Consideration for the tropopause’s displacements in the problem of flow over mountains

Within the framework of a two-dimensional, inviscid, stationary model, the problem of an unbounded (in height) two-layer quasi-static airflow over mesoscale mountains is considered. The airflow is characterized by a constant velocity and a discontinuity of temperature stratification at the inner interface (tropopause). The conjugation conditions for the flow fields at the boundary between the layers are formulated exactly, without the standard assumption of small perturbations. According to calculations, partial reflection of wave energy from the tropopause is substantially controlled by nonlinear effects associated with a finite height and shape of terrain. The tropopause’s displacement from the initial (equilibrium) level has a stabilizing effect on the flow, thus interfering with the development of anomalously strong disturbances. As a result, the flow field remains statically stable within a considerably wider range of flow parameters and for a larger mountain heights than predicted in the context of the conventional linear theory. The results obtained in this study are indicative of the importance of a correct consideration of the dynamic interaction between the troposphere and the overlying layers during both simulation of the process of flow and analysis of real atmospheric situations over mountains.     

Hydraulic Regimes of Flow over Mountains during Severe Downslope Windstorms: Novorossiysk Bora,Novaya Zemlya Bora,and Pevek Yuzhak

Common features of the flow behavior over mountains within the hydraulic jump model are identified based on an analysis of 36 episodes of severe winds in the regions of Novorossiysk, Pevek, and Novaya Zemlya. In all these episodes, the incoming flow is characterized by a strong inversion layer at altitudes of 0.5–1.5 km and, in the case of bora, by a critical level in the wind profile in the middle troposphere, which creates conditions for a weakened dynamic interaction between the low-level air flowing over mountains and the upper layers of the atmosphere. The wind-speed increase on the lee slope is caused by the transition of the incoming flow from the subcritical to supercritical state. In this case, the velocity amplitude increases with increasing inversion intensity. Model estimates of wind-speed increase are in good agreement with observations at lee-side weather stations for episodes with a strong elevated inversion.     

Modeling of Atmospheric Disturbances over the Crimean Mountains

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - In using the nonlinear analytical model of the flow over the mountains, orographic disturbances and model adequacy are studied. Theoretically calculated...     

An inverse ocean modeling system

The implementation of a system for variational assimilation of data into ocean models is described. The system is modular: the ocean dynamics may be changed by replacing subroutines for the tangent-linear forward model and for the adjoint model. The assimilation is `weak': the ocean dynamics need not be satisfied exactly. An iterative algorithm within the system enables the solution of nonlinear assimilation problems. There is a suite of diagnostics including posterior error statistics, term balances and array assessment. The system has been in development for over a decade, and has been used in conjunction with a variety of oceanic, atmospheric and coupled models, with real data in quantity. The algorithms used in these applications, and the particular scientific assumptions and results, have been reported elsewhere. The emphasis in this article is on the implementation. This is a considerable challenge, both in the scale and complexity of the calculations, over and above those of the underlying ocean model. The vehicle for this presentation is a `toy' model, defined by a single nonlinear equation of motion. Code for real models is available at an anonymous ftp site. Components of the code are matched here in detail to stages of the assimilation algorithm and the diagnostics. Options are given for preconditioning, parallelization, memory management and other performance issues. Resource requirements, from computing speed through preconditioning effort to algebraic derivation, are also discussed in detail. Several applications are reviewed with the emphasis, again, on implementation.     

The Novaya Zemlya Bora: Analysis and Numerical Modeling

We consider the data of an ASRI reanalysis to distinguish the properties of velocity and temperature fields in the region of Novaya Zemlya (NZ). A numerical simulation of the bora development is performed using the WRF-ARW regional model of atmospheric circulation for two cases with different directions of the wind. In the case of southeastern winds, the wind speed and temperature fields are reproduced and the characteristics of the bora are defined: temperature and wind speed increase over the lee slope of mountains and coastal western area of the Barents Sea. In the case of a western wind, the bora does not appear. The estimates of temperature contrasts in the flow of the air stream over the NZ mountains found in the processing of the ASRI data are reported. The region of high velocities and fluxes of sensible and latent heat indicating the climatic role of the NZ archipelago noted earlier in [12] is determined.     

Wake model of hydrodynamic forces on pipelines

The hydrodynamic force model for pipelines presented includes flow history effects (wake effects) and time dependence in the force coefficients. These two features in the model were necessary to obtain satisfactory agreement between model predictions and full scale field measurements of pipeline forces. Conventional force models which represent adaptations of Morison's equation with ambient velocity and constant coefficients give predictions which for the lift component of the force in particular are in very poor agreement with the measurements. The parameters in the new model have been estimated on the basis of the full scale measurements and reflect a wide range of flow conditions. The model can be used in pipeline on-bottom stability design calculations for regular or irregular waves.     

Time-varying turbulent flows over bluff bodies predicted by finite volume integration of Reynolds equations

Dynamic flows over bluff bodies are simulated with standard models based upon Reynolds equations (k,ε)-turbulence closure and equilibrium boundary conditions. The equations are integrated by finite volume techniques. The model is applied to time varying, transverse flow over a cylinder at a plane boundary and the flow around a truncated cylinder in longitudinal oscillations. Well-behaved, plausible predictions are obtained. Accelerating flow tends to be attached even around sharp corners. Decellerated flow is associated with detachment. Laboratory scale force data are predicted reasonably realistically, without model adjustments. However, the lift force associated with a return wall jet over the transverse cylinder and the tiny damping force on the truncated cylinder are inaccurately predicted. Numerical diffusion is probably a main cause for these inaccuracies.     

Large eddy simulation of breaking waves

A numerical model is used to simulate wave breaking, the large scale water motions and turbulence induced by the breaking process. The model consists of a free surface model using the surface markers method combined with a three-dimensional model that solves the flow equations. The turbulence is described by large eddy simulation where the larger turbulent features are simulated by solving the flow equations, and the small scale turbulence that is not resolved by the flow model is represented by a sub-grid model. A simple Smagorinsky sub-grid model has been used for the present simulations. The incoming waves are specified by a flux boundary condition. The waves are approaching in the shore-normal direction and are breaking on a plane, constant slope beach. The first few wave periods are simulated by a two-dimensional model in the vertical plane normal to the beach line. The model describes the steepening and the overturning of the wave. At a given instant, the model domain is extended to three dimensions, and the two-dimensional flow field develops spontaneously three-dimensional flow features with turbulent eddies. After a few wave periods, stationary (periodic) conditions are achieved. The surface is still specified to be uniform in the transverse (alongshore) direction, and it is only the flow field that is three-dimensional.The turbulent structures are investigated under different breaker types, spilling, weak plungers and strong plungers. The model is able to reproduce complicated flow phenomena such as obliquely descending eddies. The turbulent kinetic energy is found by averaging over the transverse direction. In spilling breakers, the turbulence is generated in a series of eddies in the shear layer under the surface roller. After the passage of the roller the turbulence spreads downwards. In the strong plunging breaker, the turbulence originates to a large degree from the topologically generated vorticity. The turbulence generated at the plunge point is almost immediately distributed over the entire water depth by large organised vortices. Away from the bed, the length scale of the turbulence (the characteristic size of the eddies resolved by the model) is similar in the horizontal and the vertical direction. It is found to be of the order one half of the water depth.     

Numerical study on wave-induced filtration flow across the beach face and its effects on swash zone sediment transport

A numerical model, coupling an analysis of beach groundwater flow with an analysis of swash wave motion over a uniform slope, is presented. Model calculations are performed to investigate the variations of swash-induced filtration flows across the beach face for different input parameters. Swash zone sediment transport under the influence of such filtration flow across the beach face is investigated through modification of effective weight of sediment particle and modification of swash boundary layer thickness. These effects are quantified based on a bed load transport model with a modified Shields parameter.     

在较陡地形下对地形σ坐标的中尺度大气控制方程的修正

通过比较常用地形σ坐标的流体静力中尺度大气控制方程的一般导出与利用张量分析法的导出,分析了前者只限用于很小地形坡度的原因。根据后者对前者作了修正,给出适用于较陡地形坡度的流体静力控制方程。并借助修正了的Ｐｉｅｌｋｅ数值模式模拟气流过山的流场特征,说明修正的作用与意义。     

Wake studies of a 1/30th scale horizontal axis marine current turbine

A 0.4 m diameter (1:30th scale) horizontal axis marine current turbine (MCT) was tested in a circulating water channel. The turbine performance and wake characteristics were determined over a range of flow speeds and rotor thrust coefficients. Measurements of the water surface elevation profiles indicated increasing variation and surface turbulence with increasing flow speeds. Blockage-type effects (where the measured point velocity was greater than the inflow velocity) occurred around the sides of the rotor for all flow speeds. Although the effects were exaggerated at model scale, it is expected that reasonable variations in water level and flow velocity could also occur over a full scale MCT array.     

中国西南山区的泥石流防治及展望

本文在前人相关研究的基础上，结合作者的研究工作，对以川西山地和滇北山地为主体的中国西南山区泥石流及其防治进行了综述。以城镇泥石流、铁路泥石流和公路泥石流防治为重点，分析了中国西南山区泥石流防治的原则、方案、措施和防治效益评估等方面的研究进展及存在的问题。以泥石流防治工程的规范化、标准化，泥石流防治工作的系统化和最优化以及泥石流紧急避难体制等方面展望了中国西南山区未来的泥石流防治工作。     

Simulating typhoon waves by SWAN wave model in coastal waters of Taiwan

The SWAN wave model is typically designed for wave simulations in the near-shore region and thus is selected for evaluating its applicability on typhoon waves in the coastal waters around Taiwan Island. Numerical calculations on processes of wave heights and periods during the passages of four representative typhoons are compared with measured data from field wave stations on both east and west coasts. The results have shown that waves due to typhoons of paths 2, 3 and 4 can be reasonably simulated on east coastal waters. However, discrepancies increase for the simulated results on west coastal waters because the island's central mountains partly damage the cyclonic structures of the passing-over typhoons. It is also found that the included nested grid scheme in SWAN could improve the accuracy of simulations in coastal waters to facilitate further engineering practices.     

Numerical simulation of stably stratified turbulent flows over an urban surface: Spectra and scales and parameterization of temperature and wind-velocity profiles

Stably stratified turbulent flows over surfaces with explicit roughness elements have been calculated using an LES model. The results of calculations for different height distributions of external dynamic forcing are compared and discussed. The spatial spectra and cospectra of turbulent wind-velocity fluctuations have been calculated and different methods of normalizing them have been studied. A parameterization allowing mean wind-velocity and temperature profiles to be approximated has been proposed for turbulence scale.     

波浪与抛石潜堤相互作用的MPS法数值模型研究

为了研究波浪与抛石潜堤相互作用过程中大自由表面变形和堤内渗流等强非线性紊流运动问题,利用改进的MPS法,建立了模拟波浪与抛石潜堤相互作用的MPS法数值计算模型。模型将抛石潜堤假定为均质多孔介质,采用Drew的二相流运动方程描述多孔介质内外的流体运动;通过在动量方程中增加非线性阻力项,并引入亚粒子尺度紊流模型,模拟波浪与可渗结构物相互作用过程中的紊流运动。选取“U”型管中多孔介质内渗流过程和孤立波与可渗潜堤相互作用两个典型的渗流问题,通过将数值计算结果与理论解和实测值的对比分析,对所提出的MPS法紊流渗流模型的模拟精度进行验证。结果表明:基于改进的MPS法构建的垂向二维紊流渗流模型可以很好地再现“U”型管中多孔介质内渗流以及波浪作用下可渗潜堤内外的复杂流场,显著缓解流-固界面处的压力震荡与粒子分布不均匀问题,实现了较高的模拟精度。     

Evaluation of scale effects in hydraulic models by analysis of laminar and turbulent flows

The paper presents an analysis of laminar and turbulent flow in porous stone material in order to evaluate the order of magnitude of scale effects in hydraulic models. Hydraulic model tests, such as for example breakwater model tests, are normally carried out at such small scales that the flow through the various layers of the breakwater is not completely turbulent. For this reason scale effects occur. A well-known method to compensate for the scale effects is to use larger stones than calculated by Froude's model law in certain regions of the model. The paper presents formulae for the calculation of the compensated stone sizes based on earlier work by Engelund. Further an evaluation of the energy dissipation in hydraulic models is made in order to determine the scale effect due to “laminar” flow.     

Numerical modeling of turbulent flows over an urban-type surface: Computations for neutral stratification

Computations of turbulent flows over surfaces with explicitly specified roughness elements that imitate an urban built-up area have been performed using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. Results are presented for neutral stratification. Some statistics of the flow over an inhomogeneous surface are compared with those over a flat surface. Results of spectral analysis performed to identify characteristic length scales are discussed. A relation is established between the Prandtl mixing length and the turbulence scale defined through the cospectrum-weighted-mean wave number. Values of the roughness parameter and displacement height are determined for three different configurations of objects on the surface.     

Prediction of hydrodynamic forces on submarine pipelines using an improved Wake II Model

The hydrodynamic force model for prediction of forces on submarine pipelines as described includes flow history effect (wake effects) and time dependence in the force coefficients. The wake velocity correction is derived by using a closed-form solution to the linearized Navier–Stokes equations for oscillatory flow. This is achieved by assuming that the eddy viscosity in the wake is only time dependent and of a harmonic sinusoidal form. The forces predicted by the new Wake (Wake II) Model have been compared to Exxon Production Research Company Wake Model in terms of time histories (force shape) and magnitudes of peak forces. Overall, the model predictions by the Wake II Model are satisfactory and represent a substantial improvement over the predictions of the conventional models. The conventional force models representing adaptations of Morison's equation with ambient velocity and constant coefficients give predictions that are in poor agreement with the measurements especially for the lift force component. The Wake II Force Model can be used for submarine pipeline on-bottom stability design calculations for regular waves with various pipe diameters.     

Layer thicknesses and velocities of wave overtopping flow at seadikes

Seadikes often fail due to wave overtopping and a failure of the landward slope. Therefore, these aspects have to be taken into account for the design of seadikes. In present design, the calculation of the crest height of seadikes is essentially based on using a design water level and the corresponding wave run-up height. An average overtopping rate is generally considered for wave overtopping which can not account for the stresses and other effects due to extreme individual overtopping events. Landward slope design is more or less based on experience. It can be concluded from failure analysis that dike failures on the landward slope are rather initiated by individual overtopping events, in particular by the related overtopping flow velocities and layer thicknesses which are relevant for the prediction of erosion, infiltration and slip failure. Therefore, overtopping flow velocities and layer thicknesses are required in addition to average overtopping rates as hydraulic boundary conditions for the geotechnical stability analysis of seadikes.The objective of the present paper is the theoretical and experimental determination of overtopping flow velocities and layer thicknesses on the seaward slope, the dike crest and the landward slope of a seadike. Overtopping parameters are derived on the basis of small scale model tests which are required for the design of the landward slope and to avoid dike failures by wave overtopping in the future. For the prediction of the layer thicknesses and the velocities of the overtopping flow on the seaward slope, the dike crest and the landward slope, a set of theoretical formulas is derived and validated by hydraulic scale model tests.