Technique and Results of Measurements of Turbulent Helicity in a Stratified Surface Layer

In August 2014, measurements of the turbulent velocity rotor, turbulent temperature gradient, turbulent helicity, and turbulent potential vortex were performed at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics testing ground in Tsimlyansk under different stratification conditions. The measurements were carried out using the technique first used in the Tsimlyansk expedition in 2012 [1]. The measuring facility consisted of four three-component acoustic Gill Windmaster anemometers–thermometers placed at the vertices of a rectangular tetrahedron with a base scale of 0.7 m (in contrast to the experiment in 2012, when the base scale was 5 m). The measuring facility was placed on top of a mast with an adjustable height of 3.5, 5, 13.5, and 25 m and was equipped with a rotator. The temperature profile in the 10–600 m layer was continuously recorded by the Kadygrov microwave profiler [2]. The series of density of instantaneous helicity He = u_i'ω'_i = u₁'ω₁' + u₂'ω'₂ + u₃'ω'₃ and average values of the total and its summands were calculated for 12 daytime and 10 daytime 2-hour intervals. The helicity value averaged over 12 day realizations is about 0.2 m/s², and the average cosine is close to 0.08 ± 0.03. At night, the helicity is estimated as 0.07 ± 0.03 m/s², and the cosine is close to 0.025 ± 0.03. For the abovementioned 12 daytime and 10 daytime 2-hour intervals, the covariance and correlation matrices of temperature components, velocity rotor, velocity, and temperature gradient are calculated. The off-diagonal terms of the covariance matrix exceed by absolute values the diagonal terms several times. Similar characteristics of a potential vortex were estimated in the incompressibility approximation. The systematic error due to spatial averaging of the measured quantities is discussed.     

加拿大海盆冰下表层海水湍扩散系数估计

海洋的湍粘性系数和湍扩散系数是研究海洋动量传输、热扩散和物质扩散的物理基础,是海洋模式的重要参数。北冰洋是海冰覆盖的海洋,其湍粘性系数和湍扩散系数与其他大洋有显著不同。本文以Pacanowski＆Philander的参数化方案为基础,采用二次北极科考的连续观测冰站和单次观测冰站的资料,定量计算了加拿大海盆74°N-78°N,144°W-164°W区域冰下60 m以浅的垂向湍粘性系数v和湍扩散系数kT,并分3个区域比较。结果表明：v和kT的垂向分布具有较好的一致性,表层和60 m处量值较大,中间较小;区域的不同主要体现在24 m以浅。     

Experience of Studying the Turbulent Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The growing relevance of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for studying turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is associated with...     

城市化进程对近地层大气风温结构的影响

利用北京325 m气象塔不同阶段(第一阶段:1991-1995年;第二阶段:2004-2008年)风温梯度观测,北京地区气候站长期观测(1971-2008年,20站)和城市社会经济发展指标(1978-2008年),从城市化进程不同阶段对比的角度,分析研究北京近地层大气风温结构变化特征.结果表明,北京城市化进程已经导致该地区近地层大气特征发生明显变化.主要表现为:地面和近地层温度增加,热岛强度增强;地面风速和近地层低层风速明显减小;近地层低层(63 m以下)风向变得更为紊乱;近地层温度垂直递减率增加;近地层大气风温结构特征的变化表明:2004-2008年325m气象塔,在63 m以下基本反映的是城市冠层流场特征,即气象塔周边地区城市冠层厚度约为63 m.     

城市化进程对近地层大气风温结构的影响

利用北京325 m气象塔不同阶段(第一阶段:1991—1995年;第二阶段:2004—2008年)风温梯度观测,北京地区气候站长期观测(1971—2008年,20站)和城市社会经济发展指标(1978—2008年),从城市化进程不同阶段对比的角度,分析研究北京近地层大气风温结构变化特征。结果表明,北京城市化进程已经导致该地区近地层大气特征发生明显变化。主要表现为:地面和近地层温度增加,热岛强度增强;地面风速和近地层低层风速明显减小;近地层低层(63 m以下)风向变得更为紊乱;近地层温度垂直递减率增加;近地层大气风温结构特征的变化表明:2004—2008年325 m气象塔,在63 m以下基本反映的是城市冠层流场特征,即气象塔周边地区城市冠层厚度约为63 m。     

近地层风廓线与垂直湍流强度关系研究

通过改进Prandtl 混合长理论,得出近地层风廓线形式     

Ekman Convective Layer Flow of a Viscous Incompressible Fluid

Analytical solutions for generalizing the Ekman stationary flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in an infinite layer are obtained. The solution of an overdetermined system of the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations is considered. It is suggested to use a class of exact solutions for this problem. It is shown that the structure of the solutions allows one to preserve the advective derivative in the heat-conductivity equation; this makes it possible to model the stratification of the temperature and pressure fields and describe the oceanic countercurrents.     

On the Development of Models for Height Profiles of the Wind Speed in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

The reliability of the known models of a height profile of the wind speed V(h) in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and near-surface layer (NSL) is analyzed using the data of long-term ABL measurements accumulated in Russia in the state network of meteorological and aerological stations and the data of multilevel measurements at mast wind-measuring complexes. A new multilayer semiempirical model of V(h) is proposed which is based on aerodynamic and physical representations of the ABL vertical structure and relies on the hypothesis that wind-speed profiles providing the minimum wind friction on the ground and satisfying the conditions of profile smoothness are feasible in the ABL. This model ensures the best agreement with the data of meteorological, aerological, and mast wind measurements.     

On Algebraic Perturbations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A simple model for the development of submesoscale perturbations in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is proposed. The growth of perturbations is...     

Helicity and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Helicity is inherent in many circulating motions and structures in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), where it is continuously reproduced due to the...     

Determination of Vertical Refraction in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Classical methods for determining vertical refraction have been developing for more than 300 years, but their accuracy does not correspond to the...     

Invariants of Spectral Moments and their Degeneracy for a Gaussian Surface

The transformation and symmetry properties of surface derivatives and spectral moments under rotation of the coordinate axes are examined. It is shown that the moments as well as the derivatives are generally represented in terms of their rotational invariants. For a Gaussian surface, which is characterized by additional symmetry of correlation matrices, the even moments higher than the second order are degenerate; i.e., only three of them are independent, and only two invariants are nonzero. Specific properties of spectrum symmetry and the joint statistical distribution of the mean and differential curvatures are found in this case. As an application of these results to observation of the sea surface, a simple optical method is suggested for simultaneous remote-sensing measurement of the second- and fourth-order moments. This method is based on the count of reversely reflected light impulses, arising from sea-surface scanning by the continuous laser radiation.     

Spatial and Temporal Variations in CO2 Concentration in the Surface Atmospheric Layer of the Territory of the Russian Federation Based on the CAMS Database

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Based on the data of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis, the spatial and temporal variations of the CO2 concentration near the...     

Turbulent and Macro-turbulent Structures Developed in the Benthic Boundary Layer Downstream of Topographic Features

The characteristics and effects of large-scale flow structures developed in the benthic boundary layer downstream from large topographic features were analysed throughout a tidal cycle. The observed signature of the macro-turbulent features consisted of streamwise modules of low horizontal velocity and high suspended sediment concentration (SSC), alternating with modules of high horizontal velocity and low SSC. These modules extended 10 to 20 m streamwise and exceeded 1 m vertically, and are believed to be related to flow separation effects over large bedforms upstream of the deployment site. The macroscale flow modules intensified the ‘ burst-like ’ turbulent events and favoured sediment transport. ‘ Ejection-like ’ events were magnified during modules of decreasing horizontal velocity and increasing turbidity, whereas ‘ sweep-like ’ events were magnified during modules of increasing horizontal velocity and decreasing SSC. The enhanced turbidity of the macroscale modules may be the result of enhanced upward diffusion of sediment by ejection events, whereas the low-turbidity modules may be induced by increased downward transport of suspended sediment by sweep events. These hypotheses were supported by cross-spectral analysis performed on velocity and suspended sediment concentration time-series recorded at the site. An enhanced (negative) contribution of outward and inward interaction events to the Reynolds stress, compared to those reported in uniform BBLs, resulted in ‘ abnormally ’ low stress values.     

Organized Roll Circulation and Transport of Mineral Aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - An investigation into mesoscale roll circulation and its transport characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is carried out. The case...     

Multipoint Measurements of Temperature and Wind in the Surface Layer

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The results of multipoint measurements of wind-direction pulsations and air temperature in the surface layer on the basis of the Tsymljansk Scientific...     

Mass Transport in a Thin Layer of Bi-Viscous Mud Under Surface Waves

The mass transport in a thin layer of non-Newtonian bed mud under surface waves is examined with a two-fluid Stokes boundary layer model. The mud is assumed to be a bi-viscous fluid, which tends to resist motion for small-applied stresses, but flows readily when the yield stress is exceeded. Asymptotic expansions suitable for shallow lluid layers are applied, and the second-order solutions for the mass transport induced by surface progressive waves are obtained numeri-cally. It is found that the stronger the non-Newtonian behavior of the mud, the more pronounced intermittency of the flow. Consequently, the mass transport velocity is diminished in magnitude, and can even become negative (i. e. , oppo-site to wave propagation) for a certain range of yield stress.     

Role of Vortex Structures in the Surface Layer in the Radiation Interaction between Underlying Surface and Air

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - By the 1950s, it was revealed that assumptions of the semiempirical statistical theory of the surface layer created by A.S. Monin and A.M. Obukhov,...     

Suspended Matter Distribution in the Surface Layer of the East Equatorial Atlantic

Oceanology - Abstract—The research is dedicated to the suspended particulate matter (SPM) distribution and the hydrological–hydrochemical conditions within the oceanic upwelling of the...     

卫星SAR图像的海洋大气边界层特征参数的反演

针对中国南海ERS-2／SAR三维对流涡旋图像,分别利用Young的协方差方法和惯性子域方法,反演了对流海洋大气边界层高度、海洋大气边界层垂直对流尺度速度、表面浮力通量、Obukhov长度、稳定性校正后的海面风速和海面风速稳定性校正因子。结果表明,2种反演方法的结果符合较好,在一定程度上说明利用协方差方法和惯性子域方法从卫星SAR图像反演海洋大气边界层参数的有效性。