影响高原大气热源的海温强信号及其相关大气结构

利用1951—2007年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和NOAA扩展重建海表温度ERSST.v3b数据,通过分析春季地气温差和大气热源显著性分布及变化特征,选定了东亚(以青藏高原为主)区域为研究对象,运用标准化指数计算、异常年合成,相关性比较等方法,分析并探讨了影响高原春季热源的前期冬季海温特征及时空分布关系。分析发现在冬季北太平洋海面存在着两个海温与春季高原视热源相关性较显著的区域,位于北太平洋东部海域A区及位于北太平洋西部海域B区,前者呈正相关关系,后者呈反相关关系。以3月高原热源为出发点,进一步分析了前期海温场对青藏高原视热源影响"强信号"区持续性,以印证冬季海温对春季视热源影响具有持续性的前兆性意义。通过异常年分析,揭示出对应于前期冬季海温强信号区异常年的高原大气视热源与风场垂直结构异常特征;通过前冬海温强信号区与夏季东亚相关环流型和水汽输送结构的相关矢综合分析,进一步揭示出夏季长江中下游多雨年的前冬海温强信号区域与后期夏季500hPa高度场相关型及其整层水汽输送相关矢特征。     

春季青藏高原大气热源季节内振荡特征及其维持机制

青藏高原大气热源在春季的形成,标志着高原对区域和全球天气气候热力强迫的开始.本文基于1981-2010年台站观测和JRA-55大气环流再分析资料,研究了春季青藏高原大气热源季节内尺度的时空变化特征.发现高原大气热源在春季存在显著的10～20天准双周振荡,在空间分布上表现为纬向偶极子型与单极子型异常模态之间的交替出现.其...     

春季青藏高原地区大气热源的气候特征分析

利用1948-2009年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料采用倒算法计算了青藏高原地区大气热量源汇的值,分析了春季青藏高原地区大气热源的水平和垂直气候分布特征及时空变化特征.结果表明:春季青藏高原上空,大气热量源汇的整层积分为正值,即高原上空大气为热源,但在高原上空大气高层存在局部为冷源的分布.与周边地区相比较,高原对其上空大气的加热作用在三月份最为显著.春季3、4、5月青藏高原区域大气的加热存在一个自西向东逐渐扩展的过程.春季青藏高原东部和西部为大气热源年变化较大的区域,且高原东部和西部大气热源表现出反位相分布的特征.     

青藏高原大地形对冬季东亚大气环流的影响

本文用有限区域的p—σ5层原始方程模式作数值模式,以美国国家气象中心的气候资料及姚兰昌等人计算的1979年1月东亚平均大气加热场作为初始场进行了数值模拟和试验,探讨了青藏高原大地形对冬季东亚大气环流的影响。试验结果表明:(1)冬季东亚加热场的热力作用比青藏高原大地形的动力作用要次一级。(2)冬季青藏高原大地形的动力作用,主要表现在纬向西风过高原的绕流效应和爬坡效应,它们对东亚冬季大气环流平均场的形成具有决定性的贡献。(3)冬季,在东亚地区垂直环流的分布及其强弱基本上取决于青藏高原的动力作用,最强的哈德菜环流出现在西太平洋地区,而不在高原地区。(4)冬季东亚加热场的热力作用主要表现在通过动力作用加强东亚大槽、加强高原南北两侧和日本上空的急流以及东亚地面反气旋。 在冬季,东亚地区的大形势分布主要取决于大地形的动力作用,而冷热源的热力作用则影响着系统的强度。     

夏季青藏高原500hPa高压活动期间大气加热状况与大气环流特征

由于青藏高原500hPa层出现高压系统的活动,使高原大气产生“上高下高”的气压场结构,从而东亚大气环流也发生某些相应的变化。本文统计分析了高原500hPa高压的散度与垂直速度分布、高原大气热源的演变和100hPa层涡度、纬向风以及经圈环流的变化等。结果认为,由于夏季高原500hPa高压的活动,使高原上空垂直上升运动和对流加热受到抑制,100hPa南亚高压强度减弱、位置北抬、有向西部型过渡的特征。高原北侧西风急流减弱,东风急流南支与北支合并后位于原北文东风急流位置以南,侵入高原南麓的西南季风减弱。与此同时,孟加拉湾上空上升运动有所增强,其对流加热对维持东风急流乃至南亚季风将起重要作用。     

1961—2001年青藏高原大气热源的气候特征

文中利用ECMWF逐日再分析资料,用"倒算法"计算了1961-2001年青藏高原上空热量源汇,并分析了高原上空大气热量分布的气候状况.结果表明:(1)3-9月,高原上空为热源,热源最强在6月;10-2月是热汇,热汇最强在12月.整个高原上空,全年大气热鼋状况主要表现为热源持续时间长,且热源强度较热汇要大得多.对整层热源贡献最大的因子是垂直输送项.(2)从大气加热的垂直廓线来看,热源最大值层出现的高度随季节基本没有变化,集中在600-500 hPa,但加热的强度和厚度却随季节是变化的;而热汇最大值层和强度随季节是变化的.(3)高原整层(Q1)的水平分布复杂,表现出强的区域性特征:高原热源西部变化比东部迅速,4-8月西部热源强度明显强于东部.春季,高原西部热源增强迅速,在5月出现200 W/m2中心,比东部提前1个月.7月整个高原热源开始向南减弱,西部热源至10月转为热汇,比东部又提前了1个月.(4)自1979年后,各季节高原热源变化均表现出1990年前后的气候转变信号.夏季,高原热源变率表现为南北反位相型,其他季节为高原的中部-东北部与高原东南部反位相型.     

三种再分析资料计算青藏高原大气热源的比较

选取NCEP1、NCEP2和ERA-Interim中1981—2010年共30 a的风场、温度场和地面气压场再分析资料,利用"倒算法"计算青藏高原大气热源,对三套资料的计算结果进行了多方面比较分析,并运用Morlet小波法分析了区域平均的高原热源的时间变化特征。结果显示:(1)三套资料计算的季节平均的热源在空间分布上基本一致,夏季高原大部分地区为热源,冬季除高原西北部是热源外,其余地区为冷源。其中,ERA-Interim与NCEP1的分布更为接近;(2)三套资料均表明:就30 a平均而言,青藏高原大气为显著的热源,分布上ERA-Interim与NCEP1相似,量值上NCEP的两套资料更为接近;(3)区域平均热源的月际变化十分一致,相关系数均超过99%显著性检验。NCEP的两套资料对年际变化的描述更为一致,二者相关系数为0.88,ERA-Interim与NCEP两套资料的结果略有差距,相关系数分别为0.78和0.70;(4)整体而言,ERA-Interim资料在反映高原热源方面较优,但也要注意考察该资料给出的高原南坡强热源的真实合理性。     

三江源区大气可降水量时空特征及其与降水关系

利用1979—2016年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF) ERA-Interim (1°×1°)再分析资料中的经、纬向水汽通量和大气可降水量(precipitation water vapor,PWV)数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析法、累积距平、IDW等方法,分析三江源地区PWV与水汽通量的时空分布特征、降水转化率(precipitati-on conversion efficiency,PCE)变化规律。结果表明:过去的38 a,经、纬向多年平均水汽通量分别为50. 2、196. 7 kg·m-1·s^(-1),纬向水汽通量气候倾向率比经向大。南边界为纬向主要水汽输入边界,东边界为经向主要水汽输出边界,纬向水汽输送大于经向输送。多年平均PWV为1998. 3 mm,近38 aPWV呈现微弱增加趋势,1979—1997年,PWV呈下降趋势,1998年后PWV呈增加趋势,同期降水也在增加,说明该时段三江源地区气候转湿。PWV与水汽通量的年际变化趋势和转折年相一致。三江源区多年平均PCE为24. 57%,1989年PCE最高,达32. 76%,各季节平均PCE空间分布与年平均PCE分布一致,均表现出南部、东南部高,西部、东北部低的变化特征,各季节PCE大小差异明显,春季多年平均PCE为15. 92%,夏季25. 67%,秋季21. 01%,冬季仅7. 03%。     

中国东部夏季主要降水型与高原春季热力因子间的关系

采用中国地面气象观测站2 474个站的降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用经验正交函数展开、相关分析和小波分析等方法,探讨了中国东部夏季主要降水型与春季高原大气视热源之间的可能相关特征,并初步分析了前春高原大气加热对东部夏季降水异常分布的影响机制。降水EOF分析表明,中国东部夏季降水主要分为:华南—江淮型和长江中下游型;相关和周期分析表明,300 hPa和400 hPa高原南部地区、500 hPa高原北部地区视热源与华南—江淮降水型之间相关显著,3个区域视热源均与华南降水呈负相关,且与江淮降水呈正相关;200 hPa高原偏北地区、500 hPa高原东部地区视热源与长江中下游地区降水呈负相关,而500 hPa高原西部地区视热源则与长江中下游降水呈正相关关系。以上春季高原不同高度关键区域的视热源可为预报夏季降水提供重要判据;从视热源与各个降水中心的相关特征可见,春季高原上空视热源加热场结构会影响中国东部夏季雨带南北位置的分布情况。由春至夏高原加热的"气泵"作用,使得由孟加拉湾和南海地区水汽输送经高原东部地区后,折向东输送至中国大陆东部地区。加热偏强时,水汽向北输送分量加强,雨带偏北,降水"南少北多",反之亦然。     

青藏高原地面加热场年际变化特征及其与西风急流关系研究

利用ERA-Interim地表热通量再分析资料(包含感热通量及潜热通量数据)分析了1979年3月至2009年2月青藏高原地区(下称高原)地面加热场的时空分布特征及其年际变化趋势。突出青藏高原地面加热场与西风急流的联系,分别探讨了青藏高原春季感热及潜热变化的可能影响机制。结果表明:(1)高原感热空间分布大体呈现为自西北向东南递减的特征,潜热与感热呈反相的空间格局,自西北向东南逐渐增强。(2)相比于夏、秋、冬三季,春季高原地表热通量年际变化特征较为突出,其中感热通量显著减少,潜热通量显著增加[分别为-1.83和0.79 W·m~(-2)·(10a)~(-1)],该趋势和全年平均热通量年际变化情况一致。(3)就年际变化而言,春季感热通量与潜热通量之间存在明显的负相关(相关系数为-0.69),表明可能存在某一气候因子使得春季感热减弱而使潜热增强。进一步分析发现,高原地面加热场与西风急流存在密切的联系,春季西风急流的减弱在影响高原感热强度的同时,对高原潜热也具有较大影响。其可能影响机制如下:受高原上空西风急流减弱的影响,高原地表风速减弱从而导致感热通量显著减少;春季西风急流的减弱导致印缅槽的增强,在孟加拉湾上空形成一异常气旋环流,使该地区对流增强、水汽上升异常,同时气旋中北向暖湿气流将水汽携带至高原南侧,并通过影响高原降水量改变其潜热通量。     

MAIN HEATING MODES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN JULY AND THE CORRELATION PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST ASIA*

Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the REOF analysis is applied to obtain the main spatial modes of normalized atmospheric heating source over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in July.Results show that the four leading modes are located over the northeast TP,southwest TP.Kashmir and southeast TP respectively,and the cumulative variances are no more than one third of the total.It indicates that the heating source distribution is very complicated over the TP in July.In other words.it is difficult to depict the heating spatial distribution with a few modes.By using wavelet analysis,a 2-4-year variation period is identified in these modes.Moreover,correlation coefficients between each RPC and zonal wind U, meridional wind V.zonal moisture flux Q_v,meridional moisture flux Q_v,and precipitation rate over East Asia are calculated to construct correlation fields,Results show that different heating modes over the TP correspond to different circulation,moisture flux as well as precipitation patterns,Precipitation over North China(or Kashmir) is negatively(or positively) correlated with REOF1.Similarly.notable negative(or positive) correlation can be found between the rainfall over south part of Southwest China.South China,and the Philippines(or Japan) and the REOF3. Due to high localization of diabatic heating over the TP.it is not enough to study the influence of TP thermal forcing on the climate with an area averaged heating index.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim) data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated. An objective method, which uses a combination of three parameters, i.e. the zonal shear of the meridional wind, the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind, is adopted to identify the shear line. The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL. One is over the central TP(near 90°E) and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP. Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet. There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year. The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006. July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year, respectively. The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years, which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days. In the neighboring areas of the TP, nearly56% of the MSLs lead to rainstorms, and nearly 40% of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs, indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.     

1979年6、7月份我国东部地区的大尺度涡旋水汽输送

本文计算了1979年6、7月份我国东部地区大气中的水汽涡旋输送。分析了垂直积分涡旋通量场和它的纬、经向分量场的主要特征,以及纬、经向涡旋通量在水汽总输送中的贡献。      

1998年夏季风爆发前后南海地区的水汽输送和水汽收支

利用NCEP逐日再分析资料、Micaps系统提供的气象观测资料及局地经向环流线性诊断模式，定量分析了2003年夏季东亚地区局地经向环流的演变情况。结果表明：(1)东亚地区夏季雨带的移动与局地经向环流的演变紧密联系。当淮河流域发生强降水时，在淮河流域上升和华南地区下沉的副热带季风环流圈尤为显著，该环流圈主要由潜热加热、热量垂直输送、温度平流和西风动量经向输送等物理因子所驱动；(2)潜热加热主要影响副热带季风环流上升支的强度，反映了梅雨锋对流系统的重要作用；(3)热量垂直输送、温度平流及西风动量经向输送则主要影响副热带季风环流上升支的北移，其中热量垂直输送、与强(弱)斜压槽活动有关的经向温度平流和涡动西风动量经向输送(纬向温度平流和平均西风动量经向输送)对上升支北移的作用在华南地区汛期后期(在其余夏季降水阶段)较突出。以上这些物理因子具有预报东亚地区局地经向环流演变和雨带移动的参考价值。     

亚澳季风与长江中游夏季降水的关联

分别用850 hPa风场、200hPa风场、纬向风垂直切变、经向风垂直切变为左场,长江中游夏季(6-8月)降水场为右场,进行SVD分析.结果表明:亚澳季风环流与长江中游夏季降水密切相关,主导的亚澳季风环流与长江中游夏季降水的关系,依1月、4月、7月时间先后次序大致为亚洲冬季风偏弱(强),当年北澳夏季风偏弱(强)、北澳冬...     

EFFECTS OF SPRING SOIL MOISTURE IN THE INDOCHINA PENINSULA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS: A SIMULATION STUDY FOR 1999

Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula (the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased (decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased (increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land–sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind (southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind (northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen (weaken) monsoon development. As a result, precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier (later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier (later), causing a precipitation reduction (increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase (reduction) in the Western Pacific.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTERTIME THERMAL CONTRAST OVER THE ASIAN CONTINENT AND THE CLIMATE IN CHINA

Recent studies indicated that except for the land-sea thermal contrast,there also existed the land-land thermal contrast.The composite analysis and t-test method are used to further study the local thermal contrast variation over the Asian continent,and to discuss the association of seasonal variation of land thermal state with circulation over East Asia,the early summer and summer monsoon activity,and the precipitation anomaly in China in the decadal scale.Results show that the positive meridional temperature anomaly transports downward from upper tropospheric layers in middle-high latitudes north of 25°N in the positive years.In the zonal direction,the Tibetan Plateau heating in the successive spring acts as a force to influence the atmosphere,leading to the rapid temperature warming over eastern Chinese continent,which could increase the land-sea thermal contrast with the negative SSTA.Accordingly,the monsoon activity in early summer over East Asian establishes earlier and the summer monsoon intensity becomes stronger.The early summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the Yangtze River,and the summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the north China and the southwest China.The situation is contrary in the negative years.     

A modeling study of the influence of initial soil moisture on summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon

The state-of-the-art WRF model is used to investigate the impact of the antecedent soil moisture on subsequent summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) period. The control experiment with realistic soil moisture condition can well reproduce the seasonal pattern from low- to high- atmosphere, as well as the spatial distribution of precipitation belt in East China. Compared with the control experiment, the sensitivity experiment in which the initial soil moisture is reduced generates more precipitation along the East China Sea, and less rainfall over both Central and South China. This suggests that the effect of initial soil moisture on monsoonal precipitation in East China is regionally dependent. The influence on precipitation is mostly attributed to the change in precipitation from mid July to late August. The initial soil moisture condition plays a role in changing the seasonal pattern and atmospheric circulation due to the weak heating and geopotential gradient, leading to a reduction in southeasterly flow and moisture flux from South China Sea. The changes between DRY and CTL runs result in reduced southerly wind over the ocean (south of ˜25 °N) and enhanced northerly wind over the land (north of ∼25 °N). The temperature and associated circulation changes due to drier initial soil moisture anomaly result in reduced southerly winds over East China, and therefore a weakened EASM system. The averaged moisture flux decreases significantly over Central China but increases along the East China Sea. In addition, the drier soil moisture perturbation exerts an effect on suppressing (enhancing) vertical velocity over Central China (along the East China Sea), thus leading to more (less) cloud water and rain water. Therefore, the influence of soil moisture exerts an opposite impact on surface precipitation between these two regions, with more and less accumulation rainfall in Central China and along the East China Sea, respectively.     

春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕能量变化的波谱分析和研究

本文利用1972-1982年5月初-7月底春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕高度资料计算有关能量谱、角动量输送谱和扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱,分析了大气环流由春到夏季节过渡期间能量谱变化特征及过渡前后特征差异,并揭示了它们与初夏中期主要天气过程-梅雨天气过程的关系。结果表明由春到夏季节过渡前后,对流层中层扰动动能谱和大气波能密度均有显著变化,大气波能密度值有个急剧减弱过程,经向扰动动能集中的波数由超长波向长波转移,55、45、35°N角动量输送平均辐散也有明显转折,这些是春夏二种不同流型在能量学上的基本差异点。对流层中层扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱在季节过渡前后也有显著不同:过渡前高纬强于中纬;而过渡后中纬转换明显增强,并大大超过高纬。大气环流由春到夏的季节过渡,一般由一次或二次长波急剧发展来完成。在大型环流转变上对应为一次副热带高压明显北跳加强及西风带迅速北撒减弱,在天气表现形式上江淮流域对应为梅雨这种大型天气过程的出现。      

“0801南方雪灾”水汽通量与降水关系的SVD分析

利用2008年1月10日—2月2日的NCEP/NCAR逐日风场、比湿、地面气压资料以及中国地面国际交换站194站的逐日降水资料,分析我国“0801南方雪灾”期间水汽通量场的特征,结果表明我国南方是整层水汽通量及其散度的高值区。用奇异值分解（SVD）方法,分析了水汽输送通量异常场和降水异常场之间的关系,揭示出两对统计显著且天气意义清晰的耦合模态。其中,第一对模态的方差贡献率为81.50%,相应左、右奇异向量时间系数的相关系数为0.80,主要描述源自孟加拉湾及南海的西南风水汽输送异常增强并在我国川、滇、黔交界处及粤、闽、赣一带辐合时,长江以南大部分地区多雨;第二对模态方差贡献率为8.80%,相关系数为0.64,主要描述当中国大陆东部有源自西太平洋的水汽输送异常增强并在广西-浙江沿线区域辐合时,长江中下游流域多雨,但华南三省（广西、广东和福建）少雨。