首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Atmospheric N2O concentration was observed in the Pacific for the period 1991–2006, using commercial container ships sailing between Japan and North America and between Japan and Australia or New Zealand. The N2O concentration showed a secular increase and interannual variations at all sampling locations, but a seasonal cycle was detectable only at northern high latitudes. The annual mean N2O concentration showed little longitudinal variations (within ± 0.3 ppb) in the northern Pacific, but showed a clear north-south gradient of about 0.8 ppb, with higher values in the Northern Hemisphere. The annual mean N2O was also characterized by especially high values at 30°N due to strong local N2O emissions and by a steep latitudinal decrease from the equator to 20°S due to the suppression of interhemispheric exchange of air by the South Pacific Convergence Zone. The N2O growth rate showed an interannual variation with a period of about 3 yr (high-values in 1999 and 2000), with a delayed eastward and poleward phase propagation in the northern and western Pacific, respectively. The interannual variations of the N2O growth rate and soil water showed a good correlation, suggesting that the N2O emission from soils have an important causative role in the atmospheric N2O variation.  相似文献   

2.
利用全国垃圾填埋场的点源数据,基于实际调研和实验室分析建立中国不同区域、不同规模、不同填埋时间的排放因子矩阵,采用IPCC推荐的一级降解动力学(FOD)方法自下而上地核算了中国2107个垃圾填埋场在2007年的甲烷(CH4)排放量。针对不同区域和类型的填埋场,分别就城市垃圾组分、可降解有机碳、CH4修正因子、CH4氧化系数、填埋场CH4收集率等进行了深入研究。结果显示,中国2007年填埋场CH4排放量为118.61万t,与《中华人民共和国气候变化第二次国家信息通报》2005年填埋场排放量(220万t)差异较大,其主要原因是城市垃圾填埋场统计数据的差异,例如填埋场个数及垃圾填埋量。中国绝大部分填埋场CH4年排放量在700 t以下,超过1000 t的有279个,超过1万t的仅10个。江苏省的CH4排放量最高,达到9.87万t;西藏的排放量最小,仅为0.21万t。东部江苏、广东、浙江等省的整体排放量较高,西部地区西藏、宁夏、青海等地的排放水平较低。  相似文献   

3.
污水处理厂运行过程中大量释放甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O),是重要的人为温室气体排放源.基于2005—2015年统计资料和IPCC核算方法,估算了2005—2015年中国生活污水处理厂CH4和N2O排放,分析了其排放特征和影响因素;依据碳中和愿景设定3种减排情景(低减排、中减排和高减排),并预估了2020—2050...  相似文献   

4.
Methane fluxes from municipal solid waste landfills in Surgut and Khanty-Mansiysk are assessed in August 2015 by the inverse modeling method. It is revealed that the methane flux values vary from 0.3 to 5.8 g CH4/(m2 hour). The highest value of the methane flux is typical of a landfill that is currently used for the waste disposal and is not covered with the soil layer, whereas the lowest value was obtained for a closed small-capacity landfill covered with soil and vegetation.  相似文献   

5.
Global warming simulations are performed with a coupled climate model of reduced complexity to investigate global warming–marine carbon cycle feedbacks. The model is forced by emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse agents from scenarios recently developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and by CO2 stabilization profiles. The uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean is reduced between 7 to 10% by year 2100 compared to simulations without global warming. The reduction is of similar size in the Southern Ocean and in low‐latitude regions (32.5°S‐32.5°N) until 2100, whereas low‐latitude regions dominate on longer time scales. In the North Atlantic the CO2 uptake is enhanced, unless the Atlantic thermohaline circulation completely collapses. At high latitudes, biologically mediated changes enhance ocean CO2 uptake, whereas in low‐latitude regions the situation is reversed. Different implementations of the marine biosphere yield a range of 5 to 16% for the total reduction in oceanic CO2 uptake until year 2100. Modeled oceanic O2 inventories are significantly reduced in global warming simulations. This suggests that the terrestrial carbon sink deduced from atmospheric O2/N2 observations is potentially overestimated if the oceanic loss of O2 to the atmosphere is not considered.  相似文献   

6.
垃圾填埋场甲烷排放是全球人为温室气体排放的重要来源,对于整个大气中温室气体增加引起的气候效应的影响不容忽视,是世界各国现代化进程中迫切需要解决的一个严重的社会公害问题.文章从填埋场甲烷产生的相关因素、垃圾处理现状和填埋场甲烷减排技术等方面对国内外研究现状做了总结.甲烷的产生受填埋场中的垃圾特性、含水率、温度、pH值、填埋时间、渗滤液含量和其他因素影响.当前的填埋场减排技术包括原位减排、资源化利用和末端控制等,填埋场可以从多方面共同作用实现减排目标.  相似文献   

7.
Anthropogenic sources of methane emissions are thought to be nearly twice as high as emissions from natural sources. As the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, methane ought to be addressed by policy makers when they consider reductions of national greenhouse-gas inventories. This article first comprehensively reviews source and sink estimates of methane by natural and anthropogenic sectors (wetlands, wet-paddy rice farming, livestock farming, biomass burning, landfills, coal mining, and venting of natural gas or natural-gas pipeline leaks), then proceeds to suggest where different mitigation strategies might be applied. The final section considers how the scenario of a warmer planet may affect the methane biogeochemical cycle.  相似文献   

8.
The hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide (H2/CO) emission ratio of anthropogenic combustion sources was determined from more than two years of quasi-continuous atmospheric observations in Heidelberg (49°24' N, 8°42' E), located in the polluted Rhein-Neckar region. Evaluating concurrent mixing ratio changes of H2 and CO during morning rush hours yielded mean molar H2/CO ratios of 0.40 ± 0.06, while respective results inferred from synoptic pollution events gave a mean value of 0.31 ± 0.05 mole H2/mole CO. After correction for the influence of the H2 soil sink on the measured ratios, mean values of 0.46 ± 0.07 resp. 0.48 ± 0.07 mole H2/mole CO were obtained, which are in excellent agreement with direct source studies of traffic emissions in the Heidelberg/Mannheim region (0.448 ± 0.003 mole H2/mole CO). Including results from other European studies, our best estimate of the mean H2/CO emission ratio from anthropogenic combustion sources (mainly traffic) ranges from 0.45 to 0.48 mole H2/mole CO, which is about 20% smaller than the value of 0.59 mole H2/mole CO which is frequently used as the basis to calculate global H2 emissions from anthropogenic combustion sources.  相似文献   

9.
The impact of land use on the global carbon cycle and climate is assessed. The Bern carbon cycle-climate model was used with land use maps from HYDE3.0 for 1700 to 2000 A.D. and from post-SRES scenarios for this century. Cropland and pasture expansion each cause about half of the simulated net carbon emissions of 188 Gt C over the industrial period and 1.1 Gt C yr−1 in the 1990s, implying a residual terrestrial sink of 113 Gt C and of 1.8 Gt C yr−1, respectively. Direct CO2 emissions due to land conversion as simulated in book-keeping models dominate carbon fluxes due to land use in the past. They are, however, mitigated by 25% through the feedback of increased atmospheric CO2 stimulating uptake. CO2 stimulated sinks are largely lost when natural lands are converted. Past land use change has eliminated potential future carbon sinks equivalent to emissions of 80–150 Gt C over this century. They represent a commitment of past land use change, which accounts for 70% of the future land use flux in the scenarios considered. Pre-industrial land use emissions are estimated to 45 Gt C at most, implying a maximum change in Holocene atmospheric CO2 of 3 ppm. This is not compatible with the hypothesis that early anthropogenic CO2 emissions prevented a new glacial period.  相似文献   

10.
旱作农田是N2O的主要排放源,削减其N2O排放有助于整体降低农田温室气体排放。运用整合分析(Meta-analysis)的方法,研究了不同农业管理措施对中国小麦和玉米农田N2O排放的影响,并估算了各减排措施的减排潜力。结果表明:添加抑制剂可显著减少小麦和玉米农田N2O排放36%~46%,并增加作物产量;施氮量减少30%以内,可削减N2O排放10%~18%,且对产量无明显影响;施用缓(控)释肥和秸秆还田能显著减少小麦田N2O排放,但对玉米田的减排效果并不显著。在不同的减排措施下,中国小麦和玉米农田N2O减排潜力分别为9.29~13.90 Gg N2O-N/生长季和10.53~23.19 Gg N2O-N/生长季。河南、山东、河北和安徽省小麦田减排潜力最大,占全国小麦田N2O减排潜力的53%;黑龙江、吉林、山东、河北和河南省玉米田减排潜力最大,约占全国玉米田N2O减排潜力的50%。  相似文献   

11.
This paper uses a refined soil gradient method to estimate soil CO2 efflux. Six different models are used to determine the relative gas diffusion coefficient (ξ). A weighted harmonic averaging is used to estimate the soil CO2 diffusion coefficient, yielding a better estimate of soil CO2 efflux. The resulting soil CO2 efflux results are then compared to the soil CO2 efflux measured with a soil chamber. Depending on the choice of ξ model used, the estimated soil CO2 efflux using the gradient method reasonably approximates the efflux obtained using the soil chamber method. In addition, the estimated soil CO2 efflux obtained by this improved method is well described by an exponential function of soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m with the temperature sensitivity ( Q 10) of 1.81 and a linear function of soil moisture at a depth of 0.12 m, in general agreement with previous findings. These results suggest that the gradient method is a practical cost-effective means to measure soil CO2 emissions. Results from the present study suggest that the gradient method can be used successfully to measure soil CO2 efflux provided that proper attention is paid to the judicious use of the proper diffusion coefficient.  相似文献   

12.
Balloon‐borne cryogenic air sampler experiments have been conducted from a tropical (Hyderabad, 17.5°N) and a midlatitude (GAP, southern France, 44°N) station since 1987 in the altitude range of about 8‐35 km. Air samples are analysed at the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy (MPAE) and Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) using various gas chromatographic techniques to obtain the vertical distributions of several halogenated source gases and long‐lived dynamical tracers. These observations are used to determine the stratospheric partitioning of the chlorine species into their organic and inorganic forms for the altitude range of 20 to 35 km. Distributions of inorganic chlorine indicate increase in their abundances with altitude, latitude and time. Mixing ratio correlations of organic and inorganic chlorine with N2O have been obtained which also suggest that the rate of increase in inorganic halogens component in the stratosphere is larger than the increase rate of total organic halogen. This supports previous assessments that halogen‐induced ozone depletion will continue to be observed for a few more years, despite the decrease of halocarbon loading into the stratosphere since 1994.  相似文献   

13.
We studied the commencement and finishing of the growing season using different air temperature indices, the surface albedo, the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the carbon dioxide (CO2) tropospheric concentration, together with eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux. We used CO2 flux data from four boreal coniferous forest sites covering a wide latitudinal range, and CO2 concentration measurements from Sammaltunturi in Pallas. The CO2 gas exchange was taken as the primary determinant for the growing season to which other methods were compared.
Indices based on the cumulative temperature sum and the variation in daily mean temperature were successfully used for approximating the start and cessation of the growing season. The beginning of snow melt was a successful predictor of the onset of the growing season. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm and the CO2 concentration were good indicators of both the commencement and cessation of the growing season. By a derivative estimation method for the CO2 concentration, we were also able to capture the larger-scale spring recovery. The trends of the CO2 concentration and temperature indices at Pallas/Sammaltunturi were studied over an 11-yr time period, and a significant tendency towards an earlier spring was observed. This tendency was not observed at the other sites.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of anthropogenic emissions from China on global burdens of ozone, sulphate, organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) aerosols is examined, using the three-dimensional chemistry transport model Oslo CTM2. Two model simulations were performed, the first with global present-day emissions and the second with the anthropogenic emissions from China set to their pre-industrial levels. The global radiative forcing for these species is then calculated. Industrial emissions from China are found to account for a 4–5% increase in the global burden of OC aerosol, the change in secondary organic aerosol being slightly less than that of primary organic aerosol. A 10% increase in the global sulphate aerosol burden is calculated, and the increase in BC is 23%. The global radiative forcing of aerosols from China was calculated to be −62, −3.7, −13 and 89 mW m−2, for sulphate, secondary organic, primary organic and BC aerosols, respectively. The increase in ozone causes a forcing of 77 mW m−2.  相似文献   

15.
Diurnal variation in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the carbon isotopic composition (Δ14C and δ13C) was measured in a forest in an urban area on 9 February 1999. The carbon isotope approach used in the present study differentiated between the quantitative contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 sources in the urban atmosphere. The anthropogenic (fossil fuel) and biogenic (soil respiration) contributions was estimated, and they ranged from 1 to 16% and from 2 to 8% of the total atmospheric CO2. The diurnal variation of the anthropogenic CO2 was the major cause of the total atmospheric CO2 variation, while the biogenic CO2 remained relatively constant throughout the day. Estimating the contribution of soil respired CO2 provided the mean residence time of soil respired CO2 within the forest atmosphere.  相似文献   

16.
中国城市固体废弃物甲烷排放研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The greenhouse effect of methane (CH4) is only inferior to that of carbon dioxide (CO2). As an important anthropogenic emission source, the calculation of the emission amount of CH4 from waste treatment in landfills plays an important role in compiling greenhouse gases inventory and in estimating the climate change effects caused by increasing of greenhouse gases. Based on the previous work, and according to the sampling and analysis on municipal solid waste (MSW) in typical cities, the degradable organic carbon (DOC) percentile was identified in typical cities in recent years. According to the IPCC greenhouse gases inventory guideline and default method of CH4 emission from MSW landfills, and in light of MSW managing situation in different regions, the amount of CH4 emission was calculated. The results show that the amount of CH4 emission decreases geographically from east to west and it increases temporally from 1994 to 2004 in China.  相似文献   

17.
We performed model studies on how anthropogenic emission changes in Southeast Asia (region between 60–150°E and 10°S–50°N) in the period 1980–2020 could contribute to changes in hydroxyl and methane lifetime on a global scale. From 1980 to 2000, we calculate small global OH and methane lifetime changes due to compensating effects by emission changes in Southeast Asia and emission changes in the rest of the world. There is no guarantee that this offset will persist in the future. Southeast Asia is going through rapid economic development and emission increases there may be a major driver for changes. The development of Asian emissions after year 2000 is under much debate and for this period we apply several emission scenarios. For most emission scenarios the simulated Southeast Asian induced changes in global hydroxyl and methane lifetime after year 2000 are moderate. However, an upper estimate assuming very high increases in NO x emissions results in substantial increases of hydroxyl and corresponding reductions in global methane lifetime. Interestingly, for the high NO x emission case our results fit very well with recent satellite observations on trends of NO2 over central eastern China.  相似文献   

18.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Reservoirs in Tropical Regions   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
This paper discusses emissions by power-dams in the tropics. Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical power-dams are produced underwater through biomass decomposition by bacteria. The gases produced in these dams are mainly nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane. A methodology was established for measuring greenhouse gases emitted by various power-dams in Brazil. Experimental measurements of gas emissions by dams were made to determine accurately their emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases through bubbles formed on the lake bottom by decomposing organic matter, as well as rising up the lake gradient by molecular diffusion.The main source of gas in power-dams reservoirs is the bacterial decomposition (aerobic and anaerobic) of autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter that basically produces CO2 and CH4. The types and modes of gas production and release in the tropics are reviewed.  相似文献   

19.
Results of research and practical experience confirm that stabilization of GHG concentrations will require a tremendous effort. One of the sectors identified as a significant source of methane (CH4) emissions are solid waste disposal sites (SWDS). Landfills are the key source of CH4 emissions in the emissions inventory of Slovakia, and the actual emission factors are estimated with a high uncertainty level. The calculation of emission uncertainty of the landfills using the more sophisticated Tier 2 Monte Carlo method is evaluated in this article. The software package that works with the probabilistic distributions and their combination was developed with this purpose in mind. The results, sensitivity analysis, and computational methodology of the CH4 emissions from SWDS are presented in this paper.  相似文献   

20.
Estimates of Asian emissions of air pollutants and carbonaceous aerosols and their mid-term projections have been changing significantly in the last years. The remote sensing community has shown that increase in NO x in Central East Asia is much stronger than any of the emission inventories or projections indicated so far. A number of studies reviewing older estimates appeared. Here, we review the key contributions and compare them to the most recent results of the GAINS model application for Asia and to the SRES projections used in the IPPC work. The recent projections indicate that the growth of emissions of SO2 in Asia should slow down significantly towards 2010 or even stabilize at the current level. For NO x , however, further growth is projected although it will be most likely slower that in the last decade, owing to introduction of measures in transport. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon and organic carbon) are expected to decline after 2010, largely due to reduced use of biofuels in residential sector and efficiency improvements. The estimates of these emissions are burdened with significantly larger uncertainties than SO2 and NO x ; even for the year 2000 the differences in estimates between studies are up to a factor of 2.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号