黑鲷嗅上皮的超微结构

通过扫描与透射电镜观察了黑鲷嗅上皮的超微结构，嗅上皮内侧是感觉上皮区，其主要的细胞类型是：纤毛感觉细胞，微绒毛感沉细胞，柱状细胞，支持细胞和基细胞，非感觉上皮分布在嗅上皮边缘及点缀于感觉上皮区，似指状结构，具有粘液细胞，支持细胞，基细胞等，根据上述观察结果，可认为黑鲷属以视觉为主进行活动的鱼类。     

池养黑鲷性逆转组织学观察

黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)为具性逆转的珍贵海产鱼类,其个体在第3龄期雄性转为雌性,但性逆转发生的详细过程尚不清楚。为了解黑鲷性腺逆转发生的过程,作者通过对池塘养殖黑鲷3~4龄期个体进行定期跟踪取样观察,结合组织切片显微检测性腺变化过程。结果显示:黑鲷性腺在繁殖前后变化趋势不同;繁殖期雌性个体约占15%;繁殖后至7月份是性腺由雄逆转为雌主要时期;8月份全部个体性腺外观表现为卵巢形式;到9月底,个别性腺的精巢组织又开始发育;到12月底样本性腺有雄性、雌性及雌雄同体同时发育3种形式。此外,分析了黑鲷性腺成熟系数与肝质量系数的周年变化趋势。研究获得了详细的3~4龄黑鲷性逆转发生过程及性逆转结果,并针对与先前报道的有关研究结果差异展开分析,为掌握不同海区黑鲷性逆转特性及育种研究提供了更多资料,也为雌雄同体鱼类资源利用研究提供新的参考依据。     

平鲷雌核发育二倍体的人工诱导

平鲷(Rhabolosargus sarba)养殖群体具有雌性生长优势的特点.应用冷休克方法进行平鲷雌核发育二倍体人工诱导,采用高温消毒的自然海水为精子稀释液,精液经强度为700μW/(cm2·s)的紫外线(UV)照射100 s,染色体遗传物质失活,卵子经激活后,可以获得95%～100%单倍体胚胎.实验结果表明:在卵子激活后5 min进行冷休克,温度0～8℃,处理时间持续15min,雌核发育二倍体的受精率达71.3%～82.7%,孵化率为24.7%～36.3%,2～6℃为适宜冷休克温度,此范围内的温度对雌核发育二倍体的受精率和孵化率没有显著影响(P>0.05),而与0,1和8℃实验组的受精率和孵化率差异均显著(P<0.05);在冷休克温度为3℃、持续时间为15 min的条件下,初始冷休克时间在4～6 min之间的受精率和孵化率均较高,分别达到60.0%～67.1%和30.6%～36.5%,其组间受精率和孵化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),而与其他实验组的孵化率存在显著差异(P<0.05);冷休克持续时间以11～19 min为宜,受精率和孵化率分别为46.9%～65.8%和31.7%～42.4%,在此时间内,冷休克持续时间对平鲷的雌核发育二倍体受精率和孵化率影响不显著(P>0.05).选用冷休克温度、初始冷休克时间和持续时间分别为3℃,5和15 min作为平鲷雌核发育二倍体的诱导条件是显著有效的.     

光照对真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼摄食的影响

光照对真鲷（Pagrosomusmojor）仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食有重要影响。摄食的适宜光照度范围为100～102lx，最适光照度范围为101～102lx。103lx强光对仔鱼摄食的影响大于稚、幼鱼；100lx弱光对9d以前的仔鱼和稚、幼鱼的摄食影响较小，对9d以后的仔鱼影响较大。此结果和鱼的感觉器官发育及鱼所摄食的饵料种类有关。     

Forskolin处理真鲷胚胎条件的研究

研究Forskolin处理真鲷胚胎的条件。对加药时期以及Forskolin浓度进行了优化，得到了处理真鲷胚胎的加药时期为受精后6h，Forskolin的浓度为0．01nmol／L和0．02mol／L，在此条件下处理过的胚胎体节由正常的V型变成U型。该研究结果将有利于研究Hh信号对真鲷成肌因子的影响。     

刺参稚参对蛋白质和脂肪需求量的初步研究

实验设计了粗蛋白水平分别为12％,18％,26％,32％,37％,44％,粗脂肪水平分别为3％,5％,8％,以藻粉、白鱼粉和酪蛋白等为主要原料的刺参实验饲料,用以饲喂平均体质量为0．90g的刺参(Stiehopus japonicus)。经过66d的饲养实验,测定了试验刺参的质量增长率．脏壁比和体成分等指标。结果显示,饲料中粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平对刺参的生长和脏壁比有明显影响。实验刺参在粗蛋白水平为18．21％～24．18％、粗脂肪为5％时获得最大生长,同时获得最低的脏壁比。体成分等指标没有受到饲料中粗蛋白和粗脂肪水平的明显影响。因此可以认为,刺参的最佳蛋白质和脂肪需要量分别为18.21％～24.18％和5％。     

Comparisons between the influences of habitat, body size and season on the dietary composition of the sparid Acanthopagrus latus in a large marine embayment

Seasonal samples from Shark Bay on the west coast of Australia were used to determine (1) the habitats occupied by the juveniles and adults of Acanthopagrus latus in this large subtropical marine embayment and (2) the extent to which the dietary composition of this sparid is influenced by habitat type, body length and season. Sampling was undertaken in two habitat types in which A. latus was known to be abundant, namely mangrove (Avicennia marina) creeks and nearby rocky areas, the latter comprising sandstone boulders and/or limestone reefs. The mean total length ±95% CLs of A. latus was far lower in mangrove creeks, 126 ± 6.1 mm, than in rocky areas, 313 ± 4.7 mm. As A. latus attains maturity at ca. 245 mm, the juveniles of this species typically occupy mangrove areas and then, with increasing body size, move to nearshore rocky areas, where they become adults. The species composition of the food ingested by juvenile A. latus in mangrove creeks differed markedly from that of large juveniles and adults in rocky areas. Based on analyses of data for both habitat types combined, this difference was far greater than that between size classes and season, which was negligible. There were indications, however, that, overall within each habitat, the dietary composition did change seasonally, although not with body size. Acanthopagrus latus fed predominantly on mangrove material, sesarmid crabs and small gastropods in mangrove habitats, and mainly on Brachidontes ustulatus in rocky areas, where this mytilid bivalve is very abundant. The mangrove material, which contributed nearly 40% of its overall dietary volume in mangrove creeks, consisted mainly of lateral root primordia. This apparently unique food source for a teleost is presumably ingested through subsurface nipping, which would be facilitated by the mouth and dentitional characteristics of sparids. The almost total lack of correspondence in the dietary compositions of fish in the length class that was well represented in both mangrove and rocky areas illustrates the extent to which this sparid is capable of opportunistic feeding behaviour.     

刺参体腔液几种免疫指标的周年变化

为了调查刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)免疫机能的周年变化,初步探索刺参免疫的规律,于2006年7月至2007年6月对刺参体腔液几种免疫指标进行了周年测定.结果显示,周年内刺参体腔液内几种酶类显著变化的转折点为9月、10月,1月,2月、4月和5月.刺参体腔液几种酶类活性变化与温度和盐度等环境因素并不存在相关关系,因此推测这些显著变化并不是单一的温度、盐度等环境因素作用的结果,综合分析,其变化原因可能与刺参的夏眠、生理及繁殖等因素的作用有关.     

水温和余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼存活的影响

采用静水试验法, 模拟研究了电厂温排水排放导致的海水升温和余氯残留对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)存活的影响。试验水温设4 个梯度: 18、22、26、30℃, 余氯设6 个浓度水平:0.025、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/L, 同时以过滤海水为对照组, 每一个水温条件下的余氯浓度均设3 个平行样本, 取黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼进行试验, 试验共进行96 h 观测。试验结果表明, 当水温升高至30℃时, 对仔鱼的存活会产生显著性影响, 24 h 的死亡率为23.4%, 48 h 的死亡率骤升至98%, 而18、22、26℃ 3 组96 h 时死亡率均未超过10%。24 h 时4 种水温条件下余氯对黑棘鲷仔鱼的LC50 值分别为0.816、0.460、0.433、0.319 mg/L, 可见水温升高会增强余氯对仔鱼的致死效应, 而随着时间延长, 余氯对仔鱼的LC50 值进一步降低, 至96 h, 其值分别为0.242、0.211、0.140、<0.025 mg/L。广义相加模型分析结果显示, 水温由26℃升至30℃时, 或当余氯浓度高于0.2 mg/L 时, 或曝露时间超过48 h, 均会对黑棘鲷初孵仔鱼产生明显致死效应, 双因素方差分析结果显示, 水温、余氯、曝露时间对仔鱼死亡率具有显著性影响(P< 0.05), 且水温-余氯、水温-曝露时间之间具有显著性交互作用(P< 0.05)。     

不同剂型和剂量的维生素C对幼刺参生长的影响

在水温11.0～14.0℃条件下,将平均体质量2.29 g的幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)随机放入39个容积50 L塑料水槽中,投喂以玉米蛋白为蛋白源,分别添加0、500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg V_C-2-三聚磷酸酯(L-ascorby1-2-polyphosphate, LAPP)、V_C-棕榈酸酯(L-ascorby1 palmitate, LAP)和V_C -磷酸酯镁(L-ascorby1-2-monophosphate-magnesium, APM)的13种饲料.90 d的饲养情况表明,摄食添加V_C饲料的刺参的生长、蛋白质效率均显著高于摄食未添加V_C的幼参(P＜0.05).摄食添加LAPP饲料幼参的特殊生长率最高(0.21%/d),添加LAP(0.17%/d)的次之,添加APM(0.15%/d)的最低,分别比对照组(0.12%/d)高75.00%、41.67%和25.00%.摄食添加LAPP饲料幼参的平均蛋白质效率最高(12.57%),摄食添加LAP饲料的(7.76%)次之,摄食添加APM(6.86%)的最低,分别比对照组(5.52%)高127.72%、40.58%和24.28%.在3种剂型V_C组中,饲料系数由低到高依次为:LAPP＜LAP＜APM.饲料中LAPP、APM和LAP的添加量为2 000～2 500 mg/kg、1 000～1 500 mg/kg和2 000～3 125 mg/kg时,幼刺参对饲料蛋白的表观消化率最高,生长最快,饲料系数最低.     

许氏平鲉4 个野生群体遗传多样性微卫星分析

利用18对微卫星引物分析了荣成湾群体1、荣成湾群体2、即墨群体和龙口群体共4个许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)野生群体的遗传多样性。结果表明:4个群体的平均有效等位基因数分别为3.1、2.7、2.8和2.7,平均期望杂合度分别为0.590、0.540、0.552和0.491,平均多态信息含量分别为0.577、0.495、0.538和0.528。4个许氏平鲉群体均表现出较高的遗传多样性水平,但也都存在杂合子缺失现象。Χ2检验显示,4个群体中大部分微卫星位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05)。群体间Fst值为0.04,说明遗传变异主要存在于群体内,群体间的遗传分化程度较低。该研究结果将为许氏平鲉种质资源保护和合理利用以及人工增殖提供理论参考。     

在无藻粉饲料中添加包膜氨基酸对幼刺参生长、消化和免疫指标的影响

研究了在糊化山药粉全部替代鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)粉的饲料中添加不同方法处理及不同种类包膜氨基酸的饲料对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)幼参生长、消化及免疫指标的影响。试验1,在水温13.0～18.0℃下,将平均体质量为2.27g的刺参饲养在18个50L(50cm×40cm×30cm)的塑料水槽中(15头/槽),投喂添加淀粉包膜的缬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸等多种氨基酸的饲料。40d的饲养表明,幼参的特殊增重率(RSG)和对饲料蛋白及脂肪的消化率随饲料中添加包膜氨基酸水平的增加而逐渐升高,其中添加包膜氨基酸水平最高组的幼参显著高于未添加包膜氨基酸的对照组(P0.05)。试验2,在水温10.0～19.0℃下,给平均体质量1.55g的刺参投喂在山药粉完全替代鼠尾藻粉的对照饲料(S0)中分别添加0.37%明胶包膜赖氨酸(S1)、0.37%包膜赖氨酸加0.38%包膜蛋氨基酸(S2)和0.37%包膜赖氨酸、0.38%包膜蛋氨酸加0.39%包膜苏基酸(S3)的饲料。60d的饲养表明,幼参的RSG随饲料中添加氨基酸种类的增加而显著增高,S3、S2和S1组刺参的RSG分别比S0组高154.6%、82.1%和57.2%。S3组刺参体腔液超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力及对饲料蛋白的消化率(87.26%)均显著高于S0组,说明山药粉替代鼠尾藻,添加明胶包膜赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸可以显著提高刺参生长速度及免疫能力。     

植酸对牙鲆生长和消化酶活性的影响

以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加不同含量的植酸纳使植酸水平分别达到0.04%(对照组)、0.21%、0.44%和0.81%,研究不同含量植酸对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)(2.58 g±0.01 g)摄食、生长和消化酶活性的影响.实验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,为期10周.结果表明,植酸处理组牙鲆摄食率(2.4%、2.5%和2.4%)显著高于对照组(2.1%)(P＜0.05),但植酸处理组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).植酸处理组(59.47、61.27和64.82 U/mg蛋白)胃蛋白酶比活力显著低于对照组(79.34 U/mg蛋白),但植酸处理组之间差异不显著.各处理组之间牙鲆肝脏、肠和胃中淀粉酶比活力及肝脏和肠中蛋白酶比活力均无显著差异.随着饲料中植酸含量的增加,干物质和蛋白质表观消化率显著下降.同时,牙鲆特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率和净蛋白质利用率随着饲料中植酸含量的升高均呈下降趋势,其中各处理组之间牙鲆特定生长率无显著差异,而植酸处理组饲料转化率(74.0%、73.7%和69.2%)则显著低于对照组(84.0%),0.81%植酸处理组蛋白质效率(1.37)和净蛋白质利用率(25.0%)显著低于对照组(1.64和30.6%).本实验结果表明,随着饲料中植酸含量的增加,牙鲆生长性能和胃蛋白酶比活力呈下降趋势.植酸对牙鲆生长的抑制作用将随着其含量的升高或实验周期的延长突现出来.     

pH胁迫对不同规格刺参生长及免疫酶活性的影响

以大、中、小3种不同规格的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为对象,在pH为7.3、7.5、8.2、8.7、8.9不同环境中养殖30d,观测刺参行为、生长及溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:当pH为7.5、8.7时, 3种不同规格刺参均能正常活动、摄食、生长,未表现出异常状况;若超出此范围,刺参出现粪便细短、残饵增多、摄食量减少等现象,尤其在pH 8.9时,中规格刺参有明显棘刺收缩的现象,小规格刺参不同程度地出现身体收缩、棘刺平滑状态,而大规格刺参无明显表观不适现象。不同pH对3种规格刺参的特定生长率(SGR)有显著影响,随着pH升高或者降低,刺参SGR均逐渐下降,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),规格越小刺参受到抑制作用越大;刺参LZM、SOD、CAT活性随pH胁迫时间的延长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在第10天时达到最高,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),至30 d胁迫结束时,在pH 7.3、8.9条件下,刺参免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),而pH为7.5、8.7时,刺参免疫酶活性与对照差异不显著; pH胁迫对不同规格刺参非特异性免疫酶活性的影响存在差异,在相同胁迫条件下,酶活性依次为大规格中规格小规格,当pH7.3、8.9时,小中大规格分别在胁迫20 d、25 d、25 d后免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明, pH胁迫会对刺参生长及免疫产生明显的影响,在刺参养殖过程中, pH属关键的理化因子之一,应密切关注其变化。     

复方中草药对黑棘鲷生长、非特异性免疫及肠道消化酶的影响

本试验旨在探究复方中草药对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)生长性能、非特异性免疫及肠道消化酶的影响。将党参(Codonopsis pilosula)、黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)、板蓝根(Isatis tinctoria)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)、麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)、炽壳(Fructus aurantii)、大黄(Rheum palmatum)、神曲(Massa medicata fermentata)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)、天门冬(Asparagus cochinchinensis)、艾叶(Artemisia argyi)、仙鹤草(Agrimonia pilosa)粉碎混匀,配伍制成复方中草药。试验采用单因素设计,将复方中草药梯度(0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%)添加到黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)基础饲料中,饲喂黑棘鲷28d。结果表明:复方中草药添加量在0.4%时增质量率和特定生长率显著增高,且饵料系数显著...     

The influence of main ecological and environmental factors on the energy budget of Schlegel''s black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

In the Maidao Ecological Laboratory of the Huanghai Sea Fisheries Research Institute in 1998 ~ 2000, the continuous flow-through method was adopted to determine the energy budget components and models of Schlegel＇ s black rockfish under different ecological and environmental factors, such as temperature, food species, body mass and feeding level, etc. The body mass of test fish ranged from 21.2 to 224.5 g. The specific growth rate tended to invert ＂U＂ change with temperature increase. The ecological conversion efficiency showed the same trend as temperature and feeding level rise. Only the specific growth rate tended to decelerate the increment with the rise of feeding level. From the above quantitative relationships, the maximum and optimal growth temper- atures could be obtained as 17.5 and 16.2 ℃, and the maintenance feeding rate and optimum feeding rate as 0.8% and 4. 1% of the body mass. The specific growth rate and ecological conversion coefficient showed a decelerating decrease trend with body mass increment. The small-sized fish food was more advantageous to the feeding level increase in comparison with the small-sized shrimp food, which led to the increase of growth, metabolism and excretion, but had no significant influence on the ecological conversion coefficient. All of temperature, feeding level, body mass and food species can obviously change the energy budget models. The assigning rate of growth energy tended to change along the invert ＂U＂ curve with the increase of temperature and feeding level, and decrease with the body mass increase, but the assigning rates of metabolism energy and excretion energy were quite reverse. These relationships could be quantitatively described as quadratic or power function curve. If the above relationships proved true to other marine fish, the establishment of energy budget model of the same fish under different conditions can be largely simplified.     

黑棘鲷的命名和分类地位探究

黑棘鲷Acanthopagrus schlegelii(Bleeker,1854)隶属鲈形目(Perciformes)、鲷科(Sparidae)、棘鲷属(Acanthopagrus),为暖温性底层鱼类,喜栖息于砂泥底质或多岩礁的浅海,分布于俄罗斯、中国、朝鲜半岛及日本沿海.黑棘鲷具有生长迅速、食性较杂、适应能力和抗病力...     

紫刺参早期生长发育与体色形成的研究

本研究对紫刺参胚胎和幼体发育过程进行了显微观测,比较分析了其幼体早期生长情况与体色形成过程。结果表明:(1)在水温21.0±0.2℃条件下,紫刺参受精卵在受精10～15min后释放第一极体,5h 30min～6h 30min进入囊胚期, 18～20h发育成原肠胚; 30～34h进入耳状幼体阶段, 8～10d变态发育为樽形幼体, 12～14d发育成稚参;紫刺参胚胎和幼体发育时序与普通刺参无显著差异。(2)紫刺参早期发育中的樽形幼体发生率和附着变态率分别为58.4±4.7%和45.1±2.7%,高于普通刺参。(3)紫刺参浮游阶段后期随日龄增长表现出较普通刺参发育更快的优势,在日龄6～7d表现出显著差异(P0.05)。(4)紫刺参稚参在日龄35d前后自背部开始着色,50d～60d腹部开始着色,110d体表紫色转变近乎成参体色,完成变色过程。     

Ecological energetics of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi in Barbados, West Indies

The common tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi is the dominant herbivore on fringing coral reefs in Barbados, West Indies. The biological importance of Diadema as an agent of energy transfer was evaluated from energy budgets constructed for the population and for individuals of 10 size groups. Monthly energy budgets for urchins of various size groups balance within 1 kcal except for urchins of the largest size group examined. Approximately 20% of the monthly net benthic primary production of the fringing coral reef is consumed by Diadema. This percentage is considerably larger than the 7% reported for the consumption of benthic algal production by a population of the temperate water sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding in kelp beds but is lower than the 47% reported for the consumption of sea grass by the tropical urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Higher rates of secondary production of Diadema compared to that of Strongylocentrotus may be in part due to higher net and gross growth efficiencies exhibited by Diadema. It is apparent that Diadema is more efficient at converting its algal food resources into urchin biomass than is Strongylocentrotus of similar size. In comparison to Strongylocentrotus and Lytechinus, Diadema releases as much energy to the benthos in the form of fecal pellet detritus as do the other two species. The production of fecal pellet detritus is the most important pathway of energy transfer on the fringing coral reef. Fecal pellet detritus contributes approximately 26 kcal m⁻² month⁻¹ to the benthic community. This amount is equivalent to 7·4% of the monthly net primary production of the benthic algae or approximately 37% of the caloric intake of the urchin population. In addition fecal pellet detritus produced by Diadema contains about 10 times the caloric content of surface sediments found to the north and south of the fringing reef and approximately 1·7 times the caloric content of sediments within the reef. The utilization of this energy-rich fecal pellet detritus by other reef organisms is discussed briefly.