Blazar多波段有效谱指数关系研究

从相关文献中获得Fermi耀变体(blazar)的射电(R)1.4 GHz、光学(O)4.68×10~(14)Hz、X-ray(X)1 ke V和γ-ray(γ)1 Ge V辐射流量密度,计算了上述波段两两之间的6个有效谱指数α_(RO)、α_(RX)、α_(Rγ)、α_(OX)、α_(Oγ)、α_(Xγ).研究了blazar总样本及其子类FSRQ(Flat Spectral Radio Quasar),蝎虎天体(BL Lac)含高同步峰频BL Lac(HBL)和低同步峰频BL Lac(LBL)样本的任意两个有效谱指数之间的关系.结果表明:(1)除HBL样本及α_(OX)与α_(Rγ)之间关系外,两两有效谱指数之间均存在较强的相关,这种相关可用4个波段能谱分布的结构关系得到解释;(2)在有效谱指数相关的散点图中,FSRQ与LBL分布在相同的区域,但HBL与FSRQ(LBL)分布在不同的区域;(3)在不同的有效谱指数相关散点图中,HBL与FSRQ(LBL)分布的分离程度(区分度)不相同,这种区分度与决定2个有效谱指数的频率有关.     

Fermi耀变体的γ射线多波段辐射与射电辐射的关系

从Fermi 3期源表(3FGL)中选择了一个含935个耀变体(blazar)的样本,包括415个平谱射电源(Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar, FSRQ), 520个蝎虎天体(BL Lac object, BL Lac),其中高同步峰BL Lac (HBL) 233个,中同步峰BL Lac (IBL) 144个,低同步峰BL Lac (LBL) 143个.研究了总样本、FSRQ、BL Lac及其子类HBL、LBL的射电1.4 GHz与γ射线在0.1、0.3、1、3、10 GeV处辐射流量密度的关系.结果显示:所有样本的射电1.4 GHz与5个波段γ射线的辐射流量都有强相关,相关系数在0.48–0.81之间,机会概率均小于10^-4;对于不同的样本相关系数随着γ射线辐射频率的变化有不同的变化趋势,所有样本在5个波段的相关系数平均值随γ射线频率的增加而减小.该结果暗示,随着频率的升高, blazar的γ射线辐射主导机制在发生变化,在相同频率处,不同类型天体的辐射主导机制存在差异; HBL的γ射线辐射主要由同步自康普顿主导,而LBL的其他成份比HBL...     

Fermi耀变体的gamma射线多波段辐射与射电辐射的关系

从Fermi 3期源表(3FGL)中选择了一个含935个耀变体(blazar)的样本, 包括415个平谱射电源(Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar, FSRQ), 520个蝎虎天体(BL Lac object, BL Lac), 其中高同步峰BL Lac (HBL) 233个, 中同步峰BL Lac (IBL) 144个, 低同步峰BL Lac (LBL) 143个. 研究了总样本、FSRQ、BL Lac及其子类HBL、LBL的射电1.4GHz 与gamma射线在0.1、0.3、1、3、10GeV处辐射流量密度的关系. 结果显示: 所有样本的射电1.4GHz与5个波段gamma射线的辐射流量都有强相关, 相关系数在0.48--0.81之间, 机会概率均小于$10^{-4; 对于不同的样本相关系数随着gamma射线辐射频率的变化有不同的变化趋势, 所有样本在5个波段的相关系数平均值随gamma射线频率的增加而减小. 该结果暗示, 随着频率的升高, blazar的gamma射线辐射主导机制在发生变化, 在相同频率处, 不同类型天体的辐射主导机制存在差异; HBL的gamma射线辐射主要由同步自康普顿主导, 而LBL的其他成份比HBL的更复杂; FSRQ的gamma射线起源较BL Lac的复杂.     

Fermi耀变体能谱分布曲率特性研究

收集了172个Fermi耀变体多波段准同时性观测数据,同步辐射成分和逆康普顿(IC)散射成分的多波段能谱通过对数抛物线拟合.研究了Fermi耀变体能谱分布的曲率特性,主要结果如下:平谱射电类星体(FSRQ)和蝎虎座BL型天体(BL Lac)的同步峰值频率和曲率有显著的负相关,但它们的相关关系是不同的.比较观测结果和不同理论模型预测,FSRQ加速机制与分数变换加速增益模型(The model of fluctuation of fractional acceleration gain)一致,而BL Lac则与能量依赖加速概率模型(The model of energydependent acceleration probability)一致;FSRQ同步曲率的平均值大于BL Lac的平均值,暗示了BL Lac的粒子加速效率高于FSRQ的粒子加速效率.这归因于FSRQ在宽线区(BLR)的喷流较强.此外FSRQ和低能峰蝎虎座BL型天体(LBL)具有相似的能谱分布特性.这与先前的研究结果一致;对于FSRQ和BL Lac,没有发现IC峰值频率与其曲率之间存在相关性.     

费米耀变体的X射线辐射

耀变体(blazar)的X射线辐射位于同步辐射的尾部及逆康普顿辐射的前部分,因此其辐射起源较为复杂.耀变体从射电到X射线波段辐射的谱能分布(SED)可用抛物线函数近似拟合.若将该拟合所得拟合曲线近似视为耀变体的物理谱,分析费米(Fermi)耀变体的X射线辐射,则结果表明:耀变体的X射线辐射包含同步辐射和逆康普顿辐射2个成份,并可用该拟合线将X射线的同步辐射和逆康普顿辐射成份进行简单分离;源的同步峰频越高,其同步辐射成份越多,而其逆康普顿辐射成份越少;在X射线1 keV处,对于平谱射电类星体(FSRQ)、低同步峰BL Lac天体(LBL)和高同步峰BL Lac天体(HBL),其同步辐射成份占总辐射的比例分别为17%、27%和73%;同步峰频与X射线1 keV处同步辐射流量密度有强正相关,而与逆康普顿辐射流量密度无相关;在X射线波段,LBL的辐射机制与FSRQ的类似.     

BL Lac型天体的多波段光度相关性及喷流模型

本文对X射线选和射电选BL Lac型天体的射电、光学、X射线波段的单色光度进行相关性分析,发现X射线选的BL Lac天体只有射电与光学线性相关,而射电选BL Lac天体则X射线与射电、光学都相关。并在此基础上对射电选的BL Lac天体进行相对论修正后的相关性分析,得到了比修正前更好的相关性.因此,我们认为,两种选择的BL Lac型天体本质上是一样的;X射线流来自两种不同的辐射源;射电选的BL Lac型天体三波段流都有相对论提高。     

Blazar天体的辐射特性研究

收集了47个Blazar天体的短时标光变资料,估算了中心天体质量和不同波段辐射区域,并对估算结果作了统计分析,发现Blazar天体中心黑洞质量在10~7M_☉到10~(10)M_☉之间,BL Lac天体与平谱射电类星体中心黑洞质量有很大差异,平谱射电类星体中心黑洞质量大于BL Lac天体中心黑洞质量;红外波段和γ射线波段辐射区域大小相似.同时,利用收集到Blazar天体的热光度分析了Blazar天体热光度与短时标光变之间的关系,证实了射电选BL Lac(RBL)天体和平谱射电类星体(FSRQs)的辐射是强成束的,但相对论聚柬效应对X射线选BL Lac(XBL)天体的辐射影响较小.     

非均匀喷流模型及其在BL Lac天体中的应用

在非均匀锥形喷流模型中,电子数密度、磁场强度随着到喷流顶点的距离呈幂律分布.该模型能成功解释活动星系核喷流核心区域的平谱射电辐射,但已有的模型计算只适用于喷流运动方向与视线夹角很大的情况,所以需要建立适用于任何视角情况的非均匀锥形喷流辐射计算公式.普遍认为BL Lac天体中喷流的运动方向与视线夹角很小,推广后的非均匀喷流模型拟合了3个BL Lac天体的射电观测谱,确定了它们喷流中电子数密度、磁场强度等物理参数.研究结果表明观测辐射谱拐折频率确定出锥形喷流离黑洞最近距离,对于这3个BL Lac天体,它们的锥形喷流离黑洞最近距离约为Schwarzschild半径.     

γ噪Blazar天体的复合谱指数研究

收集了66个有γ射线噪的Blazar在高态下的多波段流量数据,研究了Blazar复合谱指数之间的相关性.分析了BL Lac天体和平谱射电类星体(FSRQs) 复合谱指数之间的相关性.结果表明(1)高态下Blazar的复合谱指数与αr,ir与αir,γ、αr,ir 与αo,γ、αr,o与αo,x、αr,o与αo,γ之间有强相关性,αr,x与αx,γ之间有强负相关性.(2)平谱射电类星体(FSRQs)在高态下αr,o与αo,x、αr,o与αo,γ有强相关性.(3)BL Lac天体在高态时αr,o与αo,γ之间有强相关性,αr,x与αx,γ、αir,x与αx,γ有强负相关性.(4)γ射线很可能产生于同步自康普顿(SSC)过程.     

相对论电子的物理效应及其在高能天体中的应用

本文对相对论电子的辐射性质、能谱演化和加速机制等进行了简要的介绍。同时，对相对论电子在高能天体中的辐射作用和特性进行了简要的综述。本文给出了相对论电子在Blazar天体的射电辐射机制、光变机制、BL Lac天体的辐射机制以及γ暴的辐射机制等方面的应用研究成果。1、提出了相对论电子的光学薄同步辐射模型：解释Blazar天体的射电平谱：Blazar中心体的剧烈活动，使射电辐射区处于等离子体湍动状态，其中的相对论电子在湍动等离子体波的二交费米加速、激波加速、辐射损失、粒子逃逸和辐射区的绝热减速等物理过程作用下，形成较平的能谱，产生射电平谱。2、提出了新的Blazar天体光变模型：当Blazar天体爆发时，中心天体产生大量的相对论电子，注入喷流中；相对论电子产生同步辐射，并不断损失能量和逃逸辐射区，使它们的能谱快速变化，引起辐射发生快速光变。3、给出了BL Lac天体的等离子体反应堆模型：大量相对论电子从中心天体注入周围的等离子体反应堆中，通过同步辐射快速损失能量，同时这些电子同步吸收反应堆中不透明的光子，产生一个稳定、各向同性的幂律分布，其谱指数为γ＝3；然后，这些相对论电子通过等离子体反应堆的爆发或其表面扩散过程逃逸出来，辐射低频的同步辐射。模型解释了BL Lac天体的高频辐射表现出快速的谱变化性质，即流量减小时谱变陡。4、提出了相对论电子的内激波加速模型，解释γ暴的尖峰光变特性：在γ暴产生的相对论运动的壳层中，有内激波产生；激波在壳层中传播，耗散壳层的运动能，使其中的部分电子加速成为相对论电子。然后，这些电子通过同步辐射产生观测到的γ辐射。模型认为，γ暴中的每个尖峰辐射是一对内激波加速相对论电子的辐射过程，复杂的γ暴光变曲线是多对内激波辐射过程的叠加。     

Spectral Energy Distribution for Some Fermi Blazarstwo

The observational data from radio to X-ray wavebands were collected from the SSDC (Italian Space Agency Science Data Center) for 68 Fermi blazars, and their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were calculated by means of the least square fitting with a log-parabolic function. Based on the SED fitting parameters, the correlations of the synchrotron peak frequency, curvature and effective spectral index were discussed, and an empirical formula was also proposed to estimate the synchrotron peak frequencies by using the effective spectral indexes. The main results are as follows: (1) From the linear correlation between the synchrotron peak frequency (lg ν_p) and the curvature (k), we find that the result supports the energy-dependent acceleration probability model for all BL Lac objects, while the result for the BL Lac objects of lg ν_p > 15.3 is consistent with the model of fluctuation of fractional acceleration gain. (2) For the sources of nearly same lg ν_p, a significant correlation between the effective spectral index α_ro of the radio-optical waveband and the curvature is detected, while the effective spectral index α_ox of the optical-x-ray waveband is not correlated with the curvature. According to the effective spectral index α_ro, a relation between the synchrotron peak frequency and the curvature can be defined.     

The debeamed luminosity, sychrotron peak frequency and black hole mass of BL Lac objects

We estimate the intrinsic luminosities and synchrotron peak frequencies using the derived Doppler factor for a sample of 170 BL Lac objects, of which the synchrotron peak frequency is derived by fitting the SED constructed with the collected multi-band data from the literature. We find that the debeamed radio and optical core luminosities follow the same correlation found for FR I radio galaxies, which is in support of the unification of the BL Lac objects and the FR I galaxies based on orientation. For the debeamed luminosity at the synchrotron peak frequency, we find a significant positive correlation between the luminosity and intrinsic synchrotron peak frequency. This implies that the more powerful sources may have the majority of jet emission at higher frequency. At the synchrotron peak frequency, the intrinsic luminosity and black hole mass show strong positive correlation, while mild correlation is found in the case of jet power, indicating that the more powerful sources may have more massive black holes.     

X-ray Emissions of Fermi Blazarstwo

The X-ray emissions of blazars are located at the end of synchrotron radiation and the beginning of inverse Compton radiation. Therefore, the origin of the X-ray emissions is rather complex. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of blazars from radio to X-ray bands can be fitted approximatively by a parabolic function. If we consider approximately the fitting curves as the physical spectra of blazars to analyze the X-ray emissions of Fermi blazars, the results show that: (1) The X-ray emissions of blazars contain two components, i.e. the synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton radiation, which can be simply separated by these fitting curves; (2) the higher the synchrotron peak frequency of the source, the greater the synchrotron radiation component, and the less the inverse Compton radiation component; (3) at 1 keV of the X-ray waveband, the synchrotron radiation component accounts for 17%, 27%, and 73% of the total X-ray emission, for FSRQs (Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars), LBLs (Low synchrotron peak frequency BL Lac objects), and HBLs (High synchrotron peak frequency BL Lac objects), respectively; (4) there is a strong positive correlation between the synchrotron peak frequency and the synchrotron radiation flux density at 1 keV, while no correlation exists between the synchrotron peak frequency and the inverse Compton radiation flux density; (5) the radiation mechanism of LBLs may be similar to that of FSRQs in the X-ray waveband.     

Effects of Redshift on the Classifying Criteria of BL Lacertae Objects

We have collected a sample of 70 BL Lacs (33 radio-selected BL Lacs and 37 X-ray selected BL Lacs) with multi-waveband data for investigating the classifying criteria of BL Lacertae Objects. For each source, we estimate its luminosities in radio, optical and X-ray, the broad-band spectral index from radio to X-ray and the peak frequency of the syn- chrotron emission, and make a statistical analysis of the data obtained. Our main results are as follows: (1) The broad-band spectral index and the peak frequency have no correlation with the redshift, while they are inversely correlated with each other and they could be regarded as equivalent classifying criteria of BL Lac objects. (2) There are significant effects of the luminosity/redshift relation on the observed luminosity distribution in our sample, hence, if the radio luminosity is to be used as a classifying criterion of BL Lac objects, it should not be regarded as equivalent to the broad-band spectral index or the peak frequency. (3) Our re- sults supply a specific piece of evidence for the suggestion that the use of luminosities always introduces a redshift bias to the data and show that the location of the peak frequency is not always linked to the luminosity of any wave band.     

BeppoSAX observations of 1-Jy BL Lacertae objects – I

We present new BeppoSAX observations of seven BL Lacertae objects selected from the 1-Jy sample plus one additional source. The collected data cover the energy range     (observer's frame), reaching ∼50 keV for one source (BL Lac). All sources characterized by a peak in their multifrequency spectra at infrared/optical energies (i.e., of the low-energy peaked BL Lac type, LBL) display a relatively flat     X-ray spectrum, which we interpret as inverse Compton emission. Four objects (two-thirds of the LBLs) show some evidence for a low-energy steepening, which is probably due to the synchrotron tail merging into the inverse Compton component around ∼     . If this were generally the case with LBLs, it would explain why the     ROSAT spectra of our sources are systematically steeper than the BeppoSAX ones     . The broad-band spectral energy distributions fully confirm this picture, and a synchrotron inverse Compton model allows us to derive the physical parameters (intrinsic power, magnetic field, etc.) of our sources. Combining our results with those obtained by BeppoSAX on BL Lacs covering a wide range of synchrotron peak frequency, ν _peak, we confirm and clarify the dependence of the X-ray spectral index on ν _peak originally found in ROSAT data.     

Blazar 的X射线谱性质

从Donato文献中选择了一个含有69个Blazar的样本，样本中每个源有多个X射线辐射流量数据，用该样本研究了流量密度和谱指数之间的关系，以及研究了三类源（HBL，LBL，FSRQ）的红移和谱指数的分布。结果表明：对于HBLs，谱指数和流量密度之间有一个较好的反相关关系存在，而对于LBLs和FSRQs却没有相关。因此认为HBL的X射线是同步辐射所致，而LBL和FSRQ的X射线辐射较为复杂可能是同步自康普顿过程导致。HBL显示软X射线谱，而FSRQ显示硬X射线谱，LBL居中。在谱图中HBL位于近端，rSRQ位于远端，LBL居中。     

BL Lac objects in the synchrotron proton blazar model

We calculate the spectral energy distribution (SED) of electromagnetic radiation and the spectrum of high-energy neutrinos from BL Lac objects in the context of the synchrotron proton blazar model. In this model, the high-energy hump of the SED is due to accelerated protons, while most of the low-energy hump is due to synchrotron radiation by co-accelerated electrons. To accelerate protons to sufficiently high energies to produce the high-energy hump, rather high magnetic fields are required. Assuming reasonable emission region volumes and Doppler factors, we then find that in low-frequency peaked BL Lacs (LBLs), which have higher luminosities than high-frequency peaked BL Lacs (HBLs), there is a significant contribution to the high-frequency hump of the SED from pion photoproduction and subsequent cascading, including synchrotron radiation by muons. In contrast, in HBLs we find that the high-frequency hump of the SED is dominated by proton synchrotron radiation. We are able to model the SED of typical LBLs and HBLs, and to model the famous 1997 flare of Markarian 501. We also calculate the expected neutrino output of typical BL Lac objects, and estimate the diffuse neutrino intensity due to all BL Lacs. Because pion photoproduction is inefficient in HBLs, as protons lose energy predominantly by synchrotron radiation, the contribution of LBLs dominates the diffuse neutrino intensity. We suggest that nearby LBLs may well be observable with future high-sensitivity TeV γ-ray telescopes.     

A Study of the γ-ray and X-ray Radiations of BL Lac Objects

The X-ray and γ-ray flux densities of 18 γ-loud BL Lac objects as well as their average spectral indices of X-ray wave band (1 keV) and γ-ray wave band (>100 MeV) are collected, and the correlations among the various quantities are examined. The results indicate: (1) The X-ray flux density and the γ-ray flux density exhibit rather strong correlations in all the states, high, low or mediate. (2) Between the mean spectral indices in X-ray and γ-ray wave bands there is a comparatively intense anti-correlation. (3) Between the average spectral indices and the X-ray and γ- flux densities there is no evident correlation either in the high or the mediate state. (4) Between the average spectral index of γ-ray wave band and the flux density of X-rays in low state there is a rather strong anticorrelation. Between the mean spectral index of X-ray wave band and the γ-flux density in low state there also exists a weak correlation. The results of our analysis support the viewpoint that both the X-ray and γ-ray emissions of BL Lac objects come from the synchrotron radiation and synchrotron self Compton (SSC) radiation with one and the same distribution of relativistic electrons.     

Variations in the broad-band spectra of BL Lac objects: millimetre observations of an X-ray-selected sample

Observations at millimetre wavelengths are presented for a representative sample of 22 X-ray-selected BL Lac objects (XBLs). This sample comprises 19 high-energy cut-off BL Lac objects (HBLs), 1 low-energy cut-off BL Lac object (LBL) and 2 'intermediate' sources. Data for LBLs, which are mostly radio-selected BL Lac objects (RBLs), are taken from the literature. It is shown that the radio–millimetre spectral indices of HBLs     are slightly steeper than those of the LBLs     . A correlation exists between α _5–230 and 230 GHz luminosity. While this correlation could be an artefact of comparing two populations of BL Lac objects with intrinsically different radio properties, it is also consistent with the predictions of existing unified schemes that relate BL Lac objects to Fanaroff–Riley class I radio galaxies.
The HBLs have significantly flatter submillimetre–X-ray spectral indices     than the LBLs     although the two intermediate sources also have intermediate values of α _230–X∼−0.9. It is argued that this difference cannot be explained entirely by the viewing-angle hypothesis and requires a difference in physical-source parameters. The α _230–X values for the HBLs are close to the canonical value found for large samples of radio sources and thus suggest that synchrotron radiation is the mechanism that produces the X-ray emission. As suggested by Padovani & Giommi, the inverse-Compton mechanism is likely to dominate in the LBLs requiring the synchrotron spectra of these sources to steepen or cut off at lower frequencies than those of the HBLs.