布也符合冬季渤海的水团和环流状况。这说明应用改进后的大气校正方法能够很好地用于渤海表层水体的叶绿素浓度反演。     

光谱仪测量离水辐射亮度的方法

概述了利用光谱仪在水面上方进行水表光学特性测量和基本原理与测量方法，以及处理和计算离水辐射亮度、归一化离水辐射亮度及遥感反射比等水表光学特性参数的主要方法。对1998年东海3个站点的测量数据进行了处理和分析，并与剖面法计算结果进行了比较。     

The june maximum of normalized radiance and its relation to the hydrological conditions and coccolithophorid bloom in the Black Sea

The interannual variability of the seasonal cycle of normalized radiance was studied on the basis of the SeaWiFS ocean color scanner data during the period from 1998 to 2002 under different hydrological conditions in six study regions in the Black Sea. Analysis of the variability characteristics and the accompanying information confirmed the concept about the dominating contribution of the coccolithophorid bloom to the formation of the maximum of the normalized radiance in the middle of June. Arguments are presented in favor of the fact that the appearance of the June radiance maximum is caused by the thermal regime of the sea in the preceding winter period. The radiance maximum reaches the greatest amplitude after cold winters and it remains practically unnoticeable after warm winters. This regularity is caused by the fact that, after cold winters, a sharp shallow seasonal pycnocline is formed, which is a necessary condition for the coccolithophorid bloom. Such a pycnocline is located in the Black Sea at a depth of 10 m. It facilitates the accumulation of various particles in the layer of water-leaving radiance, owing to which the June radiance maximum can be at least partly related to the suspended matter of a noncoccolithophorid origin.     

Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters

A practical algorithm of atmospheric correction for turbid coastal and inland waters is provided. The present algorithm uses the property that the water-leaving radiance at 412 nm increases very tittle with the increasing of water turbidity. Thus, in very turbid coastal and inland waters, the radiance at 412 nm can be used to estimate the aerosol scattering radiance at 865 nm. The performance of the new algorithm is validated with simulation for several cases. It is found that the retrieved remotely sensed reflectance is usually with error less than 10% for the first six bands of SeaWiFS. This new algorithm is also tested under various atmospheric conditions in the Changjiang River Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay where the sediment concentration is very high and the standard SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm creates a mask due to atmospheric correction failure. The result proves the efficiency of this simple algorithm in reducing the errors of the water-leaving radiance retrieving using SeaWiFS satellite data.     

海水层辐射校准技术研究

为提高光学资料的利用率，确保光学遥感信息的精确度，必须对卫星获得的资料进行辐射校准，本文着重阐述我们通过在我国典型海区实测获取与卫星同步的海面归一化离水辐射率，对实用的大气模型进行选择及参数修正的研究，对卫星遥感资料获得的海面离水辐射率进行校准，论文给出了研究的一些主要结果。     

The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/(cm2·μm2·...     

Penetration of coastal waters into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea using the SeaWiFS data

Offward transport of surface coastal waters was studied in the Eastern Mediterranean from 31° to 37° N between 31° to 36° E using cluster analysis of water-leaving radiance spectra from SeaWiFS color scanner imagery for spring-summer period of 1998. Some types of spectra were found to be characteristic of products of mixing of coastal and offshore waters and served as a quasiconservative tracer of water transport. Three sectors of the eastern coastal zone supplied colored and suspended matter into the open sea areas as occasional pulse discharges of 3-5 week periodicity. The Haifa sector was the most powerful source of such matter producing traceable separate radiance inhomogeneities as far as 200 km west of Haifa. It appears that the discharges were triggered when a set of specific conditions took place and that evolution and life time of discharged waters depended on currents and horizontal mixing. Advantages of cluster approach to imagery analysis are briefly discussed.     

2003年春季长江口海域黑水现象研究

长江口海域处于东海大陆架,水深较浅,受长江、钱塘江入海径流及潮汐搅拌的影响,水体浑浊度高,属于典型的二类水体。在浑浊二类水体由于水体中悬浮颗粒的散射作用,离水辐亮度通常较大洋清洁水体的大。通过分析2003年春季黄海、东海二类水体光学试验数据和同时段SeaWiFS卫星遥感数据,发现在长江口东南海域有一个归一化离水辐亮度极小的黑水区域,它在412~670nm波长的归一化离水辐亮度均小于0.5mW/(cm2·μm·sr)。利用现场实测的水体固有光学特性参数(色素吸收系数、非色素颗粒吸收系数、黄色物质吸收系数、颗粒散射系数、颗粒后向散射系数等)和水色要素浓度数据,分析了长江口海域黑水现象的机制,结果表明,长江口外黑水现象主要是由于水体后向散射系数值极小引起的,而造成颗粒后向散射系数值极小的原因主要有两种,一是颗粒物含量低,二是颗粒后向散射率的值小。黑水区浮游植物色素吸收所占的比例较高,大粒径的有机颗粒(浮游植物)导致黑水区域的颗粒后向散射率的值偏小。长江口海域黑水是在特定的颗粒物低含量及颗粒后向散射率极小的条件下出现的光学现象。     

Seismic and oceanographic evidence of present-day bottom-water dynamics in the Lousy Bank—Hatton Bank area,NE Atlantic

High-resolution multi-channel seismic records from the eastern margin of the Iceland Basin, Northeast Atlantic, are used to infer regional patterns of bottom water dynamics from seafloor morphology and distribution of the most recent geological units deposited along the margin. This information is combined with results from oceanographic and hydrodynamic measurements made in the area. The study area is located between Lousy Bank and Hatton Bank, where deep-water currents are forced around structural highs, leaving a complex pattern of topographically controlled sediment transport pathways. At the top and upper flank of Lousy Bank, George Bligh Bank and Hatton Bank topographic forcing leads to considerable acceleration of the northward flowing North Atlantic Current. At greater water depth, seismic facies indicative of bottom current action are found to be widespread. In addition, seafloor morphology displays moat features extending over large distances. The occurrence of these moats is confined to specific water depths in the range from 700–1400 m and from 1800 to 2200 m depth range. These depth ranges correspond to the basal depth stratum of the North Atlantic Current and the depth range of the Deep Northern Boundary Current, respectively. Geological evidence suggests maximum near-bottom current speed of about 0.5 m/s for these moat areas. Using oceanographic data we suggest that formation of the moats is not likely to be associated with the presence of a persistent high-speed contour current core, but probably originates from the occurrence of solibores and thus may be related to the internal wave field of the Iceland Basin possible linked to atmospheric pressure variation.     

基于S2000光谱仪的小型海面高光谱辐射计的研制

将普通的小巧型S2000光谱仪组装改造成用于海面测量的高光谱辐射计,安装在船只等移动平台上进行原位测量,可以获得向下辐照度和向上辐亮度的实验数据.阐述了整体设计思路,说明了其光路结构,光学采集单元分为光谱辐照度光学探头和光谱辐亮度光学探头.叙述了通过机械结构的调整来更准确地测量离水辐亮度,并给出了基于计算机进行显示和存储的编程软件.此系统获得的试验测量结果可以为海洋学研究提供充分的现场光学数据,有一定的实用价值.     

黄东海海水体类型综合识别技术研究

本文利用黄、东海和南海宝贵的生物一光学实测数据，进行了水体综合识别技术研究。探询了水体光谱离水辐射率、遥感反射率和漫衰减系数等物理量与以悬浮泥沙为主体的水体(CASEII．s)的响应关系。借用主成分分析思想，探询了经过大气校正的近红外波段卫星遥感反射率(Lrc)数据与CASEII．s水体的响应关系。发现这些物理量与水体类型有明显的响应点。     

东海试验区水体光谱特性现场测量与数据分析

星载水色遥感器 Ｓｅａ Ｗｉ Ｆ Ｓ 已业务化地为海洋学家提供高质量的海洋水色遥感数据。要有效地利用水色遥感数据,需要经常地对遥感器进行定标,并对测得的离水辐射率以及导出的生物—光学特性进行真实性检验。１９９８ 年５ 月, 我们在东海试验区,应用多光谱剖面／ 表面辐射仪（ Ｓ Ｐ Ｍ Ｒ／ Ｓ Ｍ Ｓ Ｒ） ,进行了光谱测量。本文介绍了现场测量的方法,以及根据我国海区的特点对实测数据的处理结果     

Downward flow of dense water leaning on a submarine ridge

Large-scale dense bottom currents are geostrophic to leading order, with the main flow direction along the continental slope. Bottom friction makes the water descend to greater depths, but only at a small angle to the horizontal. Here the effect of a submarine ridge that intersects the slope is considered. It is shown that the presence of a submarine ridge greatly enhances the downward transport. By leaning against the ridge it is possible for the dense water to flow downhill, perpendicular to the depth contours, even though the first-order dynamics are geostrophic. The requirement for downward flow next to the ridge is that the frictional transport that it induces is sufficiently large to counteract geostrophic advection along the isobaths and out of the ridge region. The dynamics are similar to those of downward flow in submarine canyons, but ridges appear to be more effective in channeling the dense water downhill, in particular for narrow ridges/canyons with small seaward slope of the ridge/canyon axis. The downward flow is analyzed using a simplified analytical model and the results are compared to data from the Filchner Overflow, which agree qualitatively with the model.     

Satellite-measured temporal and spatial variability of the Tokachi River plume

River plumes have important effects on marine ecosystems. Variation in the extent and dispersal of river plumes is often associated with river discharge, wind characteristics and ocean circulation. The objectives of this study were to identify the Tokachi River plume by satellite, determine its relationship with river discharge and clarify its temporal and spatial dynamics. SeaWiFS multispectral satellite data (normalized water-leaving radiance: nL_w) with 1.1 km spatial resolution were used to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the plume during 1998–2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification using six channels of nL_w at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555 and 670 nm with each band's spectral signature statistic was used to define classes of surface water and to estimate the plume area. Supervised maximum likelihood classification separated three to four classes of coastal water based on optical characteristics as a result of wind stress events. The satellite-observed plume area was correlated with the amount of river discharge from April to October. The plume distribution patterns were influenced by wind direction and magnitude, the occurrences of a near-shore eddy field and surface currents. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) was used to express the spatial and temporal variability of the plume using anomalies of nL_w(555) monthly averaged images. The first mode (44% of variance) showed the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also showed the plume was distributed along-shelf direction in spring to early autumn. The second mode (17% of variance) showed spring pattern across-shelf direction. EOF analysis also explained the interannual variability of the plume signature, which might have been affected by the flow of the Oyashio Current and the occurrence of a near-shore eddy field.     

南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域悬浮体的研究

对2003年春季(3—4月)和秋季(9月)南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域的悬浮体样品进行了空间分布特征、有机无机组成、粒度特征及其季节变化分析。结果表明:(1)2003年春季研究区内悬浮体浓度要普遍高于秋季的悬浮体浓度。悬浮体浓度最高值区位于长江口-老黄河口之间的近岸区。陆源物质为主的无机组分是悬浮体的主体成分,特别是在近岸浅水区和接近海底的底层水中尤为突出;(2)研究区海水中的悬浮体主要来源于辐射沙脊区(老黄河-长江复合三角洲)沉积物再悬浮;(3)悬浮体分布是风浪、潮流及沿岸流等多种因素综合作用的结果,而风浪和潮流是影响本区悬浮体分布的主要因素,巨大的风浪和强大的潮流造成辐射沙洲海底的沉积物再悬浮、搬运和再沉积,并在苏北沿岸流的作用下向沙洲外缘输运。     

基于ROV的近海底地形测量及其在马努斯盆地热液区的应用

针对重点的特殊深海研究区（如热液冷泉、洋中脊区域）,在船载多波束数据获得研究区大面积地形资料的基础上,有必要选取典型深海小靶区进行高分辨率地形测量为进一步深入研究提供保障。根据船载多波束实测数据选取PACMANUS热液区作为靶区,基于长基线定位,利用“发现”ROV搭载多波束系统进行近海底全覆盖地形测量。结果表明,依托于船动力定位系统及差分GPS,长基线为ROV提供了可靠的高精度定位,使得近海底测量的地形数据分辨率数倍优于船载多波束测得的地形数据的分辨率。高分辨率地形清晰的显示了PACMANUS热液区锥形丘体等特殊微地形,与已发现的热液点和火山区有很好的对应。进一步分析发现,该区域活动的热液区主要发育于坡度大于30°斜坡上的地形突变区,其成因仍需深入研究。利用ROV搭载多波束近底测量是获取深海小靶区高分辨率地形的可靠途径和方法,有利于提高深海海底研究的针对性,将促进我国深海科学研究的发展。     

獐子岛养殖区夏季底层水温快速变化的机理分析

Rapid changes in the near-bottom water temperature are important environmental factors that can significantly affect the growth and development of species in the bottom culture. The object of this research is to investigate the mechanism causing these rapid changes within a bottom culture area near the Zhangzi Island. The hydrographic transects observations in the North Yellow Sea(NYS) suggest that our mooring station is very close to the tidal mixing front. The horizontal advection of the tidal front has induced the observed tidal change of bottom temperature at the mooring station. Analysis of the mooring near-bottom temperature and current measurements show that the angle between the tidal current horizontal advection and the swing of the tidal front is crucial in determining the variation trend of temperature. When the angle equals 90°, the horizontal tidal current advects along the isotherms so the temperature remains the same. When the angle is between 0° and 90°, the seawater moves from deep water to the warmer coastal zone and the temperature decreases. In contrast, the horizontal tidal advection moves the coastal warm water to the mooring station and the water temperature increases when the angle is between 90° and 180°. The amplitude of the temperature change is proportional to the magnitude of the horizontal temperature gradient and the tidal excursion in the direction of the temperature gradient. This study may facilitate the choice of culture area in order to have a good aquaculture production.     

离水辐射非朗伯特性的Monte Carlo模拟及分析

水体光场的非朗伯特性(二向性)是目前水色反演算法中的误差因素之一。随着新一代高精度水色遥感器的发射,原来的许多次要因素已变得不可忽略。为研究水体光场的非朗伯特性,首先建立了一个三维MonteCarlo海洋光学模型,并利用国际上提出的7个海洋光学标准问题中的4个对模型的正确性进行了检验;在此基础上,模拟了不同太阳天顶角、体成分等参数对离水辐射率的方向特性的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定的遥感器-太阳-像元几何条件下,同一水体的光场二向性带来的离水辐射率变化可能大于已有的业务化水色大气修正算法反演高水辐射率的误差。模拟结果对水色遥感中正确进行现场数据获取及遥感与地面数据比对有一定的意义。     

Vertical Patterns of Suspended Matter Characteristics Along a Coastal-basin Transect in the Western Baltic Sea

Suspended particulate matter samples were collected from the water column, the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ from four stations along a coastal-basin transect in the Pomeranian Bight, western Baltic Sea. Sampling was performed nine times between October 1996 and December 1998 for various analyses, including electron probe x-ray micro analysis for detailed mineralogical investigations.Specific vertical patterns of clay mineral distributions were found. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the bottom nepheloid layer and the ‘ fluffy layer ’ overlying sediments was enriched in organic carbon and hydrated three layer clay minerals, whereas the non-aggregated SPM was dominated by quartz and biogenic opal. It appears that separation effects operate during aggregation of mineral particles and organic matter in repeated cycles of resuspension and settling. No clear seasonal variations in the composition of the SPM were found, in spite of high spatial and temporal variability of biological and physical variables. The results suggest that preferential incorporation, possibly aided by microbiological colonization, of hydrated three layer silicates into the organic flocs is a process that occurs under a wide range of conditions. Because aggregates sink faster than individual particles, aggregate formation led to a relative enrichment of illite and smectite in the near-bottom layers. Considering the affinity of organic contaminants and heavy metals to organic matter, the selective removal of aggregated organic matter and hydrated three-layer clay minerals from the water column and enhanced transport in the near-bottom fluffy layer may be a natural cleansing mechanism operating in the shallow waters of the bight.     

Development of a Neural Network Algorithm for Retrieving Concentrations of Chlorophyll, Suspended Matter and Yellow Substance from Radiance Data of the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner

An algorithm is presented to retrieve the concentrations of chlorophyll a, suspended pariclulate matter and yellow substance from normalized water-leaving radiances of the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). It is based on a neural network (NN) algorithm, which is used for the rapid inversion of a radiative transfer procedure with the goal of retrieving not only the concentrations of chlorophyll a but also the two other components that determine the water-leaving radiance spectrum. The NN algorithm was tested using the NASA's SeaBAM (SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Mini-Workshop) test data set and applied to ADEOS/OCTS data of the Northwest Pacific in the region off Sanriku, Japan. The root-mean-square error between chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the SeaBAM reflectance data and the chlorophyll a measurements is 0.62. The retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations of the OCTS data were compared with the corresponding distribution obtained by the standard OCTS algorithm. The concentrations and distribution patterns from both algorithms match for open ocean areas. Since there are no standard OCTS products available for yellow substance and suspended matter and no in situ measurements available for validation, the result of the retrieval by the NN for these two variables could only be assessed by a general knowledge of their concentrations and distribution patterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.