BIOGEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH OF FLUORIDE IN ANTARCTIC OCEAN Ⅰ. THE STUDY OF FLUORIDE ANOMALY IN ANTARCTIC KRILL

The aim of the study is to investigate the existing form and the partitioning pattern of fluoride in krill (Euphusia superba) by analysing the fluoride and other elements in various part of krill, primarily to approach the potential concentrating mechanism and the effect of fluoride in krill on the geochemical characteristics of fluoride in the Antarctic ecoenvironment. The results of the study show that the amount of flouride in various part of krill has a considerable difference. Most of fluoride is concentrated in the carapace, up to 4028μg/g, and the head and legs, respectively 2724μg/g and 2828μg/g. The muscle contains the least flouride with amount of 226μg/g. The amount of fluoride in whole freeze-dried krill is averagely 1232μg/g, which indicates that the functional position of fluoride in krill is mainly located at the crust. Only a few of fluoride is found in the chitin of the carapaces (200μg/g), which exhibits that fluoride in the carapaces exists mostly in the form of the nonchitious     

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH OF FLUORIDE IN ANTARCTIC OCEAN Ⅱ. THE VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND CONCENTRATION CAUSE OF FLUORIDE IN THE CUTICLE OF ANTARCTIC KRILL

The cause of the concentration of fluoride in Antaractic krill is studied by the analysis of the characteristics of fluoride change in the cuticle of the krill before and after moulting. Associated with other related information, the source and accumulating mechanism of fluoride in krill are also disscussed. Results show that as an inorganic medium the cuticle of krill has the second concentrating function and action to fluoride after moulting, which has nothing to do with the biological action of the krill. The fluoride is concentrated from seawater, which is prosecuted mainly in the form of ion exchange.     

ANOMEALY OF FLUORINE IN A SEDIMENTARY SYSTEM, WESTERN ANTARCTIC OCEAN

Fluorine content in bulk sediment and its pore water in Western Antarctic Ocean is 200～395μg/g and 1.18～1.92ug/ml respectively, far below the average reported previously in the world oceans (540 ug/g and 2.7t~g/ml, respectively). This study also shows that the distribution of fluorine in the sediments of the area is mainly controlled by the chemical composition of the material from the surrounding islands, and the element seems to be mostly incorporated in the hornblende, thus the correlation between the element and the hornblende amount in the sediments can be expressed statistically as following: F=217+ln Vh. The low concentration of fluorine in the pore water is largely due to the weak weathering process on the islands and the precipitation of the element with calcium. It can be indicated well by the lower value of anion-exchangeable (HCO_3~-) F- in the studied area, which is only about one tenth of that in Pacific Ocean and a quarter in South China sea and a half in the sea east of Zhejiang. In a     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON CHINA''S ECONOMY: A RESEARCH APPRAISAL

Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｍｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｃｏｍｍｅｎｃｅｄｉｎ1979,ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙ.Ｃｈｉｎａｈａｓｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｅｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｌａｒｇｅｓｔｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ(ＦＤＩ)ｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ,ｅｘｃｅｅｄｅｄｏｎｌｙｂｙｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓ.ＢｙｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆＭａｒｃｈ1996,ｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｆｕｎｄｅｄｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓｔｏｔａｌｌｅｄ260,000,ａｎｄｒ…     

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON CONDITIONS TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MULTI LATERAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ZONE IN TUMENJIANG

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｏｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｓｐａｃｉａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｅｄａｓｔｈｅｅｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒｍｉｘｉｎａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｒａｎｓｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｈｉｃｈｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅａｎｄｄｉｆｆｕｓｅｉｎｓｐａｃｅｂｙｗａｙｏｆ…     

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL THEORY: TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURAL GEOGRAPHY ∗

Strategic planning is a technique from the commercial world which could assist geography departments in adapting to today's more demanding administrative environments and thereby further the development of the discipline. This paper sets out the fundamentals of planning as a prelude to a generic departmental plan. Key inclusions are explained and certain problems of application are discussed, should departments adopt such an approach.     

ON ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU, CHINA

Ｗｉｔｈａｎａｒｅａｏｆ1.2ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｋｍ2,ａｎｄａｎａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆ4000ｍ,ｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔａｎＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＱｉｎｇｈａｉＴｉｂｅｔａｎＰｌａｔｅａｕ,ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅａｌｍｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ.Ｉｔｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｈｉｇｈｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓａｎｄｈｉｇｈｌａｎｄｓｗｉｔｈｍａｎｙｗｉｄｅｖａｌｌｅｙｓａｎｄｂａｓｉｎｓｓａｎｄｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇｉｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ.ＴｈｅＨ…     

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PELAGIC POLYCHAETES FROM THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS,BISCOE ISLANDS AND THEIR VICINITIES

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

LOCAL LABOR MARKETS: THEORIES AND POLICIES IN THE U.S. DURING THE 1970s∗

Local labor market policies of the federal government are critically evaluated with respect to their target efficiency and underlying theoretical assumptions. Policies of the Economic Development Administration are considered to be target inefficient compared to those of the Comprehensive Employment Training Act. Experimental mobility policies of the Department of Labor appear to be have questionable impact locally as opposed to nationally. Some local hybrid programs offer improved place and people targeting.     

A COMPARISON: PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE RECORDS OF CHINESE LESS AND ANTARCTIC ICE CORES OVER LAST 150,000 YEARS

Studies on Chinese loess and a comparison with Antarctic ice cores provided a general pattern of global environmental change and the regional differentiation over last 150,000 years. Climatic change revealed by magnetic susceptibility of Linxia loess section in China was paralled with temperature variation revealed by SD of Vostok ice core over last 150,000 years, which indicates a pattern of climatic change tendencies on a longscale (thousand years). However, the ranges of variation at the same phase, especially, during the last Interglacial age (80,000-140,000 a.B.P.) were more different between Chinese loess sections and Antarctic ice cores.     

INSPIRATION FROM STUDY OF ANTARCTIC METEORITES 1:PETROGRAPHIC AND COMPOSITIONAL EVIDENCES FOR EARLY CONTINUOUS CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION OF THE SOLAR NEBULA

Bulk concentrations of Ir, Os, Co and other siderophile elements of metal phase in chondrites increase significantly with degree of oxidation, which together with Co-content of kamacite and Fa-content of olivine, reveal a continuous variation of redox in chondrites. Intermediate groups of E/H, H/L, L/LL, and LL/C, lying between E and H, H and L, L and LL, LL and C, respectively, were proposed based on Co content in kamacite, Fa value of olivine, Fs value of low-Ca pyroxene, bulk concentrations of Ir, Os and Co of metal phase and other taxonomic parameters. The discovery of intermediate groups increases the number of chemical groups of chondrites from 9 to 13. Both variation of redox in chondrites and presence of the intermediate groups of chondrites suggest a continuous chemical fractionation in the primordial solar nebula.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 2

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 1

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

WATERSHED HETEROGENEITY AND THE RESPONSE TO 2 × CO2 CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY FROM THE UPPER DESCHUTES BASIN,OREGON

A fully allocated surface water supply in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon, intensifies concern for the watershed's response to climate change. Such concern provides the impetus for this case study of the basin under a potential doubling of atmospheric trace gas concentrations (2 × CO₂). Modeling the watershed as four sectors incorporates climate and landscape heterogeneity and defines a control climate that closely simulates adjusted gaged runoff. Monthly temperature and precipitation from a limited area model nested in a global circulation model define changes for modeling the watershed 2 × CO₂ climate. Precipitation increases are greatest in the Wickiup sector and least in the Little Deschutes sector for a 2 × CO₂ climate, but snow-water equivalent decreases substantially in all sectors. Summer water deficits are extended and magnified in all sectors and increase by 175% in the Wickiup sector. Water surplus increases range from 34% for Wickiup to 5% for Benham Falls. Average monthly runoff for the Upper Deschutes Basin increases by 7 mm or 24% in the 2 × CO₂ climate, but the greatest monthly runoff differences are for the Crescent Lake sector, where February and March runoff increase by 68% and May runoff decreases by 10%. The earlier occurrence of maximum and minimum 2 × CO₂ climate runoff of one to five months significantly alters the Upper Deschutes Basin runoff regime. [Key words: mesoscale hydroclimate model, climate change, Deschutes River Basin.]     

STANDARD ERRORS IN THE EIGENVALUES OF A CROSS-PRODUCT MATRIX:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

New expressions are derived for the standard errors in the eigenvalues of a cross-product matrix by themethod of error propagation.Cross-product matrices frequently arise in multivariate data analysis,especially in principal component analysis (PCA).The derived standard errors account for the variabilityin the data as a result of measurement noise and are therefore essentially different from the standarderrors developed in multivariate statistics.Those standard errors were derived in order to account for thefinite number of observations on a fixed number of variables,the so-called sampling error.They can beused for making inferences about the population eigenvalues.Making inferences about the populationeigenvalues is often not the purposes of PCA in physical sciences,This is particularly true if themeasurements are performed on an analytical instrument that produces two-dimensional arrays for onechemical sample:the rows and columns of such a data matrix cannot be identified with observations onvariables at all.However,PCA can still be used as a general data reduction technique,but now the effectof measurement noise on the standard errors in the eigenvalues has to be considered.The consequencesfor significance testing of the eigenvalues as well as the usefulness for error estimates for scores andloadings of PCA,multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized rank annihilation method(GRAM) are discussed.The adequacy of the derived expressions is tested by Monte Carlo simulations.