加强前寒武纪条带状铁建造中伴生矿床的研究

在世界范围内,前寒武纪条带状铁建造中除产出大量贫铁矿和富铁矿外,常共生和伴生许多金属和非金属矿产,特别是金、锰、铅锌铜和镍以及硫铁矿等矿床,其中不少达到大型和超大型规模,其经济价值超过铁矿床本身,在一些国家的国民经济中占有重要位置。我国前寒武纪鞍山式条带状铁建造除主要产出贫铁矿和少量富铁矿外,少数地区也已发现伴生金矿床。但目前已知多属于中小型矿床,大型金矿床和其他金属矿床迄今为止尚未发现,从综合找矿角度,应重视和加强这些矿床的研究和进一步寻找,一旦有新发现,一矿变多矿,在找矿中必将有重大突破。本文主要介绍国内外目前对这些矿床的研究现状和基本地质特征,为目前我国的找矿工作提供借鉴,扩大找矿思路。     

甘肃北山钨矿床时空分布、矿床类型及成矿动力学背景

甘肃北山造山带经历漫长而复杂的增生造山作用并于二叠纪发生碰撞造山,引发广泛的花岗质岩浆活动及相应的钨成矿作用。前人已对这些矿床的地质地球化学特征进行大量的研究,但在成矿动力学背景、成矿时代等方面仍存在着争议。基于此,本文在前人对甘肃北山钨矿床研究的基础上,通过详细的野外调研和室内综合研究,对该区钨矿床时空分布及地质、地球化学特征进行总结,并提出成矿动力学模型。甘肃北山钨矿床集中分布于星星峡—明水古微陆块周缘及双鹰山—花牛山岛弧,可以进一步厘定为两期成矿作用,即早期早志留世—中石炭世（439～362 Ma,322～314 Ma）岛弧碰撞拼贴引发古陆壳重熔,形成携带大量钨锡成矿元素的花岗质岩浆流体,最终上升至构造有利位置成矿,是北山钨锡多金属成矿的主成矿期,矿化类型多为石英脉型黑钨矿;晚期为早二叠世—中三叠世（286～226 Ma）后碰撞伸展诱发中酸性岩浆的大规模上侵及相关的钨钼矿化,矿化类型为矽卡岩型白钨矿及斑岩型钼（钨）矿,其中钨作为钼的伴生矿种出现。     

The Mesozoic granitoid magmatism and metallogeny of the Central Asian and Pacific Belts junction area

Materials pertaining to Mesozoic granitoids in the Central Asian and Pacific Belts junction area and the adjacent platforms are summarized. Maps of the location of massifs, the extensiveness of granitoid magmatism, the manifestations of Mesozoic plumes, and the relief of the asthenosphere surface have been compiled. The locations of the major ore deposits are plotted on the maps. The distribution chart has been constructed for these deposits in the coordinates of the crust and lithosphere. The depth of the occurrence of the sources for large and superlarge gold, tin, polymetallic, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium deposits has been estimated. Areas showing promise for the discovery of large deposits are defined.     

The mineralogy,sulfur-isotope composition and origin of some copper deposits in the Belt Supergroup,Southwest Alberta,Canada

Stratabound Cu mineralization in the Precambrian, red-bed sequences of the Belt-Purcell Supergroup of SW Alberta, Canada is described. Local enrichment of mineralization has been effected by younger Precambrian dioritic intrusions and by hydrothermal activity adjacent to normal faults. Data from mineralogic and sulfur isotope studies suggest that the base metal deposits were originally syngenetic or diagenetic and that they have suffered redistribution and concentration during contact metamorphism and perhaps low grade regional metamorphism. The primary metal-bearing fluids may have been derived by exhalative activity associated with a Precambrian aulacogenic structure which possibly underlies the region.     

秦岭造山带重大地质事件、矿床类型和成矿大陆动力学背景

秦岭造山带由两条主缝合带（商丹、勉略缝合带）及其分划的三个地块（华北地块南缘、秦岭微地块和扬子地块北缘）组成。秦岭造山带是在晚太古一中元古代洋陆间杂构造基础上,于晚元古代一中三叠世经历现代板块构造体制的主造山期的华北、秦岭、扬子三板块依次沿商丹和勉略两条缝合带由南向北俯冲碰撞造山,奠定了基本构造格局,并由于后造山期强烈的陆内造山作用的叠加改造成复合型造山带。秦岭造山带内的金属矿床主要有热水喷流沉积型铅一锌矿床、火山喷流型块状硫化物、斑岩一矽卡岩型钼（钨）矿床、卡林一类卡林型金矿床、岩浆热液脉型金矿床和低温热液改造型汞锑矿床。造山带内的商丹和勉略缝合带产有部分岩浆分结或熔离型铬铁矿和铜镍硫化物矿床。沉积一变质成因铁矿床主要分布在扬予和华北古板块边缘。秦岭造山带造山过程与成矿作用演化存在时空耦合关系,因此研究秦岭造山带成矿事件对其不同时期地质事件的响应,对发展我国大陆成矿理论具有重要理论和实际意义。     

Evolution of central massifs

In spite of the abundance of definitions of central massifs, there is no integration of data Khain and Sheynmann (1960) define the central massifs as a residual province of older cycles within a progressive folding system. They note such provinces tend to be remodeled by the younger movements, yet retain their basic “setup” while exerting influence on the surrounding rocks. Central massifs may be classified into: 1) blocks of ancient Precambrian platforms, 2) blocks of Paleozoic or Mesozoic folded structures within younger geosynclinal system and 3) provinces of early consolidation which serve as “growth centers” within a geosynclinal system. Despite the differences in origin and age of central massifs, they have many common features. All are within geosynclinal belts and serve to divide them into segments; they are polygonal to diamond-shaped and are bounded by deep rifts with “flows” of ultrabasic to basic magma. As a rule, there are three periods of development of a massif with a single tectonic cycle: 1) continental regimen with denudation 2) minor marine trangression, block deformations, volcanism and granite intrusion and 3) transition to intermontane low with associated volcanic activity. Central massifs show,a mosaic of variously trending faults caused largely by vertical movements. Some students attribute the much thinner crust within the central massifs, based on geophysical studies, to a redistribution of deep-seated substance from the massif toward the geosyncline. — W. D. Lowry.     

Position of zone of reverse magnetic polarity in deep-sea sediments

We consider the tectonic structure of the eastern part of the Chukotka fold belt, classify the magmatic formations by types of intrusions, and record the basic patterns in distribution of gold and tin-tungsten mineralization. Three structures have been recognized: the Chaun-Iul'tin and Vankarem anticlinal zones and the Amgueroa synclinal zone, complicated by block and linear-folded structures of higher orders.

The magmatic formations consist of Early Triassic gabbros, pre-batholithic dikes, and small bodies of diorites, granodiorites, and lamprophyres. Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous granitoid batholith-like massifs of the Metegyn- Veshkap type. Early Cretaceous granitoid bodies of the Iul'tin, and Late Cretaceous jointed granitoid massifs of the Telekay type

Gold within the anticlinal zones displays an association with the batholith-like massifs of the Metegyn-Veshkap type and with the pre-batholithic dikes of intermediate composition. In the Amguema zone, the sources of the gold were apparently intrusive bodies of intermediate composition, associated with the formation of the Ohkotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt. Tin and tin-tungsten deposits of the cassiterite-quartz association, distributed within the anticlinal zones, display an association with granites of the Iul'tin type; tin deposits of the cassiterite-silicate association concentrate mainly toward the Amguema synclinal zone and are associated with granites of the Telekay type. —Authors.     

重力、航磁资料在花岗岩型铀矿成矿研究中的应用

本文利用重磁场资料对我国南方一些花岗岩体的侵位状态和岩浆动力场进行了分析，并按动力场的强弱对岩体进行了分类。根据重力资料对苗儿山-越城岭、诸广山和贵东花岗岩体的反演计算，讨论了这些岩体的深部分布形态，提出了岩浆流动的3种方式，指出了富大铀矿床、大型铀矿聚集区的赋存部位及其与航磁异常的密切联系。     

兴蒙造山带的基底属性与构造演化过程

为了解兴蒙造山带基底属性和多个构造体系演化与叠加历史,系统总结了近年来在基础地质研究中取得的新成果,并利用这些成果讨论了兴蒙造山带的基底属性与演化历史.兴蒙造山带是指我国东北地区古生代构造作用影响的地区,这些地区也遭受了中生代构造作用的叠加与改造.兴蒙造山带主要由微陆块和其间的造山带组成.虽然传统上认为属于前寒武纪结晶基底的地质体主要已解体为古生代和早中生代,但随着新太古代和古元古代地质体的相继发现,以及新生代玄武岩中幔源古元古代橄榄岩包体的发现,可以判定兴蒙造山带内微陆块应具有古老的前寒武纪基底,并且壳幔是耦合的.微陆块内部地壳增生以垂向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和中元古代,以及次要的新太古代和古生代.相反,陆块间造山带或岛弧地体的陆壳则以侧向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和古生代.额尔古纳地块与兴安地块的拼合发生在早古生代早期;兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合发生在早石炭世晚期;松嫩地块与佳木斯地块的拼合发生在早古生代晚期,中生代早期又经历了裂解与再闭合的构造演化过程;华北克拉通北缘增生杂岩带与北方微陆块群的最终拼合发生在晚二叠世-中三叠世,古亚洲洋的最终闭合发生在中三叠世,且为剪刀式闭合.晚古生代晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生以及早中生代(三叠纪-早侏罗世)的持续南向俯冲,控制了大兴安岭-冀北-辽西地区的岩浆活动,蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋的闭合发生在中侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世主要表现为闭合后的伸展环境.古太平洋板块中生代的俯冲起始时间为早侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期东北亚陆缘主要表现为走滑的构造属性和陆缘地体从低纬度到高纬度的构造就位过程,早白垩世晚期-古近纪岩浆作用的向东收缩揭示了古太平洋板块的持续俯冲和俯冲板片的后撤过程,古近纪晚期日本海的打开标志着东北亚陆缘从活动陆缘已经转变为沟-弧-盆体系,并且标志着东亚大地幔楔的形成.     

西藏羌塘中部亚丹高压变质岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌南和羌北地块沿龙木错-双湖缝合带碰撞对接,标志着古特提斯洋的最终闭合,然而古特提斯洋的构造演化,尤其它的打开时限一直争议不断。本文对龙木错-双湖缝合带以南荣玛地区的变质杂岩进行了岩相学、年代学和地球化学特征研究,进而约束古特提斯洋的开、合时限及其关闭后的构造演化特征。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,本文首次报道了1件新元古代斜长角闪岩,其加权平均年龄为717±7Ma(n=61,MSWD=1. 9),表明原岩形成于新元古代中期,反映羌南地区存在前寒武基底;另获得1件中侏罗世斜长角闪岩的锆石加权平均年龄为163±2Ma(n=26,MSWD=1. 9),表明其原岩形成于中侏罗世;获得2件石榴石多硅白云母石英片岩锆石边部谐和年龄范围分别为267～1349Ma和214～2050Ma;另对片岩中2组多硅白云母样品进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年,分别获得224. 2±1. 5Ma和223. 9±1. 5Ma的一致坪年龄,暗示区域变质作用可能从～224Ma持续到214Ma之后,且～214Ma的岩浆事件可能形成于碰撞过程中。新元古代和中侏罗世斜长角闪岩的岩石地球化学特征显示,前者原岩具E-MORB特征,后者原岩趋向于OIB特征。基于区域岩石组合与地球化学特征,推断二者均形成于伸展环境,前者可能形成于陆内伸展背景,响应Rodinia超大陆的裂解,后者可能形成于大陆裂谷环境,响应羌南、羌北地块碰撞结束后的裂解。综合前人与本文研究成果,认为新元古代中期(～717Ma),某未知陆块可能就已逐渐开始从羌南-印度大陆裂解,导致"古特提斯洋"在ca. 717～517Ma之间的某个时间点就已打开;古特提斯洋可能在～224Ma才完成闭合,羌南、羌北陆陆碰撞挤压持续到214Ma之后;中侏罗世区域为裂谷伸展环境,并发育OIB特征的碱性玄武岩和双峰式火成岩。     

朝鲜半岛与华北地质之对比研究:进展与问题

华北与朝鲜半岛山水相连,传统上称为中朝克拉通或中朝地块。但是中朝的地质对比研究并不深入。作者所在的研究组有幸同时与南北朝鲜半岛双方展开了合作研究达十年以上,内容涉及到前寒武纪基底、古生代沉积盆地、造山带演化、以及中生代岩浆活动。本文是对我们最新研究成果的一个简要总结,并提出一些仍未解决的或具争议的相关地质问题,希望以此能推动中朝地质和东北亚地质的研究。研究结果总结如下:(1)朝鲜半岛可划分为三个陆块,从北到南分别为狼林、京畿和岭南陆块,分别被临津江和沃川构造带分割;(2)三个陆块的前寒武纪基底虽有差别,但本文认为它们是相似的,并可与华北克拉通基底对比;(3)狼林地块的平南古生代盆地以及位于京畿陆块和岭南陆块之间的太白山古生代盆地与华北古生代盆地可对比;(4)临津江和沃川构造带的演化还有待深入研究,它们并不具有陆陆碰撞造山带的特征;(5)在京畿陆块西南部发现了含榴辉岩的三叠纪变质杂岩(洪城杂岩),其变质时代和岩石组合都可以和苏鲁造山带对比,不含超高压变质矿物。这表明苏鲁造山带东延到朝鲜半岛,并在半岛的京畿陆块西南缘登陆。但是洪城杂岩出露有限,没有穿越切割半岛的证据,因此可能沿半岛西部断裂局部分布或在半岛西缘尖灭,其空间分布需进一步研究;(6)中生代岩浆岩在朝鲜半岛广泛存在,三叠纪岩浆作用可能与印支期造山作用有关;侏罗纪和白垩纪的岩浆岩分布与华北在时代和空间分布上有所差别,晚白垩世岩浆岩在朝鲜半岛集中出露于庆尚盆地。本文还在最后一部分,提出了朝鲜半岛以及中朝对比研究中有争议的和尚需进一步研究的关键问题。     

中国大中型金属矿床与地块拼合带的关系

本文在分析中国区域地质特征的基础上,以ETM卫星影像为信息源,依据地质学家李四光确定地块的原则和地壳运动规律,根据ETM影像的色调、影纹和地貌等特征,建立了地块划分准则,以此为依据将中国大陆划分成28个大地块,编制了中国大陆地块盆地分布图。本文在分析地壳运动规律和各地块的运动特征的基础上,提出了各地块之间进行着规律性的相互推挤运动,且北部地块向南推移和就位,西部地块向东推移和就位的新观点。本文通过分析已知大中型金属矿床的统计分布规律:大部分矿床分布在地块东、南侧,地块运动方向的前锋,尤其是弧形拼合带前缘;提出了在块体碰撞带或块内大构造带南找大矿的新思路。     

Letters to the Editor

The considerable gold resource potential in China has been increasingly recognized in recent years, following detailed geological investigation of the major orogenic belts since the 1980s. The major tectonic components of China include the Sino-Korean, Yangtze, Tarim, and Cathaysian Precambrian platforms surrounded by the Altaides, Tianshan-Inner Mongolia, Daxinganling, Alkin, Kunlun, Qilian, Qinling, Himalaya-Tethys, and Nanling orogenic belts. A large number of gold deposits and geochemical anomalies have been discovered in all of these lithotectonic provinces. The most important deposit types are Precambrian lode, Carlin-type, ophiolite-related, porphyry-related, volcanic epithermal, and possible Muruntau-type gold deposits, occurring mainly in seven major metallogenic districts in eastern and southwestern China. Many lithotectonic belts provide favorable locations for the formation of various large gold deposits and are comparable with other productive gold provinces of the world, such as the Canadian Shield and Circum-Pacific magmatic arcs. The geochemical anomalies and many existing gold deposits and metallogenic belts in China require additional detailed study on the basis of modern exploration technologies.     

Geological [biostratigraphic], radiological,and paleomagnetic dating of certain Upper Neogene and Quaternary effusives in Transcaucasia

Three deposits in the eastern and southeastern parts of Afghanistan are genetically and spacially associated with ultrabasic massifs which have clear tectonic contacts with the country rocks and are located within ophiolitic sutures. All the deposits are confined to the marginal portions of the massifs, within and near which acid intrusions are absent and chromite bodies are usually present. The Afghan deposits, representing a variety of genetic types, are spatially confined to the ultrabasic belt of Tethys in the Alpine-Himalayan fold belt and are associated with the Alpine epoch of asbestos formation.     

Tectonic evolution of Northeastern Siberia and adjacent regions

Previous models for the tectonic evolution of northeastern Siberia have proposed the existence of a Kolyma plate composed of the Kolyma and Omolon massifs of presumed Precambrian age. Lithologic similarities between the Siberian platform and the Cherskiy Mountains and the presence of oceanic and island arc type deposits in the Kolyma-Indigirka interfluve suggest that no such plate exists. The eastern margin of the Siberian plate is suggested to lie along a line between the Ulakhan Sis Range, the Alazeya uplift and the Arga Tas Range; the Cherskiy Mountains and the Verkhoyansk fold belt are parts of the Siberian plate. The Paleozoic deposits of the Omolon massif are unlike those found in the Cherskiys or Siberia. Paleomagnetic data from the Omolon massif are discordant from data from Siberia. It is suggested that the Omolon massif represents a microplate which accreted onto Siberia in the Jurassic. Ophiolites in central Chukotka are of the same emplacement age as in the western Brooks Range and may have been emplaced at the initiation of the rotation of Arctic Alaska. Geometric and limited stratigraphic data suggest that the East Siberian Sea may be floored by oceanic crust left by an incomplete closure between Arctic Alaska, Siberia and Omolon. The tectonic position of the Prikolymsk massif remains ambiguous.     

The Triassic stage of mafic magmatism in the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoi superterrane (southern framing of the North Asian craton)

With U-Pb zircon dating, the ages of the Ul'degit (228 ± 1 Ma) and Chek-Chikan (203 ± 1 Ma) mafic massifs were determined. These massifs were earlier considered to form at the Early Precambrian stage of the geologic evolution of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoi superterrane. In geochemical features the igneous rocks of the massifs show relation with a within-plate source, on the one hand, and are similar to igneous rocks of subduction zones, on the other. They might have formed after subduction, which caused the intrusion of gabbroids of the Lucha massif (248 ± 1 Ma) and diorites of the Tok-Algoma complex (238 ± 2 Ma), followed by the fracturing of the subducted plate.     

Gravity interpretation and possible regional significance of the Niquelândia layered basic-ultrabasic complex, Goiás, Brazil

The Niquelândia layered basic-ultrabasic complex is one of several similar Precambrian massifs that constitute a discontinuous, north-trending chain 300 km long through the central Brazilian Shield in the State of Goiás. Modeling of the positive gravity anomaly associated with the complex indicates that the complex constitutes a westward-dipping slab that extends no deeper than 6 km. This model is similar to that obtained for the Barro Alto complex, the next massif to the south. The Niquelândia and Barro Alto complexes occur on a hinge line or gradient in the regional gravity field marked by paired Bouguer anomalies: residual highs to the west, lows to the east. The massifs may indicate a suture in the central Brazilian Shield marked by vast layered intrusions emplaced in continental rocks at the onset of an episode of rifting. Subsequent compression thrust remnants of the intrusions eastward, an event that may have accompanied the closing of an ancient ocean.     

中国前寒武纪金矿的成矿找矿模式

中国前寒武纪含金岩系密切相关的金矿储量占全国岩金储量的73.85%,它几乎囊括了全国的金产量.已发现的金矿资源基地,基本上沿三条近东西向的槽台边缘构造带成带分布,由于受中生代环太平洋板块的作用影响,产生了一系列北东—北北东向的超壳型深大断裂,使中国前寒武纪金矿产生了极其明显的活化、改造和重就位作用.因此,中国东部金矿具有沿北东向深大断裂成串分布的规律.从10个方面讨论了中国前寒武纪金矿的成矿特点和找矿途径,建立了“三个系统”相统一的成矿找矿模式.     

古阿尔金断裂的岩石构造依据及意义

本文把元古宙阿尔金断裂称为古阿尔金断裂,以区别于第三纪以来左旋剪切的阿尔金断裂。古阿尔金断裂具有右旋剪切的运动学特点,规模大,至少影响到地壳中部层次,并伴有同剪切就位的伟晶岩体。由于塔里木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞在时间上晚于柴达木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞,所以古阿尔金断裂是在新元古代超大陆汇聚过程中,塔里木地块相对于柴达木地块大规模东移在地块边界走滑剪切的产物。