刺参吐脏再生对胰蛋白酶活性影响的研究

本实验研究了吐脏及再生过程对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)生长、消化生理及体成分的影响。实验分两个阶段,阶段一刺参被投喂通过添加鱼粉提高蛋白水平的饲料56 d,阶段二设置4个处理组,进行转食低蛋白饲料处理(转食单处理组)、吐脏处理(吐脏单处理组)、吐脏后转食低蛋白饲料处理(吐脏转食组)或不做处理(对照组),饲养100 d,并测定刺参的特定生长率(SGR)、胰蛋白酶活性和体壁蛋白含量。结果表明:(1)吐脏处理后刺参SGR呈明显的时间变化,前28 d呈现负增长,第28～42天恢复正生长,并于第56天后出现快速补偿生长,显著高于未吐脏刺参(P0.05)。(2)高蛋白饲料更有利于刺参吐脏后的再生恢复,吐脏处理对刺参整体实验阶段的SGR无显著性影响(P=0.271),但会显著提高体壁蛋白含量(P0.05)。(3)对照组刺参酶活性随时间平稳波动;转食单处理组刺参酶活在转食低蛋白饲料后前35 d始终高于对照组且呈现波动下降,并于第49天后持续低于对照组,呈现出具有规律的蛋白酶可塑性;吐脏处理组,刺参吐脏后第28天已再生出完整的新生肠道,新生肠道前期并不具有胰蛋白酶可塑性,直至再生后第70天方观察到消化酶对饲料的适应性调节。本研究结果表明:刺参吐脏再生过程能显著影响刺参的生长及消化生理,吐脏后42 d可从生长及酶活角度认为其新生肠道已具有与未吐脏肠道一样的消化能力,但吐脏后70 d方能观察到新生肠道的可塑性表现,研究结果将有助于进一步探讨刺参吐脏后肠道的修复能力,为刺参养殖提供一定的理论依据。     

转录组测序解析刺参波里氏囊腔与体腔中体腔细胞对吐脏胁迫的响应差异

刺参的体腔细胞大量存在于体腔液与水管系统内,广泛参与机体的营养输送、代谢以及免疫等多种功能.刺参吐脏时,体腔中体腔细胞近乎排尽,而后迅速恢复.波里氏囊是刺参吐脏后仅存的内脏器官,囊腔内体腔细胞在吐脏后也快速增加,表现出积极的响应.为研究探讨刺参吐脏后再生早期体腔细胞快速增加的作用与意义,本文分别对刺参吐脏后6 h与吐脏...     

花刺参幼参摄食和消化器官形态学和组织学研究

花刺参(Stichopus monotuberculatus)是中国热带海参中具有较高经济价值的可食用海参之一.本文以花刺参幼参为实验对象,主要研究其摄食器官触手的形态特征与消化器官肠道不同区段的组织结构.结果 显示,花刺参的口周围共有20个等长的触手,每个触手由柄部和楣状触手组成.檐状触手向外张开呈掌状,从掌心中央向...     

无公害刺参稳产健康养殖新技术

本文针对目前刺参养殖中存在的问题,简单明了叙述刺参无公害健康养殖一系列新技术和新方法,对推动海参养殖业持续、稳定、健康发展,起到积极作用和效果。     

海参和海胆的疾病

海参的增养殖已在我国开展起来,我国进行刺参(Stichopus japonicus)人工育苗研究始于1954年,与此同时,对刺参的生态习性及放流增殖等,也进行了试验。到70年代初,河北、山东、辽宁等省也进行了研究,并取得了较大的进展,1978年全国已有6省26个单位,进行了海参的人工育苗和增殖工作,研究对象不仅是单一的刺参,还有梅花参(Thelenota ananas)、绿刺参(Stichopus chloronotus)、糙海参(Holothuria scabra)。海参做为一种名贵的海产品,倍受广大消费者的青睐,据报道全世界有海参约1100种,我国发现有100     

热带珊瑚礁区红腹海参及绿刺参食物来源分析——脂肪酸标志法

沉积食性海参通过大量摄取沉积物在热带珊瑚礁生态系统中发挥重要的生态功能,但其食物来源组成尚不清楚。本文研究了海南三亚近岸典型珊瑚礁海域红腹海参(Holothuria edulis)及绿刺参(Stichopus chloronotus)脂肪酸组成,利用脂肪酸标志法探讨了夏季和冬季两种海参的食物来源异同。结果表明,红腹海参与绿刺参的脂肪酸组成存在显著种间和季节差异。7月份时,鞭毛藻及原生动物是绿刺参的重要食物来源,而12月份绿刺参的食物来源较为广泛,涵盖鞭毛藻及原生动物、异养细菌褐藻和红藻等。红腹海参7月份的主要食物来源包括褐藻和红藻等,12月份异养细菌和绿藻在红腹海参的食物组成中比例相对较高。研究结果可为揭示红腹海参及绿刺参摄食活动的生态功能提供数据支持。     

雅浦海沟海参(Synallactidae)肠道微生物多样性及系统进化分析

为研究超深渊海参肠道微生物多样性,了解其所在沉积环境的物质循环特征,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,对雅浦海沟海参肠道微生物16S rDNA的V3-V4和V4-V5可变区基因序列进行了扩增,并与近岸养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道微生物的多样性和组成进行比较。实验结果显示,与养殖刺参比雅浦海沟海参肠道细菌的多样性(辛普森指数和Chao1指数)和丰富度(ACE指数和香农指数)均较低;雅浦海沟海参肠道细菌主要包括γ-变形菌(Gammaproteobacteria,34.1%)、α-变形菌(Alphaproteobacteria,16.0%)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,24.0%),古菌主要由奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota,98.8%)组成;雅浦海沟海参肠道中,化能自养的氨氧化古菌亚硝化侏儒菌属(Nitrosopumilus)相对丰度达95.6%,甲基营养的硝酸盐还原菌(Methylotenera)相对丰度为10.6%;而养殖海参肠道中硫酸盐还原菌(28.1%)和硫氧化菌硫卵形菌属(Sulfurovum,13.7%)的相对丰度较高。16S rDNA基因序列的系统进化分析结果表明,亚硝化侏儒菌与超深渊沉积环境中奇古菌门亲缘关系最近,且遵循氨氧化古菌从陆地到深海进化的理论;雅浦海沟海参和养殖海参的肠道微生物组成差异可能反映了超深渊和近海沉积环境中氮循环、硫循环特征。本研究可以为揭示超深渊物质循环和能量流动及生命演化提供参考。     

墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参的化学成分和降血脂作用比较

比较研究了墨西哥海参(Holothuria mexicana)、菲律宾刺参(Pearsonothuria graeffei)的化学成分和对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂水平和抗氧化能力的影响。实验结果表明,墨西哥海参的Arg/Lys比值和降血脂氨基酸(Gly,Arg)含量明显高于菲律宾刺参,而菲律宾刺参的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯含量高于墨西哥海参。墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参均能明显降低模型大鼠血清TC,LDL-C含量和动脉粥样硬化指数(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高HDL-C和NO(P<0.05,P<0.01)含量;显著降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高血清SOD和GSH-PX(P<0.05,P<0.01)活性。其中,墨西哥海参对动脉粥样硬化指数的降低作用显著优于菲律宾刺参。提示了墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参能有效预防高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化的形成,可能与蛋白质的氨基酸组成有关。     

刺参的人工育苗和养殖

刺参(Stichopus japonicus Selenka)属棘皮动物门，海参纲。海参纲中仅少数种可食用，其中,刺参是食用种中最佳的一种。我国河北、辽宁、山东、江苏等省沿海均有分布,但自然资源数量较少,产量较低,远不能满足人民生活的需要。因此,人们对刺参的人工育苗和养殖生产十分重视。 1953年以来,中国科学院海洋研究所和河北省海洋水产试验场曾成功地进行过刺参的人工育苗和养殖的研究工作。近年来,特別是无产阶级文化大革命运动后,在毛主席革命路线的指引下,群众性的科学实验活动蓬勃兴起,刺参的人工育苗和养殖试验取得了很大进展。 我们三结合试验小组就是在这大好形势下成立的,实验点设在长岛县砣矶公社后口大队,于1972年开始工作。四年来,试验逐步深入、扩大,基本上掌握了刺参人工育苗技术和幼参培养方法。人工孵化的幼参,经两周年在池内的试养,性已成熟,并于1975年诱导产卵成功,育出稚参;同时,在产卵后于10月中旬进行了加工干品试验,以摸索养殖生产的经济价值。     

中国15种海参的分子系统发育和骨片演化的分析

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,对我国15种海参的分子系统发育进行了分析.结果表明,片段长度约为570bp,A+T的平均含量为54.7％.15种海参的遗传距离在0.041（花刺参与糙剌参）至0.327(红腹海参与花刺参)之间,不同海参种类间的遗传距离差别很大.NJ和MP聚类分析方法一致,符合传统的形态学分类结果...     

白刺参，浅青刺参，深青刺参和紫刺参色素组成及黑色素含量的比较分析

Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka), is a commercially important marine species in China. Among the differently colored varieties sold in China, white and purple sea cucumbers have the greatest appeal to consumers. Identification of the pigments that may contribute to the formation of different color morphs of sea cucumbers will provide a scientific basis for improving the cultivability of desirable color morphs. In this study,sea cucumbers were divided into four categories according to their body color: white, light green, dark green, and purple. The pigment composition and contents in the four groups were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The results show that the pigment contents differed significantly among the white, lightgreen, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers, and there were fewer types of pigments in white sea cucumber than in the other color morphs. The only pigments detected in white sea cucumbers were guanine and pteroic acid.Guanine and pteroic acid are structural colors, and they were also detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. Every pigment detected, except for pteroic acid, was present at a higher concentration in purple morphs than in the other color morphs. The biological color pigments melanin, astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lutein were detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. While progesterone and lycopene,which are also biological color pigments, were not detected in any of the color morphs. Melanin was the major pigment contributing to body color, and its concentration increased with deepening color of the sea cucumber body. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that white sea cucumbers had the fewest epidermal melanocytes in the body wall, and their melanocytes contained fewer melanosomes as well as non-pigmented pre-melanosomes. Sea cucumbers with deeper body colors contained more melanin granules. In the body wall of dark-green and purple sea cucumbers, melanin granules were secreted out of the cell. The results of this study provide evidence for the main factors responsible for differences in coloration among white, light-green, darkgreen, and purple sea cucumbers, and also provide the foundation for further research on the formation of body color in sea cucumber, A. japonicus.     

pH胁迫对不同规格刺参生长及免疫酶活性的影响

以大、中、小3种不同规格的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为对象,在pH为7.3、7.5、8.2、8.7、8.9不同环境中养殖30d,观测刺参行为、生长及溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:当pH为7.5、8.7时, 3种不同规格刺参均能正常活动、摄食、生长,未表现出异常状况;若超出此范围,刺参出现粪便细短、残饵增多、摄食量减少等现象,尤其在pH 8.9时,中规格刺参有明显棘刺收缩的现象,小规格刺参不同程度地出现身体收缩、棘刺平滑状态,而大规格刺参无明显表观不适现象。不同pH对3种规格刺参的特定生长率(SGR)有显著影响,随着pH升高或者降低,刺参SGR均逐渐下降,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),规格越小刺参受到抑制作用越大;刺参LZM、SOD、CAT活性随pH胁迫时间的延长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在第10天时达到最高,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),至30 d胁迫结束时,在pH 7.3、8.9条件下,刺参免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),而pH为7.5、8.7时,刺参免疫酶活性与对照差异不显著; pH胁迫对不同规格刺参非特异性免疫酶活性的影响存在差异,在相同胁迫条件下,酶活性依次为大规格中规格小规格,当pH7.3、8.9时,小中大规格分别在胁迫20 d、25 d、25 d后免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明, pH胁迫会对刺参生长及免疫产生明显的影响,在刺参养殖过程中, pH属关键的理化因子之一,应密切关注其变化。     

Socio-economic features of sea cucumber fisheries in southern coast of Kenya

A socio-economic assessment was conducted at Vanga, Shimoni, Majoreni and Gazi villages in the Kenyan south coast with focus on the sea cucumber fishing patterns, the social and economic characteristics of the fisher communities, the contribution of sea cucumbers to the local livelihoods, and analysis of the management systems. The results indicate that sea cucumber fishers are mainly men. Fishing is done in sub-tidal areas (3–10 m deep) and inter-tidal areas depending on the species being targeted. Those who fish in the sub-tidal areas do skin diving without using SCUBA diving gear. Sea cucumber fishing is heavily done during the northeast monsoon season when the sea is calm and water is clear. About 32% of the sea cucumber fishers also collect other marine products such as octopus. The sea cucumbers are sold fresh from the sea to local first level middlemen who process and sell them to the second level middlemen and exporters in Mombasa. The fishers occasionally borrow money from first level middlemen especially when they fail to catch sea cucumbers but this in turn creates conditions of dependence and possible exploitation. Almost all sea cucumber fishers have stated that they are not willing to make sea cucumbers part of their daily diet. The economic value of the product was substantial; the average monthly revenue for dry sea cucumbers in the area was estimated to US$ 8000. The relative highest profits are derived from juvenile species, thus there is an economic incentive hindering local stocks to reach sexual maturity, which in turn may create a situation in which recruitment success is highly dependent on faraway populations. The present management system falls into general fisheries regulations and was found weak. No specific management plan for sea cucumbers was found.     

栖息地分布与种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响

为探究刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)种内竞争与栖息地对其群体分布的影响,作者通过缩时摄像机拍摄及视频分析,研究了刺参集群分布特征,结果发现:刺参在礁石栖息地的栖息时间显著高于在缸壁处的栖息时间(P 0.05),刺参对栖息地有明显偏好性;刺参在运动时并未聚集在同一栖息地,而离散分布在多处栖息地中(P 0.05);当密度增大到15头/缸(11.31头/m~2, d=1.3 m)时,刺参在栖息地内的平均聚集率和平均聚集时间比例会显著下降(P 0.05),种内竞争加剧,刺参多呈斑块状分布,在密度过高时种内竞争压力上升,刺参个体间选择分散以减少竞争。本研究查明了实验室条件下栖息地分布和种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响,可为野外刺参增养殖与资源持续利用提供理论参考。     

High-throughput sequencing of 16S r RNA amplicons characterizes gut microbiota shift of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus feeding with three antibiotics

Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important marine economic species in Asian countries due to its profound nutritional and medicinal value. So far, with the rapid development of intensifi ed artifi cial aquaculture of sea cucumbers, the use of antibiotics is still an inexpensive and dispensable way to treat pathogenic infections, especially during the nursery phase. However, there is little information on the eff ects of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota of sea cucumber. Therefore an Illumina based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition of juvenile A . japonicas following diets with three typical antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, and norfl oxacin) under 15, 30, and 45 d. The fi ndings reveal that diff erent antibiotics have distinct eff ects on the growth performance of juvenile sea cucumbers. However, the richness and diversity of microbiota were barely aff ected by antibiotics but the community composition alterations indicated that the three antibiotics exhibited their respective patterns of reshaping the intestinal bacteria of juvenile sea cucumbers. In common, the abundance of some sensitive genera with helpful functions, such as Thalassotalea , Shewanella , Sulfi tobacter , and Halomonas decreased signifi cantly with exposure to antibiotics and the abundance of multiple potential pathogenic- and suspected antibiotic-resistant microorganisms like Arcobacter , Leucothrix , and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was found increased signifi cantly in the antibiotic groups. These results suggest that low doses of antibiotics could aff ect the composition of the intestinal microbiota of sea cucumbers and might increase the risk of infection of the hosts. This study could help us to explore how antibacterial compounds modify the gut microbiota of sea cucumbers and provide theoretical guidance in hatchery management by scientifi c antibiotic use in sea cucumber mariculture.     

夏季养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)大面积死亡的原因分析与应对措施

夏季刺参大面积死亡正逐渐呈现常态化趋势,不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,同时使刺参资源严重衰退,制约了刺参产业的良性发展,其原因亟待揭示。本文从高温、低氧、低盐、硫化物、氨氮及藻类腐烂等环境因素,以及种质因素、病原因素、人为因素共四方面阐述了夏季刺参大面积死亡的原因,提出"建设工程化"、"养殖机械化"、"监测自动化"及"管理智能化"的应对理念,进而通过培育抗逆良种、调查关键指标并建立风险预警体系、构建综合养殖系统、完善应急处置方案、提高现代养殖技术等应对措施,综合应对夏季极端天气的威胁,为保证刺参健康度夏提供科学参考。     

The money side of livelihoods: Economics of an unregulated small-scale Indonesian sea cucumber fishery in the Timor Sea

Fishers from several ethnic groups on islands in eastern Indonesia seasonally fish for sea cucumbers at Scott Reef in Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Timor Sea. Despite evidence suggesting that sea cucumbers are severely over-exploited fishers continue to voyage to the reef. How the traditional fishery operates under this condition and more broadly what economic drivers cause fishers to make the long and arduous voyage is vital to understanding this small-scale fishery and developing appropriate strategies for management. This study is the first to investigate these dynamic livelihood aspects using semi-structured interviews and fishers’ voluntarily recorded data on their catches, costs of fishing and the sales of those catches and income received over a six year period. The study demonstrated that costs, borrowings, and revenues differed between crews, leading to widely varying profits. Nevertheless, every crew that recorded the sale of their catches made a profit. Rapidly appreciating prices for their sea cucumber harvest, predominantly comprising low value species, was critical to maintaining the fishery's profitability. The income earned by some crews and boat owners were far greater than those potentially available to them through other livelihood strategies such as agriculture, coastal fisheries or trade opportunities. This study also suggests the depletion of high value sea cucumber species is ongoing. This Indonesian sea cucumber fishery at Scott Reef illustrates the linkages between stock sustainability, fishers’ livelihood outcomes, and the burgeoning Asian demand for sea cucumbers and the findings can inform the current management discourse on this small-scale transboundary fishery.     

Feasibility of co-culture of the Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) with the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in northern New Zealand

The Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) has attracted commercial attention for aquaculture development, partly due to its potential for co-culture with shellfish and finfish species. However, minimal attention has been given to the possibility of co-culturing this species with oysters. In this study we evaluated the growth of juvenile sea cucumbers (36.7 ± 0.9 g, wet weight) caged underneath Pacific oyster farms in northern New Zealand. Co-culture started at the end of the summer, and after 304 days the juveniles had doubled in size (79.8 ± 3.3 g, wet weight), but their subsequent growth appeared to be constrained by overstocking of the cages and summer water temperatures, reaching a carrying capacity of 720 g m^?2. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the co-culture of juvenile sea cucumbers with Pacific oysters is feasible, if sea cucumber losses are reduced (between 33% and 52% lost in this study) and careful attention is given to stocking rates and the water temperature regimes of oyster farms in order to maintain adequate growth rates.     

刺参池塘养殖的研究

本文报道了刺参池塘养殖的研究成果。本试验在水深80cm、日换水率在3%以上、面积为3.91亩的养虾池中进行。在虾池内建造人工海参礁;往虾池投放体长5—7cm的参苗1249头和体长1cm左右的参苗2500头;不投任何饵料。经过1年半饲养,刺参有147头(约4%)长到商品规格,平均体重达179.6g,有600头平均体重达到50—120g。 本项试验的意义在于:为刺参的人工养殖开辟了新的途径,对刺参要求的环境条件提供了新的依据,同时为生物净化养虾池创出了新路,具有重要的理论意义和经济价值。     

Assessment of Holothuria arguinensis feeding rate,growth and absorption efficiency under aquaculture conditions

Holothuria arguinensis is a potential species for sea cucumber aquaculture in Europe. In a first experiment, feeding rate (FR), growth, absorption efficiency (AE) and survival of adults (135.01?±?10.87?g eviscerated weight) were assessed under sediment tank conditions. In a second experiment, the feasibility to use sea bream (Sparus aurata) biodeposits as a food source was studied for adults (168.69?±?14.59?g eviscerated weight). Individuals in the first experiment showed an increase of weight (specific growth rate (SGR)?=?0.2% d^?1), positive FRs and mean value of AE close to 80% with a mean organic matter content of 90.07?±?11.5?mg/g in the offered sediment. Sea cucumbers fed with fish biodeposits showed a reduction of weight (SGR??1), low FRs and negative values of AE. The influence of low salinity and temperature during experiments should be considered to explain these results. Indeed, sea cucumbers can be affected by a decrease of these parameters during winter months resulting in a period of inactivity.