沂沭断裂带早白垩世晚期伸展的低温年代学证据

沂沭断裂带(郯庐断裂带山东段)由4条断裂组成,其西部的两条分别称鄌郚—葛沟断裂和沂水—汤头断裂。横跨这两条断裂及夹持的中生代盆地,分别获得6个磷灰石裂变径迹数据,年龄分布在102~82Ma,封闭径迹长度集中在13.0~14.0μm。数据反演结果显示:隆起区在距今105~100Ma及约距今85Ma时有过两次快速冷却事件;这两条断裂所夹持的断陷区经历过快速沉降,达到最大古地温后,在距今85~60Ma快速抬升。结合区域地质背景资料,以及在沂沭断裂带附近南北向玄武岩脉及北西向断层的断层泥K-Ar年龄数据综合分析,认为沂沭断裂带在早白垩世晚期经历以伸展为主的左行张剪活动。     

依兰-伊通断裂带晚中生代走滑与伸展构造变形及其应力场

NE走向、延伸超过900 km的依兰-伊通断裂带是中国东北地区重要的大型断裂构造。然而关于该断裂带起源型式、伸展变形特征以及初始断陷时间长期以来存在较大分歧。本文对依兰-伊通断裂带起源期和伸展构造变形规律、变形时间以及应力场特征进行了详细的野外调查、火山岩锆石U-Pb定年以及断层擦痕位移矢量反演研究。结果表明,依兰-伊通断裂带在尚志隆起以及白垩纪-古近纪地堑外侧保存着左行走滑断层或韧性剪切带,代表了其起源期构造。根据前人研究成果及未变形火山岩的年龄(125Ma),限定起源时间为晚侏罗世初-早白垩世初。早白垩世中期之前依兰-伊通断裂带转变为伸展变形,南段控制发育的叶赫地堑具有典型的断陷盆地特征。在出露的花岗岩基底及地堑内下白垩统均可见一期NE走向正断层发育。应力场反演结果表明,依兰-伊通断裂带起源期左行走滑活动是在近S-N向(偏NNW向)的挤压应力场作用下发育,晚期又叠加了NW-SE向的拉张应力场作用,导致该断裂带转为正断活动。本文认为太平洋区伊泽奈崎板块早白垩世初向东亚大陆下平板俯冲,随后俯冲板片后撤导致强烈的弧后伸展,是依兰-伊通断裂带晚中生代左行走滑与伸展活动的动力学成因。     

沂沭断裂带北段早白垩世高钾钙碱性火山岩地球化学特征与岩石成因

沂沭断裂带内发育了大量的中生代火山岩,其成因研究对剖析断裂带活动规律具有重要意义。本文对断裂带北段潍坊、安丘、鄌郚地区中生代火山岩进行了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素分析。探讨了沂沭断裂带中生代火山岩成因及其形成的地球动力学过程。断裂带北段火山岩年龄集中在131~124Ma之间,喷发于早白垩世。岩石为一套高钾钙碱性火山岩,包括玄武安山岩、粗安岩、粗面岩、英安岩。火山岩富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。稀土元素含量高（∑REE=140.5×10^-6~433.1×10^-6）,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土（∑LREE/∑HREE=9.8~31.0）,无明显的Eu负异常。火山岩具有富集且变化范围较大的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成,（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i=0.708054~0.711692,ε_Nd（t）值为-15.3~-7.4,（²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i=17.213~17.962,（²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i=15.425~15.590,（²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i=37.597~38.365。研究表明,高钾钙碱性火山岩的源区与区域基性岩源区一致,均为富集岩石圈地幔。玄武安山岩、粗安岩、粗面岩经基性岩浆分离结晶作用形成,英安岩则遭受了华北下地壳强烈混染。三叠纪末期,由于扬子板块向华北克拉通俯冲,扬子地壳析出的流体/熔体交代了华北古老岩石圈地幔,形成富集岩石圈地幔。早白垩世,受古太平洋板块俯冲和后撤作用,富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成基性岩浆,岩浆在上升过程中发生分离结晶作用,受沂沭断裂深切作用影响,部分地区遭受华北下地壳混染,最终形成区内各类高钾钙碱性火山岩。

     

佳伊断裂带晚白垩世走滑-逆冲事件的新证据

在四平市叶赫镇发现一系列走滑-逆冲断层,断层面平直、陡倾,走向集中在NNE15°~35°范围内,组成了佳木斯—伊通两条主干边界断裂之间的分支断裂带,分支断裂呈雁列式排布,与走向NE45°的主干边界断裂呈锐角相交,指示边界断裂具有右旋走滑特征。叶赫镇走滑-逆冲断裂带的发现为佳木斯—伊通断裂存在晚白垩世晚期—末期的走滑-逆冲事件提供了新证据。叶赫镇分支断裂带是石岭镇分支断裂带向南部的延伸,两者切割了相同的地层,具有相同的构造特征和构造属性,属于同一走滑-逆冲断裂系统,它们是晚白垩世晚期—末期同一地球动力学背景下的产物。     

沂沭断裂带内盖层的剪切变形及其构造意义

通过沂沭断裂带内晚元古代至古生代益层变形的详细研究，发现这套盖层遭受了明显的顺层左旋走滑剪切变形。这期盖层变形是与沂沭断裂带基底中北北东走向左行韧性剪切带同期形成的。它们是郯庐断裂带中生代大规模左行平移运动在不同层次上所造成的不同产物。这套益层的变形及其特征证明了郯庐断裂带大平移发生在中生代。     

早寒武世初期沂沭断裂带地震效应

早寒武世初期,随着从古沂沭海峡向西海侵的发展,鲁西地区沉积了厚度不等的主要由砂岩、泥岩和碳酸盐岩组成的滨海、潟湖及浅海相沉积,其层位属下寒武统底部的李官组和朱砂洞组.在它们沉积过程中,沂沭断裂带正发生着伴有频繁海底地震的构造裂陷活动,使海底沉积物在自沂沭断裂带向西200 km范围内产生了不同的地震效应,形成了各种地震成...     

沂沭断裂带高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩的地球化学及岩石成因

沂沭断裂带内高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩SiO2含量为51.97%～68.94%;由玄武粗安岩、 粗面岩和流纹岩组成;都属于碱性岩。岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素;相对亏损Nb、 Ta、 Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;并具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。钾质粗面岩具有高稀土Cr、 Ni含量、 La/Yb、Sr/Y和Th/U高比值;这类似于华北克拉通东南缘早白垩世富集岩石圈来源的基性岩（如方城玄武岩、 沂南辉长岩）;其可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融。与之相比;钠质玄武粗安岩具有低Cr、 Ni含量 、 87Sr/86Sr（t）、 Th/U和高εNd（t）值;表明它可能由岩石圈地幔熔体与软流圈物质混合而成。沂沭断裂带高桥盆地火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展背景下;沂沭断裂带的活动可能诱使软流圈物质的上涌;导致岩石圈地幔升温发生部分熔融;并为软流圈物质的上升提供了通道。     

内蒙古乌兰浩特地区早白垩世韧性变形对嫩江-八里罕断裂的响应

为了探讨嫩江-八里罕断裂带对研究区的影响,对乌兰浩特地区出露的韧性变形带进行野外构造要素测量、对比,初步提出研究区曾经历左旋走滑变形阶段。通过对该韧性剪切带韧性变形特征的研究,明确了剪切带变形程度为初糜棱岩-糜棱岩。结合前人研究成果及相关年代学资料,确定走滑时间为早白垩世中期(139~113Ma),这对进一步明确嫩江-八里罕断裂的展布位置、断裂带的宏观特征及形成时间的讨论具有重要意义。     

山东沂沭断裂带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹特征差异性*

近些年来,在山东沂沭断裂带南部地区(莒南、临沭、郯城和东海）的下白垩统上部大盛群中发现了大量的恐龙足迹化石,而这些化石反映的足迹类型、形态大小、足迹踩踏深度等方面都存在有差异性。研究发现,在足迹类型方面,莒南地区以兽脚类和鸟脚类恐龙足迹为主,临沭、郯城和东海地区以蜥脚类恐龙足迹为主。足迹大小方面,莒南地区的兽脚类足迹可划分为类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ两种类型,而东海地区的恐龙足迹主要属于类型Ⅱ,但是莒南地区大多数足迹的趾间角要小于东海地区的,这可能是由于兽脚类恐龙属种的不同所造成的;莒南地区鸟脚类足迹绝大多数要小于临沭地区的鸟脚类足迹;郯城地区的蜥脚类足迹较小,而莒南、临沭和东海地区大多数蜥脚类足迹的大小较为相似,个别临沭和莒南地区的蜥脚类恐龙足迹较大。足迹踩踏深度方面,临沭、东海和郯城地区的足迹相比莒南地区的足迹要稍深,这与足迹形成在不同湿度、黏度、颗粒度的沉积物表面上有密切联系。基于上述研究认为,在早白垩世晚期,沂沭断裂带内生活着种类繁盛,数量庞大的恐龙动物群,联系到沂沭断裂带东部诸城地区早白垩世早期地层中也发现有大量的以兽脚类为主的恐龙足迹化石,推断在早白垩世,沂沭断裂带及胶莱盆地当时为一个理想的恐龙生存、繁衍的栖息地。同时,山东早白垩世大量恐龙足迹化石的发现也为整个华北甚至东北亚地区晚中生代恐龙属种的分布、演化以及古地理研究提供了丰富的材料和信息。     

晚中生代沂沭断裂带左旋韧性剪切与岩浆迁移规律

沂沭断裂带内部的岩浆侵入与断裂活动关系密切,开展沂沭断裂带内部岩浆年代学研究,对于沂沭断裂带构造背景研究具有积极的参考意义。选取沂沭断裂带内部的莒县浮来山正长岩体、边部的莒南官坊石英正长岩体及侵入该岩体的闪长玢岩脉,开展岩石学及年代学研究。首次发现晚中生代沂沭断裂带左旋韧性剪切,获得浮来山岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(125.1±1.7) Ma,官坊岩体年龄为(125.6±2.0) Ma, 发生韧性变形的闪长玢岩脉年龄为(122.8±2.1) Ma。获得的125 Ma岩浆活动年龄与沂沭断裂带东侧的五莲变质核杂岩快速剥露(122~128 Ma)、诸城断陷盆地快速沉降的时间相吻合,该时期沂沭断裂带处于岩石圈减薄与破坏强烈的时期;闪长玢岩脉的122.8 Ma结晶年龄,与五莲变质核杂岩后构造岩体(石场、坊子岩体等)结晶年龄一致,该时期沂沭断裂带处于弱伸展状态,同时也说明胶东半岛岩石圈减薄具有时间上的一致性。晚中生代时期,沂沭断裂带两侧岩浆活动具有逆时针迁移的规律,这一规律可能与伊佐奈岐板块向欧亚板块俯冲的方向、角度、速度的变换有关。     

鲁西北西向断裂系晚中生代活动的几何学、运动学及年代学研究

鲁西隆起区发育有大量的北西向脆性断裂。依据野外断裂构造的几何学、运动学详细解析认为,北西向断裂系经历了早期的右行压剪、右行张剪,以及后期的左行压剪等不同性质的构造活动。由与北西向断裂活动相伴生的同期侵入岩体的 K-Ar测试结果分析,北西向断裂系在距今约160 Ma及距今130~110 Ma分别经历了右行压剪与右行张剪构造活动;通过分布在隆起区不同样品的磷灰石裂变径迹数据分析、冷却史反演,厘定鲁西地体在距今90~80 Ma存在一次区域性快速冷却构造事件,该构造事件与北西向断裂系的左行压剪构造活动相对应。     

鲁西北西向断裂系晚中生代活动的几何学、运动学及年代学研究

鲁西隆起区发育有大量的北西向脆性断裂.依据野外断裂构造的几何学、运动学详细解析,认为北西向断裂系经历了早期的右行压剪、右行张剪,以及后期的左行压剪等不同性质的构造活动.由与北西向断裂活动相伴生的同期侵入岩体的 K-Ar测试结果分析,北西向断裂系在距今约160 Ma及距今130～110 Ma分别经历了右行压剪与右行张剪构造活动;通过分布在隆起区不同样品的磷灰石裂变径迹数据分析、冷却史反演,厘定鲁西地体在距今90～80 Ma存在一次区域性快速冷却构造事件,该构造事件与北西向断裂系的左行压剪构造活动相对应.     

郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起段走滑运动与合肥盆地的沉积响应

安徽北部的郯庐断裂带位于东侧的张八岭隆起与西侧的合肥盆地之间。断裂带内走滑糜棱岩、超糜棱岩及伴生岩浆岩的同位素测年,表明其走滑时间为早白垩世。一系列构造、沉积学的研究反映,郯庐断裂带在早白垩世的走滑运动,使合肥盆地东侧出现了北北东向延伸的张八岭走滑隆起,成为合肥盆地的沉积物源区。盆地东部相应出现了由下白垩统朱巷组充填、北北东向的大桥-肥东凹陷。该凹陷属于走滑挠曲盆地,其出现于张八岭走滑隆起西侧的走滑挠曲拗陷之中。     

郯庐断裂带早白垩世走滑运动中的构造、岩浆、沉积事件

郯庐断裂带内一系列走滑糜棱岩类的^40Ar/^39Ar测年表明，郯庐断裂早白垩世发生了左旋走滑运动。这一大规模的走滑运动，造成了两类走滑构造，一类为变质岩中低绿片岩相左旋韧性剪切带，另一类为中生代火成岩、沉积岩中的脆性、脆-韧性左行平移断层。这反映断裂带的走滑运动从早白垩世初期持续到早白垩世后期。断裂带的走滑运动诱发大规模的、以富钾、中酸性为主的岩浆活动。地球化学分析显示，这些岩浆岩既有壳源的信息，也有幔源的贡献，反映是断裂减压、壳-幔相互作用下形成的岩浆活动，也暗示断裂带在走滑期切入壳-幔边界。该断裂带走滑运动中，除了在莱阳盆地形成了拉分盆地外，还在合肥盆地东部造成了走滑挠曲盆地，控制下白垩统朱巷组的沉积，郯庐断裂带早白垩世走滑运动中的构造、岩浆、沉积事件，是西太平洋伊泽纳崎板块高速斜向俯冲的结果，属于滨太平洋构造。     

Late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic Multi‐Stage Denudation at the Western Ordos Block: Constraints by the Apatite Fission Track Dating on the Langshan

The apatite fission track dating of samples from the Dabashan(i.e., the Langshan in the northeastern Alxa Block) by the laser ablation method and their thermal history modeling of AFT ages are conducted in this study. The obtained results and lines of geological evidence in the study region indicate that the Langshan has experienced complicated tectonic-thermal events during the the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Firstly, it experienced a tectonic-thermal event in the Late Cretaceous(~90–70 Ma). The event had little relation with the oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate along the eastern Eurasian Plate, but was related to the Neo-Tethys subduction and compression between the Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block. Secondly, it underwent the dextral slip faulting in the Eocene(~50–45 Ma). The strike slip fault may develop in the same tectonic setting as sinistral slip faults in southern Mongolia and thrusts in West Qinling to the southwest Ordos Block in the same period, which is the remote far-field response to the India-Eurasia collision. Thirdly, the tectonic thermal event existed in the late Cenozoic(since ~10 Ma), thermal modeling shows that several samples began their denudation from upper region of partial annealing zone(PAZ), and the denudation may have a great relationship with the growth of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to the northeast. In addition, the AFT ages of Langshan indicate that the main body of the Langshan may be an upper part of fossil PAZ of the Late Cretaceous(~70 Ma). The fossil PAZ were destroyed and deformed by tectonic events repeatedly in the Cenozoic along with the denudation.     

肥东花岗质岩脉的变形及年代学特征对郯庐断裂带早白垩世构造活动的指示

郯庐断裂带肥东段位于大别造山带与苏鲁造山带之间。在肥东段西韦采石场内发育了大规模的北北东向左行走滑韧性剪切带和一条低角度的韧性滑脱正断层。走滑韧性剪切带为郯庐断裂带走滑活动的产物,低角度滑脱正断层则代表了伸展背景下的构造活动。低角度滑脱正断层上、下盘发育未变形和变形的岩脉,走滑韧性剪切带内外也发育有受剪切带活动而变形的岩脉。对采石场内岩脉的构造和同位素年代学研究表明,低角度韧性滑脱正断层在129~126Ma之间发生过剪切活动,走滑韧性剪切带的活动时间在125Ma之后。综合研究认为,郯庐断裂带的伸展活动可能开始于早白垩世早期(130Ma),但在早白垩世并非一直处于伸展活动之中,125Ma之后的左行走滑活动很可能发生在早白垩世的晚期。     

嘉黎断裂带两侧晚新生代差异隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹纪录

对嘉黎断裂带两侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试表明,断裂带北侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在5.6~11.7Ma之间,属中新世晚期;断裂带南侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄明显较小,6个样品中有5个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在4.0~5.9Ma之间,属上新世早期.嘉黎断裂带北侧5.6~11.7Ma期间的隆升速率为0.07~0.09mm/a.5.8Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.50mm/a,平均隆升速率1.33mm/a.断裂带南侧4.7Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.62mm/a,平均隆升速率1.68mm/a.两侧样品都反映上新世以来有较强烈的隆升作用,并且南侧比北侧隆升作用更强烈.     

Late Quaternary activity and dextral strike-slip movement on the Karakax Fault Zone, northwest Tibet

Field observations and interpretations of satellite images reveal that the westernmost segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault (called Karakax Fault Zone) striking WNW located in the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has distinctive geomorphic and tectonic features indicative of right-lateral strike-slip fault in the Late Quaternary. South-flowing gullies and N–S-trending ridges are systematically deflected and offset by up to ~ 1250 m, and Late Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial fans and small gullies that incise south-sloping fans record dextral offset up to ~ 150 m along the fault zone. Fault scarps developed on alluvial fans vary in height from 1 to 24 m. Riedel composite fabrics of foliated cataclastic rocks including cataclasite and fault gouge developed in the shear zone indicate a principal right-lateral shear sense with a thrust component. Based on offset Late Quaternary alluvial fans, ¹⁴C ages and composite fabrics of cataclastic fault rocks, it is inferred that the average right-lateral strike-slip rate along the Karakax Fault Zone is ~ 9 mm/a in the Late Quaternary, with a vertical component of ~ 2 mm/a, and that a M 7.5 morphogenic earthquake occurred along this fault in 1902. We suggest that right-lateral slip in the Late Quaternary along the WNW-trending Karakax Fault Zone is caused by escape tectonics that accommodate north–south shortening of the western Tibetan Plateau due to ongoing northward penetration of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate.     

Multiple Uplift and Exhumation of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from Low-Temperature Thermochronology

Since the Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau has experienced large-scale uplift and outgrowth due to the India–Asia collision. However, the mechanism and timing of these tectonic processes still remain debated. Here, using apatite fission track dating and inverse thermal modeling, we explore the mechanism of different phases of rapid cooling for different batholiths and intrusions in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In contrast to previous views, we find that the coeval granitic batholith exposed in the same tectonic zone experienced differential fast uplift in different sites, indicating that the present Tibetan Plateau was the result of differential uplift rather than the entire lithosphere uplift related to lithospheric collapse during Cenozoic times. In addition, we also suggest that the 5–2 Ma mantle-related magmatism should be regarded as the critical trigger for the widely coeval cooling event in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, because it led to the increase in atmospheric CO2 level and a hotter upper crust than before, which are efficient for suddenly fast rock weathering and erosion. Finally, we propose that the current landform of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau was the combined influences of tectonic and climate.     

Fission Track Thermochronology Evidence for the Cretaceous and Paleogene Tectonic Event of Nyainrong Microcontinent, Tibet

Fission track dating was applied to analyze the 20 samples from Nyainrong microcontinent, and we obtained 20 apatite and 15 zircon fission track ages. The results show single population grain ages with a single mean age and associated central ages mainly ranging from 108±7Ma to 35±4Ma.Their mean track lengths are 12.2–13.9 μm with a single peak. Zircon fission track age range from 78±3 Ma to 117±4 Ma. The results represented the two tectonic uplift events in the study area, namely the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. According to thermal history modeling results, uplifting rates of two tectonic events is 0.31–0.1 mm/a and 0.07–0.04 mm/a respectively. Combined with field condition and study results, it is suggested that the Cretaceous tectonic uplift event was related to the closure ocean basin caused by Qaingtang–Lhasa collision, and the Paleogene tectonic uplift event was related to the south to thrust system caused by Indo–Asian collision.