Crystal size distribution (CSD) in rocks and the kinetics and dynamics of crystallization

Crystal-size in crystalline rocks is a fundamental measure of growth rate and age. And if nucleation spawns crystals over a span of time, a broad range of crystal sizes is possible during crystallization. A population balance based on the number density of crystals of each size generally predicts a log-linear distribution with increasing size. The negative slope of such a distribution is a measure of the product of overall population growth rate and mean age and the zero size intercept is nucleation density. Crystal size distributions (CSDs) observed for many lavas are smooth and regular, if not actually linear, when so plotted and can be interpreted using the theory of CSDs developed in chemical engineering by Randolph and Larson (1971). Nucleation density, nucleation and growth rates, and orders of kinetic reactions can be estimated from such data, and physical processes affecting the CSD (e.g. crystal fractionation and accumulation, mixing of populations, annealing in metamorphic and plutonic rocks, and nuclei destruction) can be gauged through analytical modeling. CSD theory provides a formalism for the macroscopic study of kinetic and physical processes affecting crystallization, within which the explicit affect of chemical and physical processes on the CSD can be analytically tested. It is a means by which petrographic information can be quantitatively linked to the kinetics of crystallization, and on these grounds CSDs furnish essential information supplemental to laboratory kinetic studies. In this three part series of papers, Part I provides the general CSD theory in a geological context, while applications to igneous and metamorphic rocks are given, respectively, in Parts II and III.     

Crystal size distribution (CSD) in rocks and the kinetics and dynamics of crystallization II: Makaopuhi lava lake

Crystal size distribution (CSD) theory has been applied to drill core samples from Makaopuhi lava lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxide size distribution spectra were measured and population densities (n)were calculated and analyzed using a steady state crystal population balance equation: n=n ⁰ exp(-L/G). Slopes on ln(n) versus crystal size (L) plots determine the parameter G, a. product of average crystal growth rate (G) and average crystal growth time (). The intercept is J/G where J is nucleation rate. Known temperature-depth distributions for the lava lake provide an estimate of effective growth time (), allowing nucleation and growth rates to be determined that are independent of any kinetic model. Plagioclase growth rates decrease with increasing crystallinity (9.9–5.4×10^–11 cm/s), as do plagioclase nucleation rates (33.9–1.6×10^–3/cm³ s). Ilmenite growth and nucleation rates also decrease with increasing crystallinity (4.9–3.4 ×10^–10 cm/s and 15–2.2×10^–3/cm³ s, respectively). Magnetite growth and nucleation rates are also estimated from the one sample collected below the magnetite liquidus (G =2.9×10^–10 cm/s, J=7.6×10^–2/cm³ s). Moments of the population density function were used to examine the change in crystallization rates with time. Preliminary results suggest that total crystal volume increases approximately linearly with time after 50% crystallization; a more complete set of samples is needed for material with <50% crystals to define the entire crystallization history. Comparisons of calculated crystallization rates with experimental data suggests that crystallization in the lava lake occurred at very small values of undercooling. This interpretation is consistent with proposed thermal models of magmatic cooling, where heat loss is balanced by latent heat production to maintain equilibrium cooling.     

Influence of damage on pore size distribution and permeability of rocks

The model proposed in this article relates permeability to porosity measurements that can easily be performed in the laboratory. The pore size distribution (PSD) curve is updated with strains and damage. The updated volumetric fractions of natural pores and cracks are introduced in the expression of permeability. Contrary to classical permeability models based on PSD integrations, the model proposed in this article accounts for possible changes in the porosity modes: one mode for undamaged samples and two modes for cracked samples. The proposed approach also accounts for varying states of damage, as opposed to classical fracture network models, in which the cracks pattern is fixed. The only material parameters that are required to describe the microstructure are the lower and upper bounds of the pores size for both natural pores and cracks. All the other PSD parameters involved in the model are related to macroscopic parameters that can easily be determined in the laboratory, such as the initial void ratio. The framework proposed in this article can be used in any damage constitutive model to determine the permeability of a brittle porous medium. Drained triaxial compression tests have been simulated. Before cracks initiation, permeability decreases while the larger natural pores are getting squeezed. After the occurrence of damage, permeability grows due to the increase of cracks density. The model performs well to represent the influence of the confining pressure on damage evolution and permeability variations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

定量化火成岩结构分析与岩浆固结的动力学过程

定量化火成岩结构分析将传统的定性或半定量化的岩相学研究提高到了与岩石地球化学分析相比拟的定量化程度,实现了诸如晶体粒度分布、晶体空间分布、晶体定向程度分析和二面角测量等方面的定量化研究。集中介绍了以上4种国际上应用广泛的定量化火成岩结构分析方法,包括各种研究方法的基本理论公式、岩浆动力学意义和实现方式。详细介绍了定量化火成岩结构分析中处于核心地位的晶体粒度分布理论,概括了二维岩石薄片法、三维连续剖面法和X射线层析技术,在定量化火成岩结构分析中的应用原理和现状。对晶体粒度分布分析中数据的封闭性和有效性检验进行了简要论述。综合阐述了晶体成核生长,晶体的聚集、分离和分解,岩浆混合,压滤、压熔和岩浆流动,结构的调整和平衡等一些基本的岩浆动力学过程中晶体粒度分布特征的表现。结合一些已发表的晶体粒度分布和晶体空间分布数据,简要概括了重要的基本定量化火成岩结构参数所表达的封闭和开放岩浆体系的特征,以及参数间协变关系所反映的岩浆固结动力学过程。最后给出了二维岩石光薄片分析法的基本流程和注意事项,认为今后定量化火成岩结构分析和地球化学分析结合在一起的综合方法,将成为研究成岩成矿动力学过程的重要手段,也将会逐步扩展到岩浆相关矿床中成岩成矿机制分析和成矿预测的方向。     

Trace element distribution within olivine-bearing gabbros from the Northern Apennine ophiolites (Italy): evidence for post-cumulus crystallization in MOR-type gabbroic rocks

The trace element distribution in three selected olivine-bearing gabbros from the Northern Apennine ophiolites has been determined. These rocks consist of euhedral plagioclase and olivine, and subhedral to poikilitic clinopyroxene. Fe-Ti-oxides, titanian pargasite, orthopyroxene and apatite occur as interstitial accessory minerals. Plagioclase, clinopyroxene and accessory minerals were analysed for rare earth (REE) and selected trace elements by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Both plagioclase and clinopyroxene are compositionally zoned. The plagioclase rims have slightly lower anorthite component and higher light REE (LREE), Ba and K than the cores. Likewise, the clinopyroxene rims show a slight Mg and Cr decrease, and a marked increase in Zr, REE and Y relative to the core. The rims of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti-oxides, apatite and titanian pargasite most likely formed through post-cumulus fractional crystallization of interstitial liquid. It is argued that such interstitial liquid had an exotic component, probably related to the infiltration of highly evolved, slightly LREE enriched liquid in the cumulate pile. On the basis of mass balance calculations, we show that Fe-Ti-oxides play an important role in the Ti budget of the whole rock, as does apatite for LREE. Received: 15 January 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1998     

Crystal Size Distributions (CSD) in Three Dimensions: Insights from the 3D Reconstruction of a Highly Porphyritic Rhyolite

Growth histories and residence times of crystals in magmaticsystems can be revealed by studying crystal sizes, size distributionsand shapes. In this contribution, serial sectioning has beenemployed on a sample of porphyritic rhyolite from a Permo-Carboniferouslaccolith from the Halle Volcanic Complex, Germany, to reconstructthe distribution of felsic phenocrysts in three dimensions inorder to determine their true shapes, sizes and three-dimensionalsize distributions. A model of all three phenocryst phases (quartz,plagioclase, K-feldspar) with 217 crystals, and a larger modelcontaining 1599 K-feldspar crystals was reconstructed in threedimensions. The first model revealed a non-touching frameworkof crystals in three dimensions, suggesting that individualcrystals grew freely in the melt prior to quenching of the texture.However, crystal shapes are complex and show large variationon a Zingg diagram (intermediate over long axis plotted againstshort over intermediate axis). They often do not resemble thecrystallographic shapes expected for phenocrysts growing unhinderedfrom a melt, indicating complex growth histories. In contrast,the three-dimensional size distribution is a simple straightline with a negative slope. Stereologically corrected size distributionsfrom individual sections compare well with stereologically correctedsize distributions obtained previously from the same sample.However, crystal size distribution (CSD) data from individualsections scatter considerably. It is shown that CSDs can berobustly reproduced with a sampling size of greater than 200crystals. The kind of shape assumed in stereological correctionof CSDs, however, has a large influence on the calculation andestimation of crystal residence times. KEY WORDS: 3D reconstruction; crystal shapes; CSD; porphyritic rhyolite; quantitative petrography     

Aspects of the crystallization of quartzo-feldspathic plutonic rocks

Mineralogy and Petrology -     

Microstructural evidence of orders of crystallization in granitoid rocks

Experimental melting studies of granitoid rocks have documented variations in the order of crystallization of minerals, depending on the melt composition, total pressure, and the activity of water and other volatiles in the melt. Microstructural criteria for independent determination of the order of crystallization are needed to permit application of the experimental data to the evaluation of the conditions of crystallization. Unfortunately, few criteria can be reliably applied to infer either the order of initial crystallization on the order in which minerals cease to crystallize in granitoid rocks. Most microstructures of granitoid rocks record simultaneous rather than sequential crystallization of minerals.

Grain-size criteria (e.g., phenocrysts vs. groundmass) can be used to infer a partial order of crystallization in many volcanic rocks, but the presence of extremely large phenocrysts of K-feldspar (that from experimental data must be the last mineral to crystallize) highlights the dangers inherent in the use of grain-size criteria.

Providing it can be determined that included minerals did not form subsequently along cracks or from entrapped melt inclusions, those inclusions that are demonstrably and consistently only near the centre of large grains must have ceased to crystallize before the host mineral. Where the host mineral occurs only as rims on the early formed mineral, it is possible to infer both the order of cessation and initiation of crystallization. Common examples are provided by the rimming produced by a discontinuous reaction relationship. Most other examples of inclusion relationships could result from simultaneous crystallization.

Microstructures involving moulding and impingement relationships are unreliable, as the microstructure is produced only after the minerals have begun to crystallize in the melt or on the melt-solid interface. As most minerals continue to crystallize right to the solidus, they cease to crystallize simultaneously.

New criteria, perhaps involving detailed chemical zoning patterns, need to be developed before the orders of crystallization can be reliably determined for granitoid rocks.     

Compositional zoning in garnet and kinetics of metamorphic crystallization

The kinetics of zoned garnet porphyroblast growth is exemplified in a sample of garnet-staurolite-biotite schist from the northern Ladoga region. The diffusion-controlled porphyroblast growth was accompanied by a decrease in the kinetic coefficient during phase reactions. Even at insignificant (1–2°C) thermal overstepping, the leading role of diffusion as a factor that controls kinetics of porphyroblast growth in medium-grade metapelites is consistent with the parameters of metamorphic crystallization: T = 500–650°C, t = 1 Ma; D _A1 ^app = 10^?14 cm²/s, L = 0.2–0.6 cm, r = 1–3 mm, ΔC _Al = 1.5 × 10^?4–1.5 × 10^?3 mol/cm³.     

In situ observation of crystal growth in a basalt melt and the development of crystal size distribution in igneous rocks

The speciation of CO₂ in dacite, phonolite, basaltic andesite, and alkali silicate melt was studied by synchrotron infrared spectroscopy in diamond anvil cells to 1,000 °C and more than 200 kbar. Upon compression to 110 kbar at room temperature, a conversion of molecular CO₂ into a metastable carbonate species was observed for dacite and phonolite glass. Upon heating under high pressure, molecular CO₂ re-appeared. Infrared extinction coefficients of both carbonate and molecular CO₂ decrease with temperature. This effect can be quantitatively modeled as the result of a reduced occupancy of the vibrational ground state. In alkali silicate (NBO/t = 0.98) and basaltic andesite (NBO/t = 0.42) melt, only carbonate was detected up to the highest temperatures studied. For dacite (NBO/t = 0.09) and phonolite melts (NBO/t = 0.14), the equilibrium CO₂ + O^2? = CO₃ ^2? in the melt shifts toward CO₂ with increasing temperature, with ln K = ?4.57 (±1.68) + 5.05 (±1.44) 10³ T ^?1 for dacite melt (ΔH = ?42 kJ mol^?1) and ln K = ?6.13 (±2.41) + 7.82 (±2.41) 10³ T ^?1 for phonolite melt (ΔH = ?65 kJ mol^?1), where K is the molar ratio of carbonate over molecular CO₂ and T is temperature in Kelvin. Together with published data from annealing experiments, these results suggest that ΔS and ΔH are linear functions of NBO/t. Based on this relationship, a general model for CO₂ speciation in silicate melts is developed, with ln K = a + b/T, where T is temperature in Kelvin and a = ?2.69 ? 21.38 (NBO/t), b = 1,480 + 38,810 (NBO/t). The model shows that at temperatures around 1,500 °C, even depolymerized melts such as basalt contain appreciable amounts of molecular CO₂, and therefore, the diffusion coefficient of CO₂ is only slightly dependent on composition at such high temperatures. However, at temperatures close to 1,000 °C, the model predicts a much stronger dependence of CO₂ solubility and speciation on melt composition, in accordance with available solubility data.     

Physicochemical model for the crystallization of rocks of the calc-alkaline series

The Al-rich region of the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system was experimentally studied at pressures of 1.0–2.8 GPa and temperatures of 1300–1535°C. The slopes of the lines of the monovariant reactions An + Sp = Cpx + Cor + (Ga) and L = Cpx + Ga + Cor + Sp and the compositions of the phases involved in these reactions are determined. The results are utilized in the topological analysis of the aluminous region of the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system. On this basis, the principal structure of the phase diagram is analyzed, and a phase diagram is constructed for the junction region of the quaternary system and the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. A continuous series of the monovariant eutectic: L = Cpx + Opx + Fo + An, L = Cpx + Opx + An + Sp, L = Cpx + (Ga) + An + Sp, L = Cpx + Cor + (Ga) + An, L = An + Ga + Cpx + Ky and L = Ga + Cpx + Ky + Qz is examined within the pressure range from atmospheric to 3.0 GPa and higher. Analogous “telescoped” eutectic series are of fundamental character for interpreting the evolution of magmatic melts. A physicochemical model is suggested for the evolution of magmatic melts that produce rocks of the calc-alkaline series, with this model underlain by the fact that a change in the composition of magmatic melt at a pressure decrease should correspond to the minimum melting temperatures, i.e., to melts in the fundamental series of eutectic reactions. The comparison of our physicochemical model and rocks of the calc-alkaline series shows that the compositions of rocks of the calc-alkaline series are close to the compositions determined for the eutectic equilibria, and the mineralogical composition of xenoliths and megacrysts in volcanic and dike varieties of the rocks are similar to the subsolidus phases of the established fundamental eutectic system.     

Multistage crystallization of tonalitic enclaves in granitoid rocks (Hercynian belt,Spain): implications for magma mixing

The crystallization sequence, nucleation density and crystal index (n = nucleation density/mode) of tonalitic enclaves from different granitoids of the Hercynian orogeny indicate that they are pieces of magma partially crystallized in the interior of synplutonic bodies of basic magma, which was injected into a silicic magma chamber. A rapid cooling stage can be identified from the high nucleation density and high n-values of minerals. A final stage of slow cooling, is identified by a low nucleation density and low n-values. At this stage a residual melt crystallized in thermal equilibrium to the cooling rate of the whole magma chamber. Thermal equilibrium and convection are necessary conditions for mixing. Enclaves can be interpreted as the remaining, non-disaggregated portions of an early injected mafic magma, which in turn underwent hybridization during injection. Their presence indicates the existence of magma mixing processes and the possibility that the host granitoid was a hybrid rock.

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Zusammenfassung Die Kristallisationsabfolge, Keimdichte und der Kristallindex (n = Keimdichte/Modus) von tonalitischen Einschlüssen verschiedener Granitoide des variszischen Orogens zeigen, daß sie Teile eines Magmas sind, das teilweise im Inneren von basischen synplutonischen Magmenkörpern auskristallisierte und in eine silikatische Magmenkammer injiziert wurde. Eine Zeit schnellen Abkühlens kann an Hand der hohen Keimdichte und der niedrigen n-Werte festgestellt werden. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt kristallisierte eine Restschmelze unter thermischen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen und der Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit der ganzen Magmenkammer aus. Thermisches Gleichgewicht und Konvektion sind für das Mischen notwendig. Einschlüsse können als nichtzerfallene Reste eines früh injizierten mafischen Magmas angesehen werden, welches während der Injizierung eine Hybridisierung erfuhr. Ihre Gegenwart zeigen das Vorhandensein von Magmenmischungsvorgängen und die Möglichkeit, daß der Muttergranitoid ein Hybridgestein war, an.

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Resumen La secuencia de cristalización, densidad de nucleación e índice cristalino (n = densidad de nucleación/moda) de enclaves tonalíticos de diferentes granitoides hercínicos, indican que dichos enclaves representan fragmentas de magma parcialmente cristalizados en el interior de cuerpos simplutónicos de magma básico, que originalmente fue inyectado en una cámara magmática félsica. Se puede identificar una etapa de enfriamiento rápido a partir de los altos valores de n y alta densidad de nucleación de los minerales. Una etapa final de enfriamiento lento es detectada por una baja densidad de nucleación y bajos valores de n de determinados minerales. Un líquido residual cristalizó en esta etapa lenta en equilibrio térmico y a la misma tasa de enfriamiento que toda la cámara magmática en conjunto. Equilibrio térmico y convección son condiciones necesarias para que se produzca mezcla. Los enclaves pueden ser interpretados como porciones no hibridadas de magma que han sido homogéneamente distribuidos dentro del granitoide encajante. Su presencia indicaría la existencia de procesos de mezcla de magmas y la posibilidad de que el granitoide encajante sea una roca híbrida.

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, (n = /) , , , . . . . , , . , , , , .

     

Crystal size distribution in Jurassic Ferrar flows and sills (Victoria Land,Antarctica): evidence for processes of cooling,nucleation, and crystallisation

 Jurassic Ferrar rocks in Victoria Land (Antarctica) occur predominantly as basaltic or andesitic flows and sills. Both show characteristic petrographical and chemical variations, which can be related to in-situ differentiation processes. Such characteristics have been investigated at one flow (“Colonnade flow”) and one sill (“Thumb Point sill”) in the Prince Albert Mountains (Central Victoria Land) based on a statistical grain size analysis and the application of the crystal size distribution theory. A third magma body (“HiTi-unit”), which in previous literature was described as a flow, does not show clear similarities to either the flow or sill. Sill and flow are in-situ differentiated with accumulation of silicic residual melt in the latest cooled parts. For the flow this part is located in the lower half and for the sill in the upper third of their thickness. Thumb Point sill additionally shows an accumulation zone of olivine in the lower third. The position of the residual melt accumulation zone is an indicator for an origin as flow or sill. The HiTi-unit, by contrast, exhibits, only moderate petrographical and chemical variations. Growth and nucleation rates have been determined using, with some modifications, the CSD theory introduced by Marsh (1988). Growth rates of plagioclase for the flow vary from 10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻¹⁰ cm/s and are comparable with literature values for basaltic lava lakes on Hawaii. Nucleation rates vary from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻³ cm⁻³s⁻¹, which are generally smaller than for Hawaiian basalts. Growth and nucleation rates for the sill cover a large range from 10⁻¹³ to 10⁻¹¹ cm/s and 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ cm⁻³s⁻¹, respectively. Systematic variations of these parameters with vertical position were obtained for the sill with its extensive differentiation history. Nucleation and growth rates are dependant on the mode of cooling. Nevertheless, small but significant differences between the flow and sill exist. Growth and nucleation rates of HiTi-unit (10⁻¹² to 10⁻¹¹ cm/s and 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁵ cm⁻³s⁻¹) are intermediate between the flow and sill and thus do not allow a distinction of emplacement mode. Received: 6 December 1995 / Accepted: 3 May 1996     

Some models for the rate of crystallization of garnet in metamorphic rocks

Information on the form of the equation for the rate of crystallization of garnet in metamorphic rocks may be obtained by combining an expression for the rate of crystal growth, obtained from data on compositional zoning, with an expression for the rate of nucleation, obtained from the crystal-size distribution.Three models for the rate of crystal growth and four for the rate of nucleation are formulated, and these, in different combinations, give rise to ten models for the rate of crystallization. Considerable variation in the form of the growth and nucleation equations produces a relatively small variation in the form of the equation for the rate of crystallization. In the favoured crystallization models, the volume of garnet produced in unit volume of rock is a function of time raised to the power m, where m lies between 3.5 and 5.     

钦-杭结合带硅质岩的分布特征及其地质意义

钦州—杭州(钦-杭)结合带位于中国东南部地区,跨越浙江、江西、湖南、广东和广西5省(区)。大致以南岭为界,该带可划分为北、中、南三段。中段与南岭带重合,大致分布在北纬24°~27°范围,以北为北段,包括江西、浙江及安徽南部,以南为南段,包括粤西桂东南地区。钦-杭结合带跨带内沉积硅质岩广泛发育,地质和地球化学证据展示它们主要为热水成因。硅质岩相关的热水活动分布偏向于靠近结合带的两侧。钦-杭结合带"北、中、南"三段的硅质岩时空分布存在明显差异:南段及两侧邻区大规模热水活动集中于晚古生代,中段及两侧邻区的集中于早古生代,北段及邻区的热水活动集中于元古宙。这种大规模热水活动自北向南逐渐变新的特点与钦-杭结合带分段演化具有较好的对应关系。作为热水活动地质遗迹的硅质岩,其形成与大地构造与地球动力学背景的演化有密切的关系,特别是与钦-杭结合带的几个拉张阶段存在较好的对应关系。富含硅质的热水活动伴随了丰富的成矿作用,热水喷流沉积型块状硫化物矿床和热水沉积型金矿在该构造带内均较为典型。     

Fractal distribution of particle size in carbonate cataclastic rocks from the core of a regional strike-slip fault zone

We present particle size data from 31 samples of carbonate cataclastic rocks collected across the 26 m thick fault core of the Mattinata Fault in the foreland of the Southern Apennines, Italy. Particle size distributions of incoherent samples were determined by a sieving-and-weighting technique. The number of weight-equivalent spherical particles by size is well fitted by a power-law function on a log–log space. Fractal dimensions (D) of particle size distributions are in the 2.091–2.932 range and cluster around the value of 2.5. High D-values pertain to gouge in shear bands reworking the bulk cataclastic rocks of the fault core. Low D-values characterise immature cataclastic breccias. Intermediate D-values are typical of the bulk fault core. Analysis of the ratio between corresponding equivalent particle numbers from differently evolved cataclastic rocks indicates that the development of particle size distributions with D>2.6–2.7 occurred by a preferential relative increase of fine particles rather than a selective decrement of coarse particles. This preferentially occurred in shear bands where intense comminution enhanced by slip localisation progressed by rolling of coarse particles whose consequent smoothing produced a large number of fine particles. Our data suggest that during the progression of cataclasis, the fragmentation mode changed from the Allègre et al.'s [Nature 297 (1982) 47] “pillar of strength” mechanism in the early evolutionary stages, to the Sammis et al.'s [Pure and Applied Geophysics 125 (1987) 777] “constrained comminution” mechanism in the subsequent stages of cataclasis. Eventually, localised shear bands developed mainly by abrasion of coarse particles.     

尼加拉瓜三座火山的火山岩岩石学、地球化学和斜长石晶体大小分布特征研究

中美洲火山弧是洋-陆俯冲带火山作用的典型代表,由科科斯板块向东俯冲到加勒比板块之下而形成。本次对尼加拉瓜境内中美洲火山弧康塞普西(Concepción)火山、马德拉斯(Maderas)火山和马萨亚(Masaya)火山采集的样品进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,分析熔岩内部的显微结构,统计熔岩内斜长石斑晶大小分布(CSD)特征,利用温压计估算岩浆房的温压条件,讨论三座火山岩浆演化过程及岩浆活动特征。结果显示三座火山岩样品显示典型的岛弧火山岩特征,岩浆来自受到科科斯板块流体交代的MORB型亏损地幔的部分熔融。康塞普西和马德拉斯火山岩全岩成分相似,范围很大,从玄武质演化到了粗安质,它们的稀土和微量元素标准化曲线相似。两火山熔岩的岩相学特征相近,在基性岩和中性岩中均含有自形的钙长石质斜长石。推测钙长石来自捕获的堆晶辉长岩,钙长石的混入导致统计的斜长石斑晶CSD曲线呈上凹形。计算它们的岩浆平衡温度和压力与岩浆SiO₂含量呈负相关,岩浆平衡温度1039~1138℃,平衡压力1.8~9.7kbar,对应岩浆深度6.6~35.4km。马萨亚火山岩样品均为玄武岩,其全岩和斑晶内的FeO含量明显比康塞普西和马德拉斯火山中的FeO含量高,未见钙长石质斜长石,其轻稀土元素含量低,Nb和Ta强烈负异常,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值略高与其他两座火山,岩浆部分熔融程度更高。

     

Kimberlites of the Daldyn-Alakit region (Yakutia): Spatial distribution of the rocks with different chemical characteristics

New petrogeochemical data on a collection of 138 samples taken from 101 kimberlite bodies of the Alakit region of Yakutia have been interpreted. It was concluded that all studied kimberlites are homogenous in geochemical composition and comparable with Group I kimberlites of South Africa. Based on cluster analysis, kimberlites of the region are subdivided into six clusters. From the first to sixth clusters, kimberlites show a decrease in carbonate material and increase in magnesian component. The spatial distribution of clusters allowed us to distinguish zoned areas with central parts consisting of kimberlites with elevated CaO, CO₂, Rb, Sr, Ba, and lowered contents of SiO₂, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, FeO, MgO, V, Cr, and Ni. From the center outward, the values of δ_Nd and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)i decrease, which indicate increasing contribution of the lithospheric source. The formation of magnesian kimberlites at the periphery was related to the intense interaction of protokimberlite melt with lithospheric mantle, which was accompanied by metasomatic reworking of mantle rocks with formation of minerals of megacryst assemblage and assimilation of mantle material. Economically viable diamondiferous kimberlites are confined to the peripheral parts of distinguished zones, i.e., to the kimberlites of 5–6 clusters.